American Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 2301-2005 Issue 78 October, 2012, pp.5-11 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012 http://www.eurojournals.com/ajsr.

htm

Assement of the Seismic Behavior of Eccentrically Braced Frame with Vertical and Horizontal Link
Yaser Mozaffari Jouybari Sama Technical and Vocatinal Training College Islamic Azad Uneversity, Ghaemshahr, Iran E-mail: yaser_saze87@yahoo.com Y.Mahmoudi M.SC, Aryan Institute of Hijiher Education, Iran, Iran S. Maghsodian M.SC, Islamic Azad University Nour Branch, Iran Abstract The design of an eccentrically braced frame is based on creating a frame which will remain essentially elastic outside a well define link. There are two type eccentrically braced frame, eccentrically braced frame with vertical link and horizontal link. One of the exclusion of plastic deformation from the main stricture result on no damage in the roof of the structures under severs earthquakes, easy and simple rehabilitation, and the replacement of link father earthquake. Use vertical link in the eccentrically braced frame prevent rotation mean beam and cause decreased damage in the main structure. In the study, 3-D steel building in 4,8 and 12 story by short link beams were modeled. Short link beam considered to 0.5 m, 4, 8 and 12 numbers of stories. In paper, non-linear static analyses and non-linear dynamic performed. It was observed that use vertical link in the EBF prevented rotation mean beam. Also use vertical link in the EBF decreased base shear, relative acceleration and relative velocity in the structures. It was observed that eccentrically braced frame with vertical link yields less displacement and so the energy dissipation capacity increased.

Keywords: Eccentrically Braced Frame, Vertical Link, Horizontal Link, Near-field ground motion.

Introduction
Eccentrically braced steel frames are hybrid systems that combine frame stiffness of centrically braced frames with ductility and capability to dissipate seismic energy of moment resisting frames of which at least one end of the bracing is connected to the beam so as to form a segment in the beam called link beam. It is well know that link beam are usually designed to remain in elastic region during ordinary loading but withstand nonlinear deformation during sees The design of an eccentrically braced frame is based on creating a frame which will remain essentially elastic outside a well define link. The critical factor which influences the inelastic behavior of the link is its length which is correlated to the capability to dissipate seismic energy and the collapse mechanism of the system. One of the advantages of vertical links over their horizontal counterparts is the exclusion of plastic

Assement of the Seismic Behavior of Eccentrically Braced Frame with Vertical and Horizontal Link 6 deformation from the main structure result on no damage in the roof of the structures under severe earthquake; easy and simple rehabilitation; and the replacement of link after earthquake. Using the vertical links for seismic rehabilitation of the existing buildings is possible with minor changes in the main structure; however, in large or tall building and also in strengthening of the existing structures, due to limitation of dimensions of the existing components of the structures, the application of the single vertical link has lots of obstacles. The transferred shear from the vertical links, especially in concrete structures, can limit the application of big vertical links. In such case, using double vertical links is recommended [5].

Eccentrically Braced Frame

In eccentrically braced frames, braces in each span are located with distance in longitudinal axis of beam or with distance by beam to column connections is illustrated in Figure 1. In these systems lateral behavior of structure is the combination of axial forces, shears and moments of beam and columns in braced spans and the compressions and of braces. These systems are expected to withstand significant inelastic deformation in the links whereas other segments of system (out of link beam segments) shall be designed to remain essentially elastic. Therefore, although it has convinced ductility, it has enough stiffness too. The EBFs ductility and stiffness change by its length of link beam and therefore can be set by the designer to get proper condition. The object of designer is not to prevent of producing of hinges, but also the object is to controlling the place of hinges productions and checking the capacity of rotation of link beams.
Figure 1: Link in eccentrically braced frame

Mechanism of Horizontal Link Beams

The length of link beams effect the behavior of EBFs in linear and non-linear region. In high force the plastic hinges were created in link beam that the kind of these indicates the mechanism of link beams. By writhing the stability equation we have these two boundaries. In these equations 1 is the length of link beam. 1.6 M P Shear link beam e VP 2.6 M P Eq 1 Moment link beam e VP When the length of link beam is between these limitations both shear and moment mechanisms occur. UBC code limits the ultimate rotation of link beams, 0.09 for shear ones and 0.03 for moment ones. AISC limitations are 0.08 for shear link and 0.03 for moment links. These limitations in Iran code are 0.08 for shear link and 0.02 for moment links [6].

