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AbstractThis panel discussion summarizes some steady state distribution systems studies based on the Four-Conductor Current Injection Method - FCIM - power flow. This method applies the full Newton method to solve the nonlinear current injection equations which are derived using phase coordinates, and the complex variables are written in rectangular form. The method can include neutral currents and voltages. This summary intends to discuss simulation results obtained with some IEEE Distribution Test Feeders. Index TermsLoad flow analysis, current injection method, induction machines modeling, unbalanced operation
he IEEE test feeders available in [1] have been developed for the purpose of validation of distribution systems analysis software [2]. Recently some of the test systems have been extended to include a center tapped wye-delta transformer bank, and induction motors [3-6]. The current endeavour of the Distribution Systems Analysis Subcommittee - DSASC aims at the development of a larger IEEE-34 bus test system, including induction generators [7]. This panel discussion intends to report on steady-state studies that have been carried out on the center-tapped system [4-5], on the induction machine test case [6] and on the IEEE-34 Node system [7]. The Three-phase Current Injection Method TCIM of load flow analysis [8], has been developed to address unbalanced
This work was supported in part by the National Research Council , CNPq. D. R. R. Penido is with the Eletrobras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil (e-mail: debora@eletrobras.com). L. R. Araujo is with the Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (e-mail: leandroaraujo@petrobras.com.br). S. Carneiro, Jr is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil (e-mail: sandoval@coep.ufrj.br). J. L. R. Pereira is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil (e-mail: jluiz@ieee.org).
I. INTRODUCTION
I ks =
Y
p
st kk
Vkt +
ik t ik
Y
p
st t ki i
(1)
Where,
Vkt Vi t
Complex phase t to ground voltage at busbar k; Complex phase t to ground voltage at busbar i;
symmetric component transformation, the three-phase admittance matrix Yabc can be obtained; since y1 and y2 are not equal, Yabc will be asymmetric and will represent the motor running at constant slip. Depending on the induction machine operation strategy adopted, it is necessary to define its control. Two of them were modelled in the FCIM: constant electrical power input/output and constant mechanical power output/input. Using any of these two control strategies, both y1 and y2 are functions of the machine slip (s). Thus the extra equation needed to represent the machine can be written in terms of s as a new state variable. For example, for constant electrical power input the new equation is written as follows:
ele ele Pesp in Pcalcin = 0 ele Pesp in Re V m
s, t p ; p = {a, b, c, n}
S = P + jQ = (V V ) I
d k d k d k d k n k
d* k
(2)
Where:
d d ; d = {a, b, c}
n k
([ ] [Y
abc t
abc ( s ) ] V m *
abc *
] )= 0
(4)
Where
ele Pesp in
induction machine busbar m. III. APPLICATIONS Some IEEE unbalanced test systems, having induction machines are presented in this section to illustrate the results obtained with the FCIM methodology. These systems are available in [1]. It is important to emphasize that the available data was converted or adapted to phase coordinates because the FCIM simulation tool requires the data in this format. A. IEEE Center Tapped Wye-Delta Transformer Test Case The system shown in Figure 1 is based on the IEEE 4 Node Test Feeder [1], that was created to be used for testing four wire delta transformer models, where a more complete transformer model was included: the wye-delta transformer bank with a center-tapped transformer in one leg of the delta secondary [4-5]. According to [5], this is considered one of the more interesting transformer connections found in the distribution system, and presents a challenge to designers of three-phase distribution system analysis software. The center tap is grounded, which shifts the secondary side voltage reference to an unusual location for three-phase circuit analysis. One phase is significantly higher in voltage with respect to ground resulting in a crazy leg [5].
