INTRODUCTION OF FORENSIC

Recent years have seen dramatic improvements in forensic DNA technology. Simply
touching an object transfers minute quantities of biological substances that can often be
successfully analyzed.Biological fluids, such as semen, blood, and saliva, left behind at crime
scenes or on victims can identify an assailant in many cases. The speed of analysis has
increased, while the cost has decreased. Unsolved crimes can be linked together, and DNA
from known offenders or arrestees can be placed in databases and compared to outstanding
crimes.Crimes which have been previously unsolved can now be solved, and perpetrators
apprehended early in their criminal careers, before they graduate to more serious crime. Is the
forensic DNA analysis itself a scarce resource that should be rationed? Or, is the lack of
forensic DNA simply the result of other scarce resources? As are most successful applications
of existing technology, forensic DNA is the use of proven scientific principles, using modern
equipment, trained staff, appropriate facilities, chemicals and utilities.
Forensic DNA is simply the result of combining specialized skilled labor and capital
(building, equipment, supplies, and utilities) to provide a service. Therefore, a cost benefit
analysis will facilitate comparison between forensic DNA technology and other potential
consumers of the same resources. In this manner, one can objectively determine which
consumer is a more effective use of available resources. The association of individuals to
crime scenes is not a new concept. Identification of the
perpetrators of crime is a concept as old as human justice itself. Using technology to
assist in identifying a perpetrator has also been used for decades. Forensic serology used
protein polymorphisms (variations between individuals) in the 1960s and 70s to
differentiate blood types between individuals to eliminate and include suspects.In 1985,the
blueprint for these proteins, the DNA itself, was first used to identify suspects. Since that
time, the use of forensic DNA as a tool to conclusively eliminate and identify perpetrators of
crime has become commonplace, well accepted in the scientific community, and well as in the
court system. Many wrongfully convicted suspects have been exonerated through forensic
DNA.Likewise, previously unsolved crimes have been solved using this technology.With
newer Polymerase Chain Technology (PCR) DNA analysis techniques, the sensitivity of
forensic DNA has increased over 1000 times greater compared to that of earlier methods,
permitting the successful analysis of exhibit items never thought possible.As now even minute
quantities of skin cells can yield a DNA profile, simply contacting an item may help place a
perpetrator at a crime scene, further expanding the application of forensic DNA technology.
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 DNA possesses a number of attributes that makes it an ideal means of helping solve
crime. One of these attributes places it in the rare position of actually developing suspects in
crimes where no suspect previously existed. In some cases the crime has no witness, or the
perpetrator is unknown to the victim. In others the victim is deceased, leaving no living
witness aside from the assailant. DNA has become the voice for those who have none. DNA
offers objective identification where memory does not fade overtime.DNA can eliminate an
individual with 100% confidence with the notable exception of identical twins, and include a
suspect with virtually the same certainty.
The focus of this paper is upon the ability of forensic DNA to solve no crimes. Use of
standardized forensic DNA testing has provided a uniform system, known as the CODIS
(Combined DNA Index System - FBI), which allows results from one lab to be compared to
another. DNA profiles can be .databased., allowing crime scene DNA profiles to be compared
to each other, and to databases of known individuals. This capability now provides for this
new application of forensic DNA, which is the ability to develop suspects where there was
none previously known. Before this potential, if a crime lab did not have a known person to
compare a crime scene sample to, a case was unsolvable.

PROBLEMS IN FORENSIC

 Estimating the time of death

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 Estimating the time of death for the deceased is something else that the pathologist
will have to do during the course of his autopsy procedures. In addition to this he or
she may be called upon at the scene of a crime whilst carrying out their external
examinations to try and judge or best guess when the victim died.

At The Scene

It may sound silly but one of the first things to do once a crime scene has been secured
and all relevant details documented; is to check for a watch. If the victim does have a watch is
it broken? If it is then the watch will more than likely have stopped at the time of the
individual's death, especially if they have had a heavy impact or long fall.
In these instances, which, it must be said, are quite rare the time the body was found
minus the time the watch stopped working is the period of time the body has been deceased.
As we have mentioned instances of this happening are rare so the pathologist is called upon to
estimate the time of death to the nearest time possible.
It must be said however that the time the individual took their last breath is not
necessarily the time at which they died. This may sound bizarre but taking into consideration
the human body can function for a period of time without oxygen - the human brain
reportedly surviving several minutes without it - then it is reasonable to assume that the time
of death may not always be accurate.

 Determining cause of death

Determining cause of death is the most important task a pathologist can perform
during the course of an autopsy. In terms of legality it is a necessity for law
enforcement to be able to prove beyond any doubt that the deceased has died of means
other than natural causes.
Indeed such are the statistics of murder in parts of the world that it is a basic
requirement for any individual who has died unexpectedly to have an autopsy
performed on them in order to prove definitely the cause of death and rule out the
chance of foul play.

Factors to Consider

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Determining the cause of death is done by taking a number of factors into consideration.
Firstly was the deceased found at a location where he or she would not normally have been?
Where they in a state of undress or have visible injuries not normally present in a natural
death? If injuries were present were they the result of a knife or gun attack? All of these
questions have to be answered and answered satisfactorily in the eyes of a pathologist. In
some deaths an inquest is necessary to decide on how an individual died - be it death by
misadventure, accidental death or natural causes and a pathologist will be called upon to give
expert testimony that will prove beyond any doubt what the cause of death actually was.

Deciding on a Cause

The exact nature of death is such that proving how it happened can sometimes be a
difficult task. There might not necessarily be visible signs of how death occurred and likewise
there might not be any history of ill health to fall back on as a means of diagnosis.
Medical records, psychiatric reports and statements from the next of kin are all
required when death occurs without any warning. This is so that a detailed picture of the
individual's life can be built up along the way. This is useful if for example the deceased
suffered from high levels of stress and where heart failure might have been a possibility.
But the main way in which the cause of death can be determined is by carrying out an
autopsy; an autopsy offers definite proof as to the cause of death and also can shed light on
how the death occurred. For example if the victim died as a result of a fatal stabbing an
autopsy can prove that the perpetrator was either left handed or right, taller or smaller, heavier
or lighter, all characteristics which are useful in building up a physical profile of the attacker.
In the same way an autopsy can prove if the deceased tried to defend themselves or
was simply overcome by their attacker; again useful information when building up a picture
of a crime.
In addition to these points an autopsy can also go some way to helping estimate the
time of death, something that can be made tricky if the deceased has been found outdoors or
has been found after a long period of being missing. Again determining the cause of death and
estimating the time of death are hugely beneficial in any criminal investigation and offer up
valuable clues as to the last moments or hours of an individual's life before they died.

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How to solve the problem

To solve estimating time of death,we create a new technology machine. This model
called scanner machine. This machine can scan the crime scene immediately with it great
funtion. Its used radioactive to scan the crime scene and search the material of evidences
accurately. When we already scan the crime scene and search the material of
evidences,surely,we can