File and Error Handling

Programming in Visual Basic 6.
Update Edition
Chapter 10 Data Files
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition
Data Files
Files stored on disk device Contain actual data Records ==> Rows or lines Fields ==> Data elements within row Usually stored in an organized manner
Sorted by one of the fields Key Field, unique data item for each record
Sequential File Organization
Records end with CR, File ends with EOF Fields separated by comma delimiters
Variable length Strings enclosed in quotes Numbers not enclosed in quotes
Read only in the order it was written

To read a field you must read all preceding fields of all preceding records "Start at the beginning and continue to the end"
Sequential File Example
"Lynne","Weldon","999 Wide Way","Aiken","SC","29803" <CR> "Jim","Buck","1 Cow Lane","Aiken","SC","29801" <CR> "Tom","Thumb","PO Box 200","Aiken","SC","29802-200" <EOF>
Random File Organization
Records are fixed length and have a record number for reference Fields are fixed length and position
Less data then length will be padded with spaces More data than length will be truncated
Read or written in any order Think of the structure being "like a table"
Random File Example
Lynne Jim Tom
Weldon Buckner Thumb
803-649-9999 803-652-1111 803-593-1234
Processing Data Files
Open file Read or Write Close file
Open Statement
Usually coded in Form_Load
Open "fully qualified path for filename" For {Input| Output|Append|Random} As #FileNumber [Len=RecLength] { } indicates required - pick one [ ] indicates optional FileNumber = 1 to 511, RecLength Max = 32,767
Tip: Instead of specifying entire path, always store the sequential files in the same directory as your VB Project and use App.Path to specify the path
Open For
Input
reads a previously stored file from disk
Output
writes file to disk beginning at BOF, overwriting previous records
Append
Writes file to disk beginning at existing EOF
Random
Reads or writes random files
10
Open Statement Examples
Sequential
Open "C:\VB6\myfile.txt " For Input As #6 Open "A:\myfile.txt " For Output As #1 Open App.Path & \myfile.txt " For Append As #2
Random
Open "A:\myfile.txt " For Random As #3 Len=60
11
Actions Occurring Upon Open
Directory is checked for file

Does not exist - then create unless opened for input where it must already exist
Buffer in memory established

Len determines buffer size When buffer is full VB writes data to disk
File Pointer is created for current location

Located at BOF for Input, Output, and Random Located at EOF for Append
File Number established

Must be unique while file open
12
Locating a File
Problem: Open statement requires fully qualified path for filename Alternative 1:
Require that all data files be saved in the same directory as the VB project Use App.Path to specify the path as follows, Dim strPath as String strPath=App.Path & "\Filename.extension" Open strPath for Input as #4
Alternative 2:
Use Common Dialog with ShowOpen method to display Open dialog for user to locate file
13
Locating a File-Using Common Dialog Dim strFileName as String With dlgCommon .DialogTitle = "Open" .CancelError = False .Filter = "All Files (*.*)|*.*" .ShowOpen If Len(.FileName) = 0 Then Exit Sub End If strFileName=.FileName End With Open strFileName for Input as #1
14
Close Statement
Terminates processing of a disk file Usually coded in Form_Unload, mnuFileSave, mnuFileSaveAs, mnuFileExit
Close [#FileNumber]
[] indicates optional If FileNumber is omitted then all open files are closed
15
Close Statement Examples
Close #6 Close #1, #3 Close
16
Actions Occurring Upon Close
Physically writes the last partially filled buffer to disk for sequential files (Write statement has placed data in the buffer) Writes EOF Releases the Buffer Releases the FileNumber
Note: END closes all open files but is not the best way to close files. You should close files explicitly!
17
Getting Next Available FileNumber
FreeFile Function System assigns next available number Advantages

Never have FileNumber conflicts Don't have to keep track of FileNumbers
DimintFileNumberasInteger intFileNumber=FreeFile Open"Names.txt"ForOutputAs#intFileNumber