1
Infinite Bus
Equations (1) and (2) can be combined to produce nodal current injection equations, which can be linearized and expressed in terms of the corresponding real and imaginary parts. Writing these equations for all n nodes in the system, the resulting set of equations can be written as follows:
abcn abcn I m1 ( J11 ) abcn I r1 abcn I abcn m2 ( J 21 ) I rabcn = 2 M M abcn I mnb abcn abcn I rnb ( J nb1 )
(J )
12 22
abcn
(J )
M
abcn
(J )
nb 2
abcn
Vr1abcn abcn Vm1 abcn abcn L ( J 2 nb ) Vr2 abcn Vm2 M M M abcn Vrnb abcn abcn L ( J nbnb ) Vmnb L
(J )
1nb
abcn
(3)
The off-diagonal elements of the Jacobian matrix in (3) are identical to the corresponding elements of the nodal admittance matrix and thus remain constant during the iterative Newton-Raphson solution process. The diagonal terms are dependent on the load and generation models [8]. B. Representation of Controls The system control devices are modeled using additional equations to represent the control actions [9]. The equations are linearized and added to the current injection equations (3), resulting in an enlarged Jacobian matrix. The full Newton method is then applied to find the solution. As an example, this methodology will be used to represent induction machine control. If the machine is operated at constant slip, the equivalent circuits for positive and negative sequence can be reduced to constant admittances. The zero sequence admittance is made equal to zero, as there are normally no neutral connections to induction machines. Thus the sequence admittance Y012 of the machine will be a diagonal matrix. Applying the synthesis
5 miles [IABC ]
4
M
120/240
12.47 kV
Figure 1 Center Tapped Wye-Delta Transformer Test Case
- Grounded wye-delta - Leading open wye-open delta - Lagging open wye-open delta In this test case the induction motor slip was considered fixed at 0.035, so the motor model is simplified to a constant admitance model as explained in the previous section. The matrix obtained for the given parameters is:
0.3906 j 0.9072 0.8453 + j 0.3151 0.4547 + j 0.5921 0.3906 j 0.9072 0.8453 + j 0.3151 S YM abc = 0.4547 + j 0.5921 0.8453 + j 0.3151 0.4547 + j 0.5921 0.3906 j 0.9072
purpose of testing induction generator models. The system is unbalanced and each generator is to supply 660 kW to the feeder.
G1 T1
848 822 820 818 802 806 808 812 814 850 816 800 810 824 826 864 846 844 842 834 888 860 890 836 862 840
858 832
T2
852
838
Some selected results obtained with FCIM, using the ungrounded wye-delta transformer connection, are given in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1 Phase to Ground Voltages
Bus 1 2 3 4 VAG (kV) 7.200 7.194 117.14 116.25 A (o ) 0.00 -0.05 -0.51 -0.25 VBG (kV) 7.200 7.194 117.00 115.46 B (o ) -120.00 -120.01 179.52 179.42 VCG (kV) 7.200 7.197 204.13 203.68 C (o ) 120.00 119.97 89.86 89.85
G2
828 830 854 856
The electrical power input in each generator is considered constant in this test case. Thus the procedure described in section II.B will be applied to solve this system. Once convergence is achieved, the calculated slip of each generator is obtained and the reactive power input can be calculated. The distributed loads specified for this case were divided between the from bus and the to bus of the respective line section. The voltage regulators actions were not considered in this case, as this would be useful to test the robustness of the method. The different connections (B1, B2 and B3) of the two induction generators transformers were simulated and a part of the results obtained with FCIM are shown on Tables 5 to 10. In all these cases, the electrical power input is constant at 660kW. B1 - Grounded wye wye
In this configuration there is no connection from the primary transformer neutral to the distribution line grounded neutral. Since the system is unbalanced, the primary wye transformer neutral voltage VNG will be 63.26/ 3.047 V.
