87th Annual International School of

Hydrocarbon Measurement 2012

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA

15-17 May 2012
Volume 1 of 2

ISBN: 978-1-62276-413-6

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME 1
1000 GAS MEASUREMENT
1040 - Compressibility of Natural Gas................................................................................................................................. 3
Jeff Savidge

1050 - Coping with Changing Flow Requirements at Existing Meter Stations............................................................... 23

Ron Sisk

1060 - Design of Distribution Metering and Regulating Stations .................................................................................... 26

Eddie Collins

1070 - Determination of Leakage and Unaccounted for Gas ........................................................................................... 31

David Wofford

1090 - Effects and Control of Pulsation in Gas Measurement ......................................................................................... 44

Ed Bowles, Ray Durke, Robert McKee

1100 - Effects of Abnormal Conditions on Accuracy of Orifice Measurement............................................................... 59

Dean Graves

1140 - Fundamentals of Gas Measurement I..................................................................................................................... 66

Douglas Dodds

1150 - Fundamentals of Gas Measurement II ................................................................................................................... 72

Jerry Smith

1160 - Fundamentals of Gas Measurement III.................................................................................................................. 77

Joe Bauer

1170 - Fundamentals of Gas Turbine Meters .................................................................................................................... 84

Paul Honchar

1190 - Installation and Operation Errors in Gas Measurement ...................................................................................... 93

Paul La Nasa

1195 - Low Pressure Gas Measurement........................................................................................................................... 114

John Lansing, Volker Herrmann, Toralf Dietz, Sick Maihak

1200 - Mass Meters for Gas Measurement ...................................................................................................................... 127

Karl Stappert

1210 - Measurement Station Inspection Documentation Program and Guide ............................................................. 145
Robert Rau

1220 - Basic Principles of Multi-Path Ultrasonic Meters for Custody Transfer Natural Gas
Measurement...................................................................................................................................................................... 147
Martin Schlebach

1250 - Orifice Fittings and Meter Tubes .......................................................................................................................... 154

Steve Ecklund

1270 - Orifice Meters - Operation and Maintenance ...................................................................................................... 165

Keith Harper

1310 - Thermometry in Gas Measurement...................................................................................................................... 168

Jorge Delgado

1320 - Wet Gas Measurement........................................................................................................................................... 176

Richard Steven

1330 - Flow Conditioners for Natural Gas Measurement .............................................................................................. 189

Blaine Sawchuck

1350 - The Impact of Greenhouse Gas Measurement - How Recent Regulations Impact the
Measurement of Greenhouse Gases ................................................................................................................................. 223
Jim Tangeman

1355 - Measurement and Regulation Operation of a LDC - The Day to Day Operations of a LDC,
Including Measurement and Regulation Techniques ..................................................................................................... 232
Ron Carnahan

1380 - New Differential Meters in Natural Gas............................................................................................................... 245

Casey Hodges

1390 - Effects of Atmospheric Pressure on Gas Measurement ...................................................................................... 263

Denis Rutherford

2000 LIQUID MEASUREMENT

2010 - Application of Densitometers to Liquid Measurement........................................................................................ 269
Paul Heinritz

2020 - Application of Turbine Meters in Liquid Measurement ..................................................................................... 277

Mike Bridgeforth

2030 - Automated Truck Loading Systems...................................................................................................................... 282

John Meade

2050 - Calculation of Liquid Petroleum Quantities ........................................................................................................ 291

Peter Kosewicz

2075 - Crude Oil Blending................................................................................................................................................. 301

Brian Betts

2080 - Crude Oil Gathering by Truck Metering versus Manuel Gauging .................................................................... 306
J. W. Sulton

2090 - Design, Operation and Maintenance of LACT Units .......................................................................................... 311

Chris Levy

2110 - Displacement Meters for Liquid Measurement ................................................................................................... 323

Darren Heath

2120 - Effects of Flow Conditioning on Liquid Measurement........................................................................................ 329

Blaine Sawchuck

2130 - Effects of Petroleum Properties on Pipeline Measurement................................................................................. 355

Jim Smith

2140 - Dense Phase Fluids Measurement......................................................................................................................... 364

Fred Van Orsdol

2150 - Evaporation Loss Measurement from Storage Tanks ......................................................................................... 367

Misty Isaacs

2160 - Fundamentals of Liquid Measurement I - Physical Properties .......................................................................... 373

David Beitel

2180 - Fundamentals of Liquid Measurement III - Dynamic......................................................................................... 382

Peter Kosewicz

2190 - Fundamentals of Liquid Turbine Meters ............................................................................................................. 392

