Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 5

SISOM 2010 and Session of the Commission of Acoustics, Bucharest 27-28 May

THERMORHEODYNAMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STANDARD LINEAR VISCOELASTIC SOLID MODEL IN STRESS-CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. II. DERIVATE PRIMARY QUANTITIES

Horia PAVEN*, Sandor POPOVICS**


*

National Institute of Research and Development for Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM, Bucharest, ROMANIA, e-mail: htopaven@netscape.net ** Drexel University, Philadelphia, 19104-PA, USA

The use of extended model of linear viscoelastic solid can provide in a meaningful way, in case of stress-controlled conditions, the frequency dependence, in isothermal circumstances as well as the temperature dependence, in isochronal circumstances, for the derivate primary rheodynamic quantities, includig the absolute compliance and the loss factor. The quantitative trends, pointed on the basis of maximum or/and inflection criteria, are presented from the standpoint of resulting characteristic frequencies and temperatures. Keywords: thermorheodynamical standard linear viscoelastic model, isothermal/isochronal circumstances, stress-controlled conditions, derivate primary quantities.

1. INTRODUCTION As a direct consequence of typical relaxation/retardation mechanisms acting in case of viscoelastic materials, the use of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis appear to be one of the most useful ways, able to reveal the full set of viscoelastic quantities [1]-[5]. Accordingly, in order to complete the spectrum of intrinsic features of frequency, , or temperature, T, dependences of primary dynamic viscoelastic properties in strain-controlled conditions, besides the presented primary quantities, the derivate ones, including the absolute compliace, | J * ( , T ) | , and the loss factor, J ( , T ) , are considered in the coupled frequency and temperature realm of standard linear viscoelastic solid [6]. Aiming at to generate the - and T-characteristic equations providing the characteristic values of corresponding independent , T variables, the basic definitions of extremum(maximum)- and inflectionconditions in isothermal cirumstances, i. e., the frequency dependence at given temperature - ( ; T ) , and of isochronal ones, i. e., the temperature dependence at given frequency - (T ; ) , are used, too. In the considered case of standard linear viscoelastic solid, if there is a sinusoidal stress-controlled ~ ~ condition, , the resulting sinusoidal strain, , is of same frequency, but shifted in time, obeying to the typical rheological model equation [6]

~ ~ (1 + i ) = ( J l + i J h )
As a first step, it is supposed to be coupled with the Arrhenius definition of retardation time [7]

(0.1)

(T ) = exp(T / T )
where J l , J h

(0.2)

represent the low- and high-frequency limits of storage compliance, respectively,

while () , and T depicts a virtual activation temperature defined as the A / R ratio, ( A express the well-known Arrhenius activation energy, and R = 8.314 J / mol * K is the universal gas constant).

123

Thermorheodynamical characterization of standard linear viscoelastic solid model. II. Derivate primary quantities

2. METHOD AND RESULTS 2. 1 . Absolute compliance In virtue of basic relations (0.1), (0.2), the general expression of the absolute compliance is
2T T

| J * ( , T ) |= (

J l + J h 2 e
2 2 2

1 + 2 e

2T 2 T

)1 / 2
(3.0)

Frequency dependence in isothermal circumstances - ( ; T ) By definition, if the absolute compliance, | J * ( ;T ) | , presents a maximum at the frequency

m{| J *( ;T )|} , this frequency is the solution of the first -characteristic equation, i. e.,

m{|J *( ;T )|} = sol[ D | J * (; T ) |= 0]


where

(3.1.1) (3.1.2)

D | J * ( ;T ) |

| J * ( ;T ) |

is the corresponding first order -derivative, if a (+,-) sequence of corresponding derivative signs exists. The resulting first -characteristic equation is and this means it is without a positive solution m{| J *( ;T )|} .