Yaser Mozaffari Jouybari, Y.Mahmoudi and S. Maghsodian

Mechanism of Vertical Link Beams

For vertical shear links whose moment diagram is illustrated in Figure 2, in order to achieve the shear hinges formation condition before flexural hinge, due to the unequal moment at the end of link equation 2 considered:
e 0.8( K 1) M Vp M2 ,( M 2 M 1 ) M1
p

Eq 2

Figure 2: The diagram of the moment in frame with single vertical link

In this paper Eqn 2 is considered for shearing behavior. In order to study the behavior of these frames, first a section is chosen for the link, and then the remaining members of the frame are designed for maximum capacity of vertical links. It should be mentioned that gusset plate of bracing member to the end beam is designed according to the AISC seismic provision 2005 for compression strength of the bracing member [5].

Near Filled Earthquakes

Near-field earthquakes have some characteristics that differs them from far-field ones. These earthquake have higher accelerations and restricted frequency content in higher frequencies than farfield ones. Also their records have pulses in beginning of record with high period and high domain. These pulses are much considerable when the Forward directivity takes place, therefore the records change from Board band condition to pulselike ones. These pluses result in occurrence of amount of maximum of Fourier spectrum in limited periods unlike the amount of maximum of Fourier spectrum in far-field earthquakes that occur in wide-ranging of periods. These pulses also cause that the responses of structures exposed to them is more affected by Wave like terms than Mode-Like terms. In this situation the response of structure get from accumulation of waves move in structure. Other effects of pulses is send out the maximum of domain to the smaller periods that causes to increase in virtual stiffness, base shear ,ductility demand and decrease in damping of structures. The ratio of vertical to spectrum in near-field earthquake is much more than far-field ones. In codes this ratio often consider as 2/3 .But in near field earthquakes this ratio in short period can reach to number2 [7].

Records
All the records were registered in soil D according to NEHRP, zone 4 according to UBC97 and type II according to Iran code (2800) or recover for this type of soil. All of them have distance less than 10 KM is illustrated in Table 1 [2].
Table.1:
Nomber 1 2

Specification of near-field motions

Earthquake Bam Tabas Year 2003 1978 PGA(g) 0.78 0.328 PGV(cm/sec) 123.69 20.6 PGD(cm) 34.480 12.56 Station Bam Dayhook

Assement of the Seismic Behavior of Eccentrically Braced Frame with Vertical and Horizontal Link 8
Table.1:
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Specification of near-field motions

Chi chi Kobe Northridge Landers Golbaf Silakhor Zangiran Kocaeli 1999 1995 1994 1992 1998 2006 1994 1999 0.17 0.59 0.433 0.274 0.29 0.44 0.91 0.376 68.8 74.3 51.5 27.5 14.126 84.9 69 79.5 41.87 19.95 7.21 9.82 5.87 28.9 27.3 70.52 TCU o kjma Pacoima Joshua Golbaf Silakhor Zangiran Sakavya

Linear Dynamic and Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis

Plastic hinges definition, assignments and non-linear dynamic analysis are done according to Feta 356.The plastic hinges were produced only in link beam ,production of hinges has regular processes , it mean that before producing plastic hinges in all of stories ,the structural do not go under instability and collapse mode. All the non-linear dynamic analyses are as Direct Integration time history. Tabas, Landers and Northridge earthquake are selected for non-linear dynamic analyses; Also effective vertical component Tabas earthquake considered. For each model, non-linear dynamic analyses done. In a building, all non-linear deformation occurred in link beams which indicate that all the energy dissipation capacity is due to the existence of links and all other parts of the structure remain in the linear range.. Under Near-Field earthquake and under non-linear dynamic analyses the amount of relative acceleration and velocity in vertical link beam are less than horizontal link, as shown Figure 8, 9. Base shear gets form vertical link, is so lees that base shear get form horizontal link, as shown Figure 10.
Figure 3: Average spectrums get from 10 recodes