Dave Seiler

2200 - Gauging, Testing and Running of Lease Tanks ................................................................................................... 397

Jane Williams

2202 - Helical Turbine Meters for Liquid Measurement................................................................................................ 400

Kyle Anderson

2205 - Installation and Operation of Densitometers ....................................................................................................... 407

Corky Atchison

2210 - Leak Detection on Petroleum Pipelines ................................................................................................................ 410

Randall Allen

2220 - Liquid Measurement Field Surveys ...................................................................................................................... 417

Miles Chaney

2230 - Liquid Measurement Station Design..................................................................................................................... 419

Roger Thornton

2240 - Marine Crude Oil Terminal Measurement Systems............................................................................................ 423

Pete Jakubenas

2250 - Mass Measurement of Natural Gas Liquid Mixtures.......................................................................................... 434

Eric Estrada

2260 - Mass Flowmeters for Liquids ................................................................................................................................ 438

Frank Grunert

2270 - Measurement Accuracy and Sources of Error in Tank Gauging ....................................................................... 446
C. Stewart Ash

2280 - Shrinkage Losses Resulting from Liquid Hydrocarbon Blending...................................................................... 452

J. H. James

2285 - Measurement of Cryogenic LNG .......................................................................................................................... 459

Alastair McLachlan

2290 - Measurement Methods for Liquid Storage Tanks............................................................................................... 474

Robert Arias

2310 - Measurement of Petroleum on Board Marine Vessels ........................................................................................ 488

Juri Koern

2330 - Orifice Meters for Liquid Measurement .............................................................................................................. 494

Fred Van Orsdol

2340 - Pycnometer Installation, Operation and Calibration .......................................................................................... 500

Paul Mullen

2350 - Resolving Liquid Measurement Differences......................................................................................................... 505

Jim Godbolb

2360 - Statistical Control of Meter Factors - A Simplified Approach ........................................................................... 509

Dan Comstock

2380 - Troubleshooting Liquid Pipeline Losses and Gain .............................................................................................. 516

Joseph T. Rasmussen, Michael R. Plasczyk

2400 - Ultrasonic Meters for Liquid Measurement......................................................................................................... 531

Nicole Gailey

2410 - Viscosity and its Application in Liquid Hydrocarbon Measurement................................................................. 540

Gary Rothrock

2415 - Measuring High Viscosity Liquids with Flow Meters ......................................................................................... 547
Kyle Anderson

2430 - Operational Experience with Liquid Coriolis Meters ......................................................................................... 558

Bynum Vincent

2440 - Accuracy Diagnostics of Liquid Ultrasonic Flow Meters .................................................................................... 562

Joshua W. Rose

2450 - Offshore Liquid FPSO Measurement Systems .................................................................................................... 567

Alastair McLachlan

2460 - Application in Liquid Measurement Using Clamp-On Ultrasonic Technology ................................................ 576
Tim Guest

2470 - Measurement of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPGs).............................................................................................. 585

Paul Mullen

2480 - Viscosity Compensation of Helical Turbine Meters ............................................................................................ 593

Nicole Gailey

2490 - Advanced Diagnostic Measurements and Verification with Coriolis Flow meters ........................................... 599
Tim Cunningham

2500 - NGL Terminal Operations and Measurement..................................................................................................... 607

Blake Stinson

VOLUME 2
2510 - Master meter prover certifications per API MPMS 4.9.3 ................................................................................... 617
Scott Iverslie

3000 ELECTRONIC MEASURING AND RELATED EQUIPMENT

3010 - Advanced Application of Flow Computers and Telemeter Systems................................................................... 629
Rick Heuer

3020 - Application of Flow Computers for Gas Measurement and Control ................................................................. 634
David Savells

3050 - Basic Application of Flow Computers and Telemeter Systems .......................................................................... 639
Martin Johnson

3060 - Basic Electronics for the Field Technician ........................................................................................................... 646

Christopher Levy

3070 - SCADA Systems ..................................................................................................................................................... 655

Ian Metcalfe

3080 - Communication Systems for Gas Measurement Data ......................................................................................... 660

Clay Danley

3110 - Economics of Electronic Gas Measurement ......................................................................................................... 664

Jesse Green

3115 - Production Equipment Effects on Gas Measurement ......................................................................................... 667

John McDaniel

3120 - Effects of Cathodic Protection and Induced Signals on Pipeline Measurement................................................ 671
Pete Jakubenas

3125 - Ethernet for SCADA Systems................................................................................................................................ 678

Denis Rutherford

3140 - On-line Flow Computers for Liquid Custody Transfer ...................................................................................... 684
Brent Palmer

3155 - Spread Spectrum Radio Technology for Gas Measurement............................................................................... 689