Table 2 Line Currents
Prim Sec Prim Sec IA (A) 2.747 114.574 C (o ) 113.217 55.092 A (o ) -29.422 -42.435 IN (A) 0.040 10.787 IB (A) 1.763 138.048 N (o ) -21.329 -50.115 B (o ) -175.765 161,349 IG (A) 0.040 8.867 IC (A) 1.610 58.893 G (o ) -21.329 129,313
B (o ) 178.137
C (o ) 55.092
Induction motor results: slip = 3.5% = 0.035 Stator Input Complex Power: 18.827 + j 12.794 kVA Converted Shaft Power: 17.454 kW
All the results reported above are in close agreement with the results reported in [1]. B. IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder With Induction Generators The one line diagram of this system is shown in Figure 2, as proposed in [7], and is based on the IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder [1]. Two three-phase induction generators with stepdown transformers have been added to the feeder, for the
Induction generator 1 results: slip = -0.8530125 % Stator Input Complex Power: -660.000 +j 331.292 kVA Converted Shaft Power: -670.411 kW Induction generator 2 results: slip = -1.0785586 % Stator Input Complex Power: -660.000 +j 353.130 kVA Converted Shaft Power: -673.096 kW
Induction generator 1 results: slip = -0.8526303 % Stator Input Complex Power: -660.000 +j 331.263 kVA Converted Shaft Power: -670.406 kW Induction generator 2 results: slip = -1.0777549 % Stator Input Complex Power: -660.000 +j 353.030 kVA Converted Shaft Power: -673.086 kW
In the three cases the load flow converged with four iterations of the full Newton method. C. Induction Machine Test Case Figure 3 shows the one-line diagram of the unbalanced system proposed in [6].
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS INDUCTION MACHINE TEST CASE BUS2
3 1
SOURCE
4
OTHER LOAD
BUS1
LINE
5
BUS2LV
SUBSTATION
Induction generator 1 results: slip = -0.8530125 % Stator Complex Power Input: -660.000 +j 331.292 kVA Converted Shaft Power: -670.411 kW Induction generator 2 results: slip = -1.0785586 % Stator Complex Power Input: -660.000 +j 353.130 kVA Converted Shaft Power: -673.096 kW
MOTOR LOAD
To solve this system the induction motor model having the slip as a state variable was used, because the electrical power input is considered constant at 1000kW in this test case. The results obtained with the proposed methodology are summarized below, and are in very close agreement with the those obtained in [6].
Table 11 Phase to Ground Voltage Nodes
c (o) 120.000 121.761 121.761 123.340 123.340 123.340 123.332 123.371 125.788 132.990 96.371 106.486 Bus 1 2 3 4 5 VAG (kV) 69.71505 69.69935 7.32274 6.80839 0.25251 A (o ) 0 -0.013 -33.139 -36.444 -39.221 VBG (kV) 69.71505 69.70236 7.38484 7.22876 0.26843 B (o ) -120 -120,010 -152.401 -154.862 -157.765 VCG (kV) 69.71505 69.70407 7.40100 7.20007 0.26527 C (o ) 120 119.986 88.268 87.690 85.038
B (o ) -151.188 -174.532
B (o ) 101.259 59.814
B (o ) -173.057
CN (o) 61.848
Induction motor results: slip = 0.7277487 % = 0.007277487 Stator Input Complex Power: 1000.00 + j 490.055 kVA Converted Shaft Power: 986.596 kW
The load flow converged in four iterations of the full Newton method. IV. CONCLUSIONS This panel discussion reported on steady-state studies which have been carried out on three IEEE Test Feeders. The simulations were conducted using the Four-Conductor Current Injection Method FCIM [11], that applies the full Newton method to solve the nonlinear current injection equations.The equations are derived using phase coordinates, and the complex variables are written in rectangular form. The method includes neutral conductors and grounding explicitly. It is seen that the results obtained are in close agreement with the calculations reported using other methods. It is also seen that FCIM is very robust, as convergence was obtained with not more than 4 iterations in all cases. The authors feel that this methodology will be of assistance for the analysis of radial or meshed unbalanced distribution systems. V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of P. A. N. Garcia for useful discussions on power system modeling. VI. REFERENCES [1] http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacom/testfeeders.html [2] W. H. Kersting, Transformer Model Test System, Proceedings of 2003 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference, Dallas, TX, September 2003. [3] R. C. Dugan and S. Santoso, An Example of 3-phase Transformer Modeling for Distribution System Analysis, Proceedings of 2003 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference, Dallas, TX, September 2003. [4] W. H. Kersting, Center Tapped Wye-Delta Transformer Test Case, Proceedings of 2004 IEEE PES General Meeting, Denver, CO, June 2004. [5] R. C. Dugan, Experiences with the Center-tapped WyeDelta Transformer Test Case, Proceedings of 2004 IEEE PES General Meeting Conference, Denver, CO June 2004.
