SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK 8

MA1C PRACTICAL 2011-2012

(1) After parametrizing C by c(t) = cos t i+sin t j for t [0, 2], we have c

(t) = sin t i+cos t j,

so _
C
(2x
3
y
3
)dx + (x
3
+ y
3
)dy
=
_
2
0
(2 cos
3
t sin
3
t)(sin t) + (cos
3
t + sin
3
t)(cos t) dt
=
_
2
0
2 cos
3
t sin t + sin
3
t cos t dt +
_
2
0
cos
4
t + sin
4
t dt
=
_
cos
4
t
2
+
sin
4
t
4
_
t=2
t=0
+
_
2
0
_
1 + cos 2t
2
_
2
+
_
1 cos 2t
2
_
2
dt =
_
2
0
1 + cos
2
2t
2
dt
=
_
2
0
3
4
+
cos 4t
4
dt =
_
3
4
t +
sin 4t
16
_
t=2
t=0
=
3
2
.
To verify Greens Theorem for this situation, we need to check that the above integral is
equal to
__
D

x
(x
3
+ y
3
)

y
(2x
3
y
3
)dA
=
__
D
3x
2
+ 3y
2
dA
where D is the unit disk. This integral over D evaluates (using polar coordinates) to
_
2
0
_
1
0
3r
2
r dr d
=
_
2
0
_
3r
4
4
_
r=1
r=0
d =
3
2
,
as desired.
(2) Let D be the region bounded by C
+
. By Greens theorem,
_
C
+
(y
2
+ x
3
)dx + x
4
dy =
_
D
x
4
x

(y
2
+ x
3
)
y
dA
=
_
1
0
_
1
0
(4x
3
2y)dydx
=
_
1
0
(4x
3
1)dx
= x
4
x|
1
0
= 0
1
(3) By the divergence theorem (for regions in a plane),
_
D
F nds =
__
D
F.
The divergence F is equal to
(y, x) =
y
x
+
(x)
y
= 0,
so both of the above integrals must be 0.
To calculate
_
D
F nds directly, lets parametrize D (i.e. the unit circle) by
{(cos , sin ) : 0 2},
which gives the unit normal vector n = (cos , sin ). So
_
D
F nds =
_
2
0
(sin , cos ) (cos , sin ) d
=
_
2
0
sin cos sin cos d
=
_
2
0
0 d = 0.
(4) Let C be the boundary of the four-leaved rose in the rst quadrant, oriented in an anti-
clockwise direction. Then the area is
A =
1
2
_
C
(xdy ydx).
Since x = r cos , y = r sin , we have dx = cos dr r sin d, dy = sin dr + r cos d, so
A =
1
2
_
C
(r cos sin dr + r
2
cos
2
d r sin cos dr + r
2
sin
2
d)
=
1
2
_
C
r
2
d.
In our case, r = 3 sin(2), so
A =
9
2
_
2
0
sin
2
(2)d
=
9
4
_
2
0
1 cos(4)d
=
9
4
(
1
4
sin(4))|

2
0
d
=
9
8
.
(5) Let the three edges of the triangle be called A, B, and C. We can parameterize these as
A(t) = (1t, t, 0), B(t) = (0, 1t, t) and C(t) = (t, 0, 1t), and calculate A

(t) = (1, 1, 0),

B

(t) = (0, 1, 1), and C

(t) = (1, 0, 1). So, applying the formula for integration over
curves, we have
_
c
F ds =
_
A
F ds +
_
B
F ds +
_
C
F ds
=
_
1
0
(0, 0, (1 t)t) (1, 1, 0) dt +
_
1
0
(t(1 t), 0, 0) (0, 1, 1) dt +
_
1
0
(0, t(1 t), 0) (1, 0, 1) dt
= 0 + 0 + 0 = 0.
Now note that F = (x x)i + (y y)k + (z z)k = 0. So integrating F over
the triangle will give 0, which veries Stokes Theorem in this case.
(6) By Stokes Theorem,
_
S
(v r) ds =
__
S
(v r) ndS.
Let v = (a, b, c) (where a, b, and c are real numbers). Then
v r = (bz cy, cx az, ay bx)
and
(v r) = (2a, 2b, 2c) = 2v,
so _
S
(v r) ds =
__
S
(v r) ndS = 2
__
S
v ndS.
(7) Note that all of these vector elds are C
1
, so each one has a scalar potential if and only if
its curl is 0.
(a) The curl of F is
y
x