Ben Hamilton

3160 - Smart Transmitter Selection, Calibration and Installation ................................................................................ 696

Leon Black

3180 - Transient Lightning Protection for Electronic Measurement Devices............................................................... 711

Leon Black

3200 - Host Gas Measurement Audit Trail data Handling and Maintenance Techniques .......................................... 724
Steve May

3210 - The Evolution of Data Collection for Gas Measurement .................................................................................... 733
Dan Steele

4000 CALIBRATION, PROVING AND TESTING

4020 Calibration of Liquid Provers............................................................................................................................... 741
William Young

4050 - Effective Use of Deadweight Tester....................................................................................................................... 750

Roger Thomas

4060 - Guide to Troubleshooting Problems with Liquid Meters and Provers .............................................................. 756
Brian Pierce

4070 - In-Situ (On-Site) Gas Meter Proving .................................................................................................................... 760

Ed Bowles, Adam Hawley

4080 - LACT Unit Proving - The Role of the Witness .................................................................................................... 770
C. Bynum Vincent

4090 - Liquid Flow Provers............................................................................................................................................... 776

Alexander Ignatian

4095 - Liquid Meter Proving Techniques ........................................................................................................................ 781

J. H. James

4100 - Operation and Problems Associated with Prover Detector Switches................................................................. 786
Warren Parr

4110 - Operational Experience with Small Volume Provers .......................................................................................... 792

Kevin Fields

4140 - Theory and Application of Pulse Interpolation to Prover Systems .................................................................... 795
Galen Cotton

4150 - Verification / Calibration of Devices used in Liquid Measurement and Implications of How
Mercury Issues will Impact these Processes .................................................................................................................... 802
Anne Brackett

4160 - Witnessing Orifice Meter Verification / Calibration ........................................................................................... 809

Jack Chisum

4170 - Improving Flow Measurements with Improved Calibration & Data Handling Procedures............................ 812
Duane Brown

4180 - Proving Liquid Ultrasonic Meters......................................................................................................................... 821

Dave Seiler

4190 - Preparing a Prover for Waterdraw Calibration.................................................................................................. 835

Herb Garland, Dennis Kirtley

4200 - The Uncertainty of a Waterdraw Calibration vs. a Gravimetric Calibration on Small Volume
Provers................................................................................................................................................................................ 838
Gary Cohr

5000 ENERGY, QUALITY, AND SAMPLING

5010 - Auditing Gas Laboratories .................................................................................................................................... 847
Joe Landes

5030 - BTU Determination of Natural Gas Using a Portable Chromatograph............................................................. 850

Rusty Thomas

5040 - Chromatograph Applications and Problems from the User's Standpoint......................................................... 857
Fred Ryel

5050 - Chromatograph Maintenance and Troubleshooting ........................................................................................... 861

Fred Ryel

5060 - Chromatographic Analysis of Natural Gas Liquids ............................................................................................ 867

Joe Landes

5080 - Crude Quality - What is Involved and Why Its Important................................................................................. 872
Harry Giles

5090 - Determination of H2S and Total Sulfur in Natural Gas...................................................................................... 878

Marshall Schreve

5100 - Determination of Water Vapor Content in Natural Gas..................................................................................... 882

Sam Miller

5115 - Hydrocarbon Dew Point Effects on Gas Flow Measurement.............................................................................. 886

Fred Van Orsdol

5120 - DOT Requirements for the Transportation of Sample Containers.................................................................... 893

David Fish

5130 - Energy Measurement using Flow Computers and Chromatography ................................................................ 896
Burt Reed

5160 - Field and Laboratory Testing of Sediment and Water in Crude Oil ................................................................. 904
Jane Williams

5170 - Fundamentals of Gas Chromatography ............................................................................................................... 908

Ulrich Gokeler

5190 - Heat Quantity Calculation relating to Water Vapor in Natural Gas ................................................................. 917
Ed Bowles

5195 - Laboratory Gas Analysis Validation Methods..................................................................................................... 926

Fred Van Orsdol

5235 - On-line Water Measurement Devices in Liquid Service ..................................................................................... 933

Kim Mohajer

5260 - Sampling and Conditioning of Natural Gas Containing Entrained Liquids ..................................................... 939
Josh Welker

5265 - Sample Conditioning & Contaminant Removal for Water Vapor Content Determination in
Natural Gas ........................................................................................................................................................................ 941
Brad Massey

5280 - Techniques of Gas Composite Sampling............................................................................................................... 948

Matthew Parrott

5290 - Techniques of Gas Spot Sampling......................................................................................................................... 955

Jane Williams

5310 - Fundamentals of Sampling Natural Gas for BTU Determination...................................................................... 959

