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K.S.Balasubramanian,
Dy.Director,
The
K.S.R.Institute,
Chennai-4.
2
ibid .
3
(Aum) Namaª ¹iv¢ya
4
(Aum) namo n¢r¢ya´¢ya and aum namo bhagavate V¢sudev¢ya
5
Bhagavadgit¢ (VIII.13)
creation took place, there was jerk, vibration, stir, or
K¾obha, whatever one many call it. This sound was Pra´ava
or Aumk¢ra, which therefore is divine and most sacred. Pra
´ava is the crest-jewel among the mantras and represents
the God. It connects oneself or the other mantras with God.
It is known as ¹abda Brahman.
According to Pata®jali, the founder of Yoga school of
philosophy, Pra´ava is the word of God. He says ; “ iɺªÉ
´ÉÉSÉEò: |ÉhÉ´É:” 6
As pointed out by Y¢ska, Pata®jali also says that one should
meditate over the meaning of this sacred syllable :
“ iÉWÉ{É: iÉnùlÉǦÉÉ´ÉxɨÉ ” 7. He also says that
siddhis or super-human powers can be obtained by birth,
8
drugs, mantras, tapas or sam¢dhi.
Yoga Y¢j®avalkya, (YY) an ancient text on R¢ja Yoga,
9
ascribed to the legendary saint Y¢j®avalkya gives some
interesting details on mantra. Japa is included as one of the
Yamas. The same is followed by many later texts on Yoga
including Darºana and other Upani¾ads. According to YY,
japa is that where one repeats properly the mantras
instructed by his guru (preceptor) and which is not
contradictory to the Vedas.
6
YS. I.27.
7
ibid. I.. 28.
8
Ibid . IV.I - . VÉx¨É-+Éè¹ÉÊvÉ-¨ÉxjÉ- iÉ{É-ºÉ¨ÉÉÊvÉVÉÉ:
ʺÉrùªÉ: *
9
The present author was awarded Ph.D, by the University of Madras in 2005 for the critical study on this
text.
MÉÖ¯ûhÉÉ SÉÉä{ÉÊnùŸõÉäÊ{É ´Éänù¤ÉÉÁÊ´É
´ÉÌVÉiÉ: *
Ê´ÉÊvÉxÉÉäHäòxÉ ¨ÉÉMÉæhÉ ¨ÉxjÉɦªÉɺÉÉä
VÉ{É: º¨ÉÞiÉ: ** 10
11
He divides the japa with mantra as follows:
Japa
10
YY II.12.
11
ibid. II.14-15
12
ibid .II. 15-16.
13
Manusm¨ti 2.85.
@ñË¹É UôxnùÉä%ÊvÉnèù´ÉÆ SÉ vªÉɪÉxÉÂ
¨ÉxjÉÆ SÉ ºÉ´ÉÇnùÉ *
ªÉºiÉÖ¨ÉxjÉ VÉ{ÉÉä MÉÉÌMÉ ºÉ B´É ʽþ ¡ò™ô|
Énù: ** 14
´É趪ÉÉxÉÉÆ vɨÉǪÉÖHòÉxÉÉÆ
ÛÉÒ¶ÉÚpùÉhÉÉÆ iÉ{Éκ´ÉxÉɨÉ *
|ÉÉhɺÉƪɨÉäxÉ MÉÉÌMÉ ¨ÉxjÉÆ |ÉhÉ´É
´ÉÌVÉiɨÉ *
xɨÉÉäxiÉÆ Ê¶É´É¨ÉxjÉÆ ´ÉÉ ´Éè¹hÉ´ÉÆ
´É乪ÉiÉä ¤ÉÖvÉè: ** 17
¹¦dras and women should not also utter Vedic mantras.
17
YY.VI.16-17.
18
YY. VI-19.
19
Ibid. VIII. 15-22
Ha°ha Yoga
¨ÉxjɪÉÉäMÉ: ½þ`öÉ´É
™ôªÉªÉÉäMɺiÉÞiÉÒªÉEò: *
SÉiÉÖlÉÉæ ®úÉVɪÉÉäMÉ: ºªÉÉiÉ ......
Various mantras have been prescribed for various practices
in the texts on Ha°ha Yoga, especially during the awakening
of Ku´²alin¤. Among these texts, Sundaradeva’s
Ha°hasa¬ketacandrika (HSC) (17-18 cent.A.D) is a unique
22
encyclopedic text which gives some interesting practices
involving specific mantras.
The present author was awarded Ph.D. (Vidya Varidhi) in 1999 by the Rashtriya
2223
23
Var¢ha Upanisad V.68; cf. Dhy¢nabindu up. 17
24
Var¢ha up. V.70
´ÉɨÉxÉɺÉÉ{ÉÖ]äõxÉ ´ÉɪÉÖ¤ÉÒVÉÆ vÉÚ©É
´ÉhÉÈ PªÉÉi´ÉÉ ªÉÆ ¤ÉÒVÉä ´ÉɪÉÖxÉÉ
ºÉ¨ÉºiÉÆ ¶É®úÒ®Æú ªÉÆ ¤ÉÒVɺªÉè´É
¹ÉÉäb÷¶É (16) ´ÉÉ®ú VÉ{ÉäxÉÉ{ÉÚªÉÇ, iÉäxÉè
´É ´ÉɪÉÖxÉÉ ºÉ¨ÉºiÉÆ ¶É®úÒ®Æú
ºÉƶÉÉ乪É, nùÊIÉhÉäxÉ xÉɺÉÉ{ÉÖ]äõxÉ
ªÉÆ ¤ÉÒVɺªÉè´É uùÉËjɶÉiÉ (32) ´ÉÉ®Æú
VÉ{ÉäxÉ ´ÉɪÉÖÆ: ¤Éʽþ ®äúSɪÉäiÉ * .... 25
Khecar¤mudr¢
2526
HSC. p.88 (R.3239,GOML, Chennai)
27
ibid. p.165
2628
HYP.I.43.
xÉ JÉäSÉ®úÒ ºÉ¨ÉÉ ¨ÉÖpùÉ 27
+ÉEÖòˆÉxɨÉ{ÉÉxɺªÉ |ÉÉhɺªÉ SÉ
ÊxÉ®úÉävÉxɨÉ *
™ôΨ¤ÉEòÉä{ÉÊ®ú ÊVÉâþɪÉÉ: ºlÉÉ{ÉxÉÆ
ªÉÉäMɺÉÉvÉxɨÉ ** 28
The other Yogic texts describe this process in great
detail. However, another practice of Khecar¤ mudr¢, called
¢bhyantara Khecar¤ (inner Khecar¤) , involving mantras and
Yantras has been described only in HSC, which quotes a rare
text Khecar¤pa°ala in this regard. 30 This process, it is said,
should be learnt only from a competent Guru. This was
originally imparted by lord ¹iva himself to goddess P¢rvat¤
and reads thus:
Conclusion
Thus one can see that the texts on Ha°ha, Mantra, and
R¢ja Yoga opine that all these practices culminate in
Sam¢dhi, which Pata®jali also prescribes in his Yoga S¦tras.
**********