[6] R. C. Dugan, Distribution System Analysis - Induction Machine Test Case, March 2005. [7] W. H. Kersting, IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder With Induction Generators, December 2005. [8] P. A. N. Garcia, J. L. R. Pereira, S. Carneiro Jr., V. M. Costa, N. Martins, Three-phase Power Flow Calculations Using the Current Injection Method, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol 15, n. 2, May 2000, pp 508-514. [9] P. A. N., Garcia, J. L. R., Pereira, S. Carneiro Jr., Voltage Control Devices Models for Distribution Power Flow Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,Vol 16, November 2001, pp. 586 -594. [10] P. A. N., Garcia, J. L. R., Pereira, S. Carneiro Jr, Improvements in the Representation of PV Buses on ThreePhase Distribution Power Flow, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol 19, No.2, April 2004, pp. 894-896. [11] D. R. R. Penido, 2004, Three-Phase Four-Wire Power Flow, (In Portuguese) M.Sc. Dissertation, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, March 2004. VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Debora Rosana Ribeiro Penido was born in Brazil in 1978. She received the degree of Electrical Engineer in 2002 and the M.Sc. degree in 2004, both from the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil and now she is a Ph.D. student in Electrical Engineering at the Graduate School of Engineering (COPPE) / Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil. From 2003 to the present date she has been working in the Transmission Department of the Brazilian Electrical Company. (ELETROBRAS), at the Electrical Studies Division. Her research interests include models and analytical tools for distribution systems analysis and planning of transmission systems. Leandro Ramos de Araujo was born in Brazil in 1974. He received the degree of Electrical Engineer in 1997 and the M.Sc. degree in 2000, both from the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Graduate School of Engineering (COPPE) / Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil in 2005. From 2003 to 2005 he worked in the Electrical Energy Research Center (CEPEL) of Brazilian Electrical Company (ELETROBRAS). From 2005 to the present date he has been working in Brazilian Petroleum Company (PETROBRAS). His research interests include the development of tools for optimization and operation of transmission, distribution and industrial systems. Sandoval Carneiro Jr. (M'1978; SM1991) was born in Brazil in 1945. He received the degree of Electrical Engineer from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FEI), of the Catholic University of So Paulo, Brazil, in 1968; the M.Sc. degree from the Graduate School of Engineering (COPPE) / Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) in 1971 and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from University of Nottingham, England, in 1976. From 1971 to the present date he has been a Lecturer at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and in 1993 was promoted to Full Professor. From 1978 to 1979 he was Deputy-Director and from 1982 to 1985 Director of COPPE / UFRJ. From 1987 to 1988 and in 1994 he was Visiting Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. From October 1991 to June 1992 he was General Director of CAPES- Ministry of Education Agency for Academic Improvement. Dr. Carneiro is a registered professional engineer in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. His research interests include electromagnetic transients simulations and models and analytical tools for distribution systems analysis. Jose Luiz Rezende Pereira (M'1985; SM2005) received his B.Sc. in 1975 from Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil, the M.Sc. in 1978 from COPPE -- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and the Ph.D. in 1988 from UMIST, UK. From 1977 to 1992 he worked at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Since 1993 he works at Electrical Engineering Department of Federal University of Juiz de Fora. Dr. Pereira's research interests include planning and operation modeling for transmission and distribution systems.