Figure 4: Comparison near-field spectrum with 2800 Iran spectrum

4 3.5

Acceleration (g)

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

spectrum 2800 near-field spectrum

Time (sec)

Yaser Mozaffari Jouybari, Y.Mahmoudi and S. Maghsodian

Figure 5: Displacement distributions in height structure 12 stories get linear dynamic analysis
12 Stories (V-EBF)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

SZ+0.3SX+0.3SY SX+0.3SY+0.3SZ S 2800

s to r y

Lateral Displacement (cm)

Figure 6: Force distributions in height structure by 12 stories get linear dynamic analysis
12 Stories (H-EBF)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Lateral Force (ton) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Lateral Force (ton) 12 Stories (V-EBF)

SZ+0.3SX+0.3SZ SX+0.3SY+0.3SZ S 2800 s t o ry

SZ+0.3SX+0.3SY SX+0.3SY+0.3SZ S 2800

Figure 7: Max understory drift distribution in height structure 12 stories get from non-linear analyses
12 -Stories - Tabas Horizontal
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

s t o ry

12 - Stories - Tabas Vertical

S tory

V-EBF Limit 2800

S to r y

H-EBF

H-EBF V-EBF Limit 2800

Max Interstory Drift%

Max Interstory Drift%

Assement of the Seismic Behavior of Eccentrically Braced Frame with Vertical and Horizontal Link 10
Figure 8: Comparison relative acceleration different earthquakes

12 - Stories (V-EBF)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 Relative Acceleration(cm/s2)
8 7

8 Stories (V-EBF)

Tabas - Horizontal
6

Tabas - Vertical Northridge Landers

Tabas - Horizontal Tabas- Vertical Northridge Landers

S to ry

S to r y

4 3 2 1 0 0 300 600 900 1200 1500

Relative Acceleration(cm/s2)

Figure 9: Comparison relative velocity different earthquakes

12-Stories (H-EBF)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
8 7 6

8 -Stories (V-EBF)

Tabas -Horizontal Tabas-Vertical Northridge Landers

Tabas-Horizontal Tabas-Vertical Northridge Landers

S to r y

S to r y

4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Relative Velocity (cm/s)

Relative Velocity(cm/s)

Figure 10: Comparison base shears in the 8 story building

11

Yaser Mozaffari Jouybari, Y.Mahmoudi and S. Maghsodian 1. The non- linear lateral displacement in EBFs with vertical link beam become more than EBF with horizontal link beam. 2. The base shear get from vertical link beam, is so less that base shear get from horizontal link beam. 3. Under Near-Field earthquake and under non-linear dynamic analyses the amount of relative the amount of relative acceleration and velocity in vertical link beam are less than horizontal link. 4. In EBF systems with short links have good performance in the earthquakes. 5. One of the advantages of vertical links over their horizontal counterparts is the exclusion of plastic deformation from the main structure result on no damage in the roof of the structures under severe earthquake; easy and simple rehabilitation; and the replacement of link after earthquake.

Summary

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Uniform Building Code (UBC). (1997), Structural Engineering Design Provisions. Vol. 2. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), PEER Strong Motion Database. (2006) http:// peer. Berkeley. edu/smcat. 2800 Standard (2005), Iran Seismic Provisions for design of buildings, Buildings and House Research Center. Vol. 3. Iran Provisions for design and construct of Structural Steel Buildings. (2005), Housing and ministry. Shayanfar, Mohsenali-Rezaeian, Alireza-Taherkhani Sina. Assessment of the seismic behavior of eccentrically braced frame with double vertical link (DV-EBF). The 14 world Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China. Sachi Furukawa1, Subhash C. Goel2, and Shih-Ho Chao3. SEISMIC EVALUATION OF ECCENTRICALLY BRACED STEEL FRAMES DESIGNED BY PERFORMANCE-BASED PLASTIC DESIGN METHOD.14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 1217, 2008, Beijing, China.

[6]