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0
Update Edition
Sequential Files
19
Reading a Sequential File
Open an existing file for Input Use Input Statement to read the records
20
Input Statement
Usually coded in Form_Load If populating a listbox or combo use a Do Until EOF to read data
Input #FileNumber, List of variables Input #2, strCourseNum, strClass, intHours
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Input Statement (cont.)
If populating a listbox or combo use a Do Until EOF to read in Form_Load
Dim strVideoTitle as String Do Until EOF(3) Input #3, strVideoTitle cboVideoTitle.AddItem strVideoTitle Loop Noticenumbersmatch!
22
Write Statement
Use to place/save data in a sequential file File must already be opened "For Output" Place code in mnuFileSave, mnuFileClose or Form_QueryUnload Follow with a Close statement
23
Write Statement (cont.)
Example
Write #FileNumber, List of variable or fields Write #1, txtFirstName, txtLastName, txtStreet, txtCity, txtxState, txtPhone Write #2, strCourseNum, strClass, intHours
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Write Statement (cont.)
If populating a listbox or combo use a For Next structure to write/save data
Dim intIndex as Integer Open "A:\videos.txt" For Output As #1 For intIndex=0 to cboVideoTitle.ListCount-1 Write #1, cboVideoTitle.ListIndex Next intIndex Close #1
25
Deleting a Sequential File
Kill statement File cannot be open when Kill is used
Kill "fully qualified path for filename" Kill "A:\Names.txt"
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Renaming a Sequential File
Name statement File cannot be open when Name is used
Name "old fully qualified path for filename" As "new fully qualified path for filename" Name "A:\Names.txt" As "A:\People.txt"
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Updating/Overwriting a Sequential File
By updating we mean "saving changes made"

Open the original file for Input Open a temp file for Output Input a record from the original into text boxes or other controls on a form that the user can change Write out the record to the temp file after the user changes the data Close both files Kill the original file Rename the temp file as the original file
28
Inserting Records At the EOF
Open the file for Append Allow the user to enter new data using textboxes or other controls on a form Write the data once a complete record of data has been entered Close the file after all new records have been inserted
29
Creating a New File
Open the file for Output If the filename does not exist VB will create the file Write data to the file from textboxes or other controls the user enters data into Close the file
30
Saving Changes to a File
Standard practice is to ask the user if they want to save the changes before program termination
Set up a module level Boolean variable to identify if changes have been made In Form_QueryUnload event
Check module level Boolean variable to see if changes have been made If TRUE ask the user if they want to save If user responds "yes", save
Code example p 403

Update Edition
Trapping Program Errors
32
Error Handling
Trap run-time errors rather than having user deal with them or program terminating Some problems cannot be avoided - BUT they must be anticipated
Drive or printer not functioning Improperly formatted disk File not found
33
Most Common Run-Time Errors
11 13 482 53 61 68 71 75 76
Division by 0 Type mismatch *** Printer error File not found Disk full Device unavailable Disk not ready Path/file access error Path not found
34
When a run-time error occurs
VB generates an error number VB checks the number against a table of known error codes Programmer can intercept the error code and take action before VB terminates the project
35
Error Trapping Steps
Turn on the error-handling feature using On Error statement in subprocedure Create error handling code routines
Set them off from other code with line labels
Write code to continue after the error is "handled"
36
On Error Statement
Use this statement at the beginning of a procedure to activate error trapping Designate a line label in the same procedure to go to if an error occurs
Line labels - begin in column 1, end with colon:
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Refers to line label
37
Error Handling Code
Precede with Exit Sub statement (or Exit Function) Check the error number(s)
Single error number -- If structure Multiple error numbers -- Select Case
Inform user if necessary Designate next line of code to execute

