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I. What is Genetics
A. What Have You Inherited?
1.Heredity
a. passing of traits from parent to offspring
b. controlled by genes
1. Gregor Mendel
a. 1856
2. Easy to grow
C. In Mendel’s Garden
1. Cross-pollination
a. Transfer of pollen from one plant to another
2. Dominant and recessive factors
a. tall X short = all tall offspring
b. Mendel concluded tall was the dominant factor, always showing when present
1. Punnett Square
a. used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses
2. Alleles
a. alleles: contrasting genes for the same trait
d. homozygous
1. Describes an individual with identical genes for the same trait
2. TT or tt
e. heterozygous
1. Describes an individual with different genes for the same trait
2. Tt
P (parental) generation: TT x tt
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
3. blending
b. example
1. in cows roan coat color shows co-dominance
1. Polygenic inheritance
a. more than one pair of genes influences the phenotype of a trait
2. Multiple alleles
a. more than two alleles exist that can determine a trait
3. Blood Type
2. People with SS, who are normal for blood cells can easily die from Malaria, people who
are ss die from sickle cell anemia
f. In Ss, where an individual has both normal and sickle cells, there’s an
advantage for survival
1. These individuals cannot get malaria
2. Cystic fibrosis
a. Genetic disorder of the mucous membranes
c. cc = cystic fibrosis
B. Sex Determination
4. XX = female, XY = male
D.Sex-Influenced Traits
Genotype Phenotype
Males Females
BB Bald Bald
Bb Bald Normal Hair
bb Normal Hair Normal Hair
E. Genetic Engineering
c. Snow-max
1. Artificial snow can be produced that melts at 50 degrees F instead of 32 degrees
d. ice-minus bacteria
1. Strawberries treated with this will not freeze at 32 degrees F
They will not freeze until the temperature goes down to 20 degrees F
2. Advantage in early frosts farmers will not lose their crops as easily.
e. Result: bacteria now has different genes to produce the desired effect