Donald Mayeaux

5320 - Moisture Measurement Using Laser Spectroscopy ............................................................................................. 968

Sam Miller

5330 - Reducing Measurement Uncertainty in Process Gas Quality Measurements ................................................... 977
Charlie Cook, Ken Parrott

5340 - CO2 Determination of Natural Gas Streams ....................................................................................................... 981

Murray Fraser

5345 - Considerations in Sampling Wet, High Pressure, or Supercritical Natural Gas............................................... 986
Donald Mayeaux, Shannon Bromley

5350 - Flare Measurement Practices ................................................................................................................................ 993

Wil Camara, John Chitty

5360 - Principles of Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography.................................................................................... 1001

Gregg Meidl

5520 - Performance Testing For Natural Gas Sample Systems ................................................................................... 1012
Justin Harvey

5540 - Determination of Trace Oxygen in Natural Gas ................................................................................................ 1018

Sam Miller

6000 SERIES CONTROL AND REGULATION

6010 - Causes and Cures of Regulator Instability......................................................................................................... 1023
Michael Hiefner

6020 - Controlling Surges in Liquid Pipelines............................................................................................................... 1028

Sharon McCurdy

6090 - Over Pressure Protection Methods ..................................................................................................................... 1031

Michael Hiefner

6100 - Prevention of Freezing in Measurement and Regulating Stations ................................................................... 1037

Steve Palmitier

6110 - Selection, Sizing and Operation of Control Valves for Gases and Liquids...................................................... 1042
Will Sjobeck

6120 - Turbulence and its Effect in Measuring and Regulating Stations .................................................................... 1049
Terrence Grimley, Edgar Bowles, Adam Hawley

6130 - Flow Meter Installation Effects ........................................................................................................................... 1063

Edgar Bowles, Adam Hawley

7000 ACCOUNTING, CALCULATIONS AND INDUSTRY STANDARDS

7020 - Orifice Meter Primary Elements Standards ...................................................................................................... 1077
Jerry Blankenship

7030 - Auditing Electronic Gas Measurement per API Chapter 21.1 ......................................................................... 1081
Keith Fry

7040 - Auditing Gas Measurement and Accounting Systems....................................................................................... 1089

Stephen Stark

7050 - Auditing Liquid Measurement ............................................................................................................................ 1092

Lane Hedricks

7110 - Overall Measurement Accuracy.......................................................................................................................... 1096

Casey Hodges

7180 - API MPMS Chapter 22.2 Testing Protocol for Differential Pressure Flow Measurement
Devices .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1102
Zaki Husain

7300 - Overview of GPA 2172/API 14.5 Revision.......................................................................................................... 1110

Don Sextro

8000 MISCELLANEOUS
8025 - Intrinsic Safety with Surge Protection in the Hydrocarbon Industry.............................................................. 1119
Dan McCreery

8040 - DOT Qualification Training for Measurement and Control Technicians ....................................................... 1130
Wallace McGaughey

8065 - Interface Detection in Liquid Pipelines............................................................................................................... 1145

Jim Lee

8110 - Multiphase Flow Measurement ........................................................................................................................... 1150

Richard Steven

8120 - Odorization in Natural Gas ................................................................................................................................. 1162

Kenneth Parrott

8132 - Orifice Meter Tube Dimensional Tolerances ..................................................................................................... 1174

Michelle Beckner

8140 - Program for Training a Gas Measurement Technician .................................................................................... 1181

Jimmy Galyean

8160 - The Effects of Additives on Metering in Liquid Pipelines................................................................................. 1186

Joseph Rasmussen

8170 - The Role of BLM in Oil and Gas Measurement ................................................................................................ 1191
Richard Estabrook

8200 - Meter Selection ..................................................................................................................................................... 1200

Robert Fritz

8210 - Cone Meters for Liquid and Gas Measurement ................................................................................................ 1208
Kenneth Reed III

8220 - Measurement Scene Investigations ..................................................................................................................... 1213

Ray Glidewell

8230 - Measurement Policies and Procedures Development and Implementation Considerations ....................... 1224
Bruce Wallace

8240 - Benefits around Timely Analysis of Measurement Data ................................................................................... 1231

Keith Fry

8250 - Measurement Management Systems................................................................................................................... 1236

Chris Levy

8260 - Contributors to Historical Advances in Natural Gas Measurement ................................................................ 1245

Jeremiah Gage

8270 - Applications and Fundamentals of Catalytic Heaters in measurement applications...................................... 1253

Chad Richards

8280 - Cyber Security ...................................................................................................................................................... 1254

Daniel R Crandell
Author Index