Resume Resume Next Resume line label
38
Resume
What line of code should be executed after the error has been handled? Resume - line of code that caused error Resume Next - line of code that would logically be executed after the line of code that caused error Resume line label - line with indicated label
39
Err Object
Intrinsic VB object (like Printer object you used in 1st semester VB class) Properties
Number - error number, 0 to 65,535 Source - object or application that caused error Description
Method
Raise - set an error number and/or cause it to occur
40
Error Handling Standards
Use Resume if you identify the problem and the user could correct it Use Resume Next if you identify the problem and execution can proceed without running the error generating line of code Raise the error again (Err.Raise Err) if you cannot identify the problem so VB will handle it and generate a system error message
41
Error Handling Standards (cont.)
Use Resume line label if you want to exit the procedure Call you exit procedure (perhaps, mnuFileExit) to end without displaying any error message Turn off error handling/trapping with: On Error GoTo 0
42
Handling One Error Number Private Sub Whatever( ) On Error GoTo ErrorHandler code to do whatever this subprocedure does Exit Sub ErrorHandler: If Err.Number=71 msgbox to inform user of error for correction Resume Else Err.Raise Err End If End Sub
43
Handling Multiple Error Numbers Private Sub Whatever( ) On Error GoTo ErrorHandler code to do whatever this subprocedure does Exit Sub ErrorHandler: Select Case Err.Number Case 71 Msgbox Case 53, 76 Msgbox Case Else Err.Raise Err End Select Resume End Sub
Update Edition
Random Files
45
Random File Organization
Records are fixed length and have a record number (data type=long integer) for reference Fields are fixed length and position
Less data then length will be padded with spaces More data than length will be truncated
Read or written in any order Think of the structure being "like a table"
46
Random File Example
Lynne Jim Tom
Weldon Buckner Thumb
803-649-9999 803-652-1111 803-593-1234
47
Defining the Record Structure
Must be done before reading or writing Use Type/End Type statements Code in General Declarations Use fixed length strings
Specify length in Dim statement Ex: Dim strFName as String * 20
Number variables do not require explicit length
48
Type/End Type
PrivateTypePerson intEmpNum AsInteger strFName AsString*20 strLName AsString*30 strPhone AsString*12 curRate AsCurrency EndType DimmudtPersonRecordAsPerson OpenApp.Path&"\Names.dat"ForRandomas#1 Len=Len(mudtPersonRecord)
Note:mudtprefixforUserDefinedType
49
Open Statement
Once the random file is opened it can be used for both input and output unlike sequential files! If you open a file that does not exist, VB will create it as an empty file Once opened, data are available for read/write operations one record at a time
50
Reading a Random File
Open an existing file for Random Use Get Statement to read the records
51
Get Statement
Usually coded in Form_Load If populating a listbox or combo use a Do Until reach last record to read data
Get #FileNumber, [RecordNumber], RecordName Get #2, 4, mudtPersonRecord Get #2, intRecordNumber, mudtPersonRecord
[]indicatesoptional,ifRecordNumberisomitted,thenextrecordisread
52
Put Statement
Use to place/save data in a random file File must already be opened "For Random" Place code in mnuFileSave, mnuFileClose or Form_QueryUnload Follow with a Close statement
53
Put Statement Example
Put #FileNumber, [RecordNumber], RecordName Put #2, 4, mudtPersonRecord Put #2, intRecordNumber, mudtPersonRecord
[]indicatesoptional,ifRecordNumberisomitted,thenext recordisread
54
Accessing the Fields
Get and Put operate on an entire record Reference the individual fields using dot notation for the User Defined Type
55
Accessing the Fields (cont.)
Read using Get then update textbox

Get #2, 1, mudtPersonRecord txtLName.Text=mudtPersonRecord.strLName
Update field from textbox the Write using Put:

mudtPersonRecord.strPhone=txtPhone.Text Put #2, 1, mudtPersonRecord
56
LOF Function
Length of File function returns the size of the file in bytes Use instead of EOF used for sequential files To determine the highest record number in the file divide LOF by the size of one record
LOF(FileNumber) LOF(3) intNumRecords=LOF(3)/Len(mudtPersonRecord)

