IN LAB EXERCISE

Q1. Plot the following continuous-time functions over the specified intervals. Write single
script files for all CT signals with name CTsignals_GroupNo. X.m. Use the plot and
figure command, and be sure to label the time axes.
(a) Unit Impulse function, x1 (t) = (t)
(b) Unit Step function, x2(t) = u (t) for t = [-2, 2]
(c) Unit Ramp function, x3(t) = r (t) for t = [-2, 5]
(d) sinusoidal function, x4(t) = 3*sin(2*pi*f*t), where f = 20 Hz for t = - 1 to 1 secs
(e) Exponential function, x5(t) = e-at for t = [-4, 4] for a= 0.5, 1.5. Comment on the effect
of time scaling.
(f) rect(t) for t = [ -2 , 2]
(g) sinc(t) for t = [-1, 10]
Sol:
a) t=(-100:1:100);
i=1.*(x==0)
plot(x,y)

b) t=-2:0.01:2;
u=1.*(x>=0);
plot(x,u,'cr')

c)
t=-2:0.01:5
r=t.*(t>=0);
plot(t,r,'cg');

d) t=(-1:0.1:1);
s=3*sin(2*pi*200*t);
plot(t,s)

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x 10

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-0.8

e) t=(-4:0.1:4);
c=exp(-0.5.*t);
d=exp(-1.5.*t);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,c)
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,d)

-0.6

-0.4

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0.2

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0.8

8
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-1

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1.5

500
400
300
200
100
0
-4

f) t=-2:0.01:2;
rec=1.*(t>=-0.5&t<=0.5);
plot(t,rec)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-2

-1.5

-1

g) t=-1:.1:10;
sinc=sin(pi.*t)/pi.*t;
plot(t,sinc)
3

-1

-2

-3

-4
-2

10

Q2. Also write another .m - script file to stem the corresponding discrete-time function
with name DTsignals_GroupNo. X.m. Use the subplot command to put Q2.a) - c) plots in a
figure 1, Q2.d) - e) plots in a figure 2 and Q2.f) - g) plots in a figure 3. Issue the command
orient (tall) just prior to printing to prevent crowding of the subplots.
a)
t=-10:.1:10;
y=1.*(t==0) ;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(t,y)
t=-10:2:10;
y=1.*(t==0) + 0;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(t,y)
t=-2:1:2;
y=1.*(t>=0) + 0.*(t<0);
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(t,y)
t=-2:.5:5;
y=t.*(t>=0) + 0.*(t<0);
y=t.*(t>=0) + 0.*(t<0);
subplot(3,1,3); stem(t,y)

0.5

0
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-2

10

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0
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-1

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1.5

6
4
2
0
-2

b)
>> t=-1:0.2:1;
f=200;
y=3*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(t,y)
t=-4:0.2:4;
a=.5;
y=exp(-a*t);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t,y)

-1

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-1

d) t=-2:1:2;
y=1.*(t>=-.5 & t<=0.5) + 0;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(t,y)
t=-1:1:10;y=sin(pi.*t)/pi.*t;subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t,y)

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x 10

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10

Q3. Generate two discrete-time signals called sig1 and sig2 of length 1, 000. The
samplesof sig1 should be independent, Gaussian random variables with mean 0 and
variance 1.The samples of sig2 should be independent, Gaussian random variables with
mean 0.2 andvariance 1. Use random or randnto generate these signals, and then plot
them in a samefigure. (An alternative name for a Gaussian random variable is a normal
random variable.)Next form a new signal ave1(n) of length 1, 000 such that ave1(n)
is the average of thevector sig1(1:n) (theexpression sig1(1:n) returns a vector
containing the first nelements of sig1). Similarly, compute ave2(n) as the average
of sig2(1:n). Plot thesignals ave1(n) and ave2(n) versus n on a same
plot.Comment on how the average values changes with n.
Sol:
r=0+1*randn(1000);
t=0.2+1*randn(1000);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(x);
title('sig(1)');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(y);
title('sig(2)');
r=mean(r);
t=mean(t);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(r);
holdon
plot(t);
title('average')

sig(1)
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sig(2)
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average
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POST LAB EXERCISE

Q1.Generate the waveform of following signals:
For CT signals, t = is -10 to 10 sec
Take appropriate value of sampling interval.
(a) xa(t) = (t + 1)
(b) xb(t) = (t + 1/2) (t - 1/2)
(c) xc(t) = t u(t)
(d) xd(t) = u (t + 2) u(t - 5)
(e) xe(t) = r (t +1) r (t) + r (t - 2)
(f) xf(t) = exp(-t) sin(2t) + exp(-t/2) cos(5 t)
Sol:
a) x=-10:0.01:10;
y=2.*(x==-2)+0;
plot(x,y)

2
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b) t=-10:0.01:10;
y=2.*(t==-2)+-2.*(t==2);
plot(x,y)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-10

c)x=-10:0.01:10;

-8

-6

y=x.*(x>=0)+0;
plot(x,y)

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-8

d)x=-10:0.01:10;
y=1.*(x>0)-1.*(x>5);
plot(x,y)

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e)x=-10:0.01:10;
y=(x+1).*(x>-1)-x.*(x>0)+(x-2).*(x>2)+0;
plot(x,y)
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f)t=-10:.2:10;

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y=exp(-t).*sin(2*pi*t) + exp(-t/2).*cos(5*pi*t);
plot(t,y)
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x 10

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0.5

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-2

Q2. For DT signals, n = -5 to 5 samples

a. xa[n] = r[-n]
b. xb[n] = exp(n-1)
c. xc[n] = [n - 1] [n - 2]
d. xd[n] = u [n + 1] 2u[ n] + u [n-1]
e. xe[n] = r [n + 3] r [n - 3]
f. xf [n] = an cos(2 n)
sol:
a)
n=-5:1:5;
y=-n.*(n<=0) + 0.*(n>0);
stem(n,y)

10

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-5

b) t=-5:1:5;
y=exp(n-1);
stem(n,y)

c)

-4

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-1

n=-5:5
for n=-5:5
if(n==2)
y=n-1
stem(n,y,'k--')
end
end

Q3. Sketch the waveform:

b. Using the result of part (a), compute the derivative of v(t), and sketch its waveform
sol:
t=0:.01:7;
v=20.*(exp(-2.*t)).*(t<=2)+10.*(t-3).*(t>2 & t<3)+(-10*t+50).*(t>3 & t<5)+(10*t-70).*(t<7
& t>5);
plot(t,v);
xlabel('t(s)');
ylabel('V(t)');
figure
der=diff(v)./diff(t);
der(1,length(t))=0;
plot(t,der);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('deravitive');

20
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V(t)

5
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t(s)

2000
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deravitive

500
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3
t

Q4. Sketch the waveform

Sol:
t=-5:15;
fori=1:length(t)
if t(i)<=0
g(i)=5;
elseif t(i)<=4 && t(i)>0
g(i)=5-3.*t(i);
elseif t(i)<=8 && t(i)>4
g(i)=-23+t(i)^2;
else
g(i)=41;
end
end
stem(t,g);
45
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30

g(n)

25
20
15
10
5
0
-5

5
n

10

15