=0

(3.1.3)

In the case of an inflection of the absolute compliance, | J * ( ;T ) | , at the frequency i{| J *( ;T )|} , it is given as the positive solution of the second -characteristic equation, i. e.,

i{|J *( ;T )|} = sol[ D ( 2 ) | J * ( ; T ) |= 0]


where

(3.1.4)

( 2)

2 | J * ( ;T ) | | J * ( ; T ) | 2

(3.1.5)

is the corresponding second order -derivative, if a suitable (-, +) sequence of second derivative signs subsists. The resulting second -characteristic equation is
2 2 2 J l + 2 2 J l e 2T T

+ 3
4

2 Jh e

4T T

=0
2 T T

(3.1.6)

with a positive solution

i{| J *(T ; )|} = ( 3 / 3)( J l / J h )


satisfying the above quoted (-, +) sequence of signs criterium.

1 + 3J h / J l 1 /( e )
2

(3.1.6a)

Temperature dependence in isochronal circumstances - (T ; ) The maximum of the absolute compliance, | J * (T ; ) | , at the temperature Tm{| J *(T ; )|} means that the solution of the first T-characteristic equation, i. e.,

Tm{|J *(T ; )|} = sol[ DT | J * (T ; ) |= 0]

(3.2.1)

Horia PAVEN, Sandor POPOVICS

124

where

DT | J * (T ; ) |

| J * (T ; ) | T
T

(3.2.2)

is the first order T-derivative, if a (+,-) signs sequence of corresponding derivative is present. The resulting first T-characteristic equation is

eT =0
without a positive solution Tm{| J *(T ; )|} .

(3.2.3)

Moreover, the existence of an inflection of | J * (T ; ) | , at the temperature Ti{| J *(T ; )|} , means it is the positive solution of second T-characteristic equation, i. e.,

Ti{| J *(T ; )|} = sol[ DT


where

( 2)

| J * (T ; ) |= 0]

(3.2.4)

DT

( 2)

2 | J * (T ; ) | | J * (T ; ) | T 2

(3.2.5)

is the corresponding second order T-derivative, if the (+, -) signs inversion is present. Consequently, the resulting second T-characteristic equation is
2 2 2 2 2(T + T ) J l + [(T 2T ) J h + (T 2T ) J l ] 2 e 2T T

+ 2(T T ) J h e
4 4

4T 2 T

(3.2.6)

=0

with a Ti{| J *(T ; )|} > 0 solution, which obeys to the above quoted criterium of signs inversion . 2. 2 Loss factor Given the basic definitions (0.1), (0.2), the general expression of the loss factor is defined as

J ( , T ) =

( J l J h ) e J l + J h 2 e
2

T T

2T T

(4.0)

Frequency dependence in isothermal circumstances - ( ; T ) If the loss factor, J ( ; T ) , is characterized by the presence of a maximum at the frequency

m{

( ;T )} ,

the value of this frequency is the positive solution of the first -characteristic equation, i. e.,

m{
where

( ;T )}

= sol[ D J ( ;T ) = 0] J ( ;T )

(4.1.1) (4.1.2)

D J ( ;T )

is the first order -derivative, if there is a (+,-) sequence of this derivative. Accordingly, the first -characteristic equation is

+ J l 2 J h e
2

2T T

=0

(4.1.3)

resulting a positive solution

125

Thermorheodynamical characterization of standard linear viscoelastic solid model. II. Derivate primary quantities
J l /( e T ) Jh

m{

= J ( ;T )}

(4.1.3a)

which respects the (+,-) sequence of derivative signs restriction. Furthermore, if an inflexion of J ( ; T ) exists at the frequency i{ J ( ;T )} , it represents the positive solution of the second -characteristic equation, i. e.,

i{
where

( ;T )}

= sol[ D J ( ; T ) = 0]
( 2)

(4.1.4)

D J (; T )
( 2)

2 J ( ;T ) 2
2T T

(4.1.5)

stands for the corresponding second order -derivative, if the (-,+) sequence of the derivative signs subsists. The resulting second -characteristic equation is

3J l + J h e
2 2

=0
T

(4.1.6)

with the positive solution


J i{ J ( ;T )} = 3 l /( e T ) Jh

(4.1.6a)

satisfying the (-,+) signs sequence criterium. Temperature dependence in isochronal circumstances - (T ; ) The existene of a peak-value of the loss factor, J (T ; ) , at the temperature Tm{ J (T ; )} , indicates the existence of a positive solution of the first T-characteristic equation, i. e., where