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Seek Function
Returns the current location of the pointer = the next record in the file to be processed
Seek(FileNumber) intNextRecord=Seek(3)
58
Trim Functions
Remove extra blank spaces in a string Trim ==> removes spaces from both ends LTrim==> removes spaces at left end RTrim ==> removes spaces at right end
Trim(String) LTrim(String) RTrim(String)

txtLName.Text=RTrim(mudtPersonRecord.strLName)
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Reading/Retrieving Records Sample Code
Sub GetRecord(lngRecNum as Long) Get #1, lngRecNum, mudtPersonRecord With mudtPhoneRecord txtEmpNum.Text = .intEmpNum txtFName.Text = RTrim(.strFName) txtLName.Text = Rtrim(.strLName) txtPhone.Text = Rtrim(.strPhone) txtRate.Text = .curRate End With End Sub
60
Writing Records Sample Code
Sub PutRecord(lngRecNum as Long) With mudtPhoneRecord .intEmpNum=Val(txtEmpNum.Text) .strFName = txtFName.Text .strLName = txtLName.Text .strPhone = txtPhone.Text .curRate = Val(txtRate.Text) End With Put #1, lngRecNum, mudtPersonRecord End Sub
61
Using ListBox to Store Random File Key Field (p 413)
When you Get or Put a record you need to know the record number To keep track of record numbers store them in ItemData property of ListBox When user selects a value from the list, read its ItemData property to retrieve the desired record
62
Updating a Random File
Create routines to
Edit existing records Add new records Delete existing records
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Edit Existing Records
Display the record Disable all command buttons except Save and Cancel Lock text boxes for fields containing data you do not want the user to modify
64
Add New Records
Clear all text boxes on form Disable all command buttons except Save and Cancel When user clicks Save write the new record at the end of the file If using a list box to store record numbers, update listbox by adding new data and record number
65
Delete Existing Records No way to delete a record in place Various methods are used to indicate that a record is to be treated as "deleted"
Write a special character in an existing field to indicate deleted Include a "Delete Code" field in the record description and mark it True to indicate deleted
If using a list box to store record numbers, update listbox by deleting the record's associated data and record number
Update Edition
Programming Hints
67
InputBox Function
Used to request simple input from user Similar in syntax and usage to the MsgBox function Includes
prompt to inform user of desired input text box for user to enter input OK and Cancel command buttons
68
InputBox Syntax
VariableName = InputBox("Prompt" [, "Title"] [, Default] [, XPos] [, YPos]) Where:

Prompt - displays in the dialog to inform the user of what to input Title - displays in the title bar of the dialog Default - default value than displays in the text box of the dialog XPos - Horizontal position of the top left corner of the dialog YPos - Vertical position of the top left corner of the dialog
69
InputBox Examples
strName = InputBox ("Enter Your Name") intQuan = InputBox ("How many do you want?", _ "Order Quantity", 1)

File and Error Handling

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Programming in Visual Basic 6.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Sequential File Organization

Read only in the order it was written

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Sequential File Example

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Random File Organization

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Random File Example

Lynne Jim Tom

Weldon Buckner Thumb

803-649-9999 803-652-1111 803-593-1234

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Processing Data Files

Open file Read or Write Close file

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Usually coded in Form_Load

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Open Statement Examples

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Actions Occurring Upon Open

Directory is checked for file

Buffer in memory established

File Pointer is created for current location

File Number established

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Close Statement Examples

Close #6 Close #1, #3 Close

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Actions Occurring Upon Close

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Getting Next Available FileNumber

FreeFile Function System assigns next available number Advantages

DimintFileNumberasInteger intFileNumber=FreeFile Open"Names.txt"ForOutputAs#intFileNumber

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Reading a Sequential File

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition

Input #FileNumber, List of variables Input #2, strCourseNum, strClass, intHours

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Update Edition