x
y
= 0, so there is a function f such that F = f. To nd f(x, y),
we rst note that its derivative with respect to x is equal to x, so f =
1
2
x
2
+ g(y),
where g(y) is a function of y. The derivative of f with respect to y is equal to y, so
f =
1
2
y
2
+ h(x), where h(x) is a function of x. Hence
f(x, y) =
1
2
x
2
+
1
2
y
2
+ C,
where C is a constant.
(b) The curl of F equals
xy
x

xy
y
= y x, which is not identically zero, so F cannot have
a scalar potential.
(c) The curl of F is
2xy
x

x
2
+y
2
y
= 2y 2y = 0, so F has a scalar potential. To nd an
f(x, y) such that f = F, note that the derivative of f with respect to x is equal to
x
2
+ y
2
, so f(x, y) =
1
3
x
3
+ xy
2
+ g(y). We also need
f
y
= 2xy, so
d
dy
g(y) must equal
0, so g(y) is a constant:
f(x, y) =
1
3
x
3
+ xy
2
+ C.
(d) The curl of F is (0, 0, x), which is not identically zero, so F cannot have a scalar
potential.
(8) Let S = {(x, y, z) : x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
}, so that S is the (surface of the) unit sphere. The ux
of F(x, y, z) = (x y, y z, z x) out of the unit sphere is expressed by
__
S
F ndS,
which by the divergence theorem is equal to
___
S
F dV.
The divergence of F is
F = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
so the triple integral above is equal to
3
___
S
dV = 3 vol(S) = 4.
(9) Let F = F
1
+F
2
+F
3

k, G = G
1
+G
2
+G
3

k. Now we can do the direct computation as

follows:
(F G)
=
_
(F
2
G
3
F
3
G
2
) + (F
3
G
1
F
1
G
3
) + (F
1
G
2
F
2
G
1
)

k
_
=
x
(F
2
G
3
F
3
G
2
) +
y
(F
3
G
1
F
1
G
3
) +
z
(F
1
G
2
F
2
G
1
)
= ( F
2x
G
3
F
3x
G
2
+ F
3y
G
1
F
1y
G
3
+ F
1z
G
2
F
2z
G
1
) +
( F
2
G
3x
F
3
G
2x
+ F
3
G
1y
F
1
G
3y
+ F
1
G
2z
F
2
G
1z
)
= ( G
1
(F
3y
F
2z
) + G
2
(F
1z
F
3x
) + G
3
(F
2x
F
1y
) )
( F
1
(G
3y
G
2z
) + F
2
(G
1z
G
3x
) + F
3
(G
2x
G
1y
) )
= (G
1
+ G
2
+ G
3

k)
_
(F
3y
F
2z
) + (F
1z
F
3x
) + (F
2x
F
1y
)

k
_

(F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3

k)
_
(G
3y
G
2z
) + (G
1z
G
3x
) + (G
2x
G
1y
)

k
_
= G ( F) F ( G).
(10) Let S denote the surface of the unit sphere, and B the solid unit sphere. By the divergence
theorem,
__
S
(3xy
2
, 3x
2
y, z
3
) dS =
___
B
(3xy
2
, 3x
2
y, z
3
) dV
=
___
B
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) dV.
Changing to spherical coordinates to evaluate, we get
_
1
0
_

0
_
2
0
3
2

2
sin ddd
=
_
1
0
_

0
6
4
sin dd
= 6
_
1
0

4
_
cos

0
_
d
= 6
_
1
0
2
4
d =
12
5
.