Tm{ J (T ; )} = sol[ DT J (T ; ) = 0] DT J (T ; ) J (T ; ) T
2T T

(4.2.1) (4.2.2)

represents the first order T-derivative, if the (+,-) signs sequence of the corresponding derivative is present. The corresponding first T-characteristic equation is

J l J hT e
2 2

=0

(4.2.3) (4.2.3a)

with the necessary positive solution

Tm{ J (T ; )} =

T ln[ J l / J h /( )]

satisfying the above sign inversion requirement is respected. Finally, the existence of a inflection of M (T ; ) , at the temperature Ti{ J (T ; )} , denotes the existence of a positive solution

Ti{ J (T ; )} = sol[ DT J (T ; ) = 0]
( 2)

(4.2.4)

where

DT J (T ; )
( 2)

2 J (T ; ) T 2

(4.2.5)

is the corresponding second order T-derivative, if the criterium of signs inversion arise.

Horia PAVEN, Sandor POPOVICS

126
4T T

The resulting second T-characteristic equations is

(T + 2T ) J l 6 2 J lJ hT e
2 2

2T T

+ (T 2T ) 4 J h e
4 2

=0

(4.2.6)

with two positive solutions satisfying the above quoted criterium of derivative signs. 3. CONCLUSIONS The extended standard linear viscoelastic solid model affords in a well manner different typical features of derivate primary rheodynamic quantities, both in terms of frequency and temperature effects: - in the case of frequency dependence, in isothermal circumstances, the absolute compliance is a well definite cumulate contribution of a monotonic decrease of the storage compliance with frequency, and that of a peak-like one of the loss compliance; the overall result for the absolute compliance provides, on the hand, higher values than for storage compliance, and on the other hand, a monotonic variation, while, for the loss factor, which reflects rather an viscoelasticity index than solely a measure of a dissipative mechanisms, the new peak-like effect being identified by a typical sequence of characteristic frequencies as i{ J ( ;T } < i{| J *( ;T )|} < m{ J ( ;T )} < i{ J ( ;T )} < m{ J ( ;T )} < i{ J ( ;T )} ; - in the case of temperature dependence, in isochronal circumstances, the absolute compliance evidences the net result of the contribution of the peak-like form of loss compliance and that of the monotonic decrease with temperature of the storage compliance, the effect being given by the position of characteristic temperatures Tm{ J (T ; )} < Tm{ J (T ; )} , whereas, for the loss factor, the temperature dependence of the ratio of loss compliance to storage compliance results in a new peak-like effect defined by the appropriate solutions of a T-characteristic equation. Moreover, given the above presented results it is believed the future use of the extended approach modelling in 2D and 3D representations appear to be able to provide complete descriptions of different basic effects arising in case of solid-like materials subjected to dynamic conditions, and considered in terms of frequency or/and temperature dependences in isothermal and isochronal circumstances. REFERENCES
1. GABBOTT, P. (Ed.), Principles and Applications of Thermal Analysis, Oxford, Blackwell, pp. 119-163, 2008. 2. STROBL, G., The Physics of Polymers, Berlin, Springer, pp. 223-286, 2007. 3. WARD, I. M., SWEENEY J., The Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers, Chichester Wiley, pp. 53-120, 2004. 4. PUSKAR, A., Internal Friction of Materials, Cambridge, Cambridge International Science Publs., pp. 5-180, 2001. 5. TSCHOEGL, N. W., Phenomenological Theory of Linear Viscoelastic Behavior, New York, Springer, pp. 69-243, 1989. 6. PAVEN, H., Relatii exacte in analiza fenomenologica a proceselor reodinamice de relaxare/retardare in vascoelasticitatea liniara a sistemelor polimerice. II.1 Marimi caracteristice primare in cazul proceselor reodinamice de tensionare controlata, Materiale Plastice, 41(2); 57-61, 2004. 7. KRAUSZ, A. S., EYRING, H., Deformation Kinetics, New York, Wiley-Interscience, pp. 55-89, 207-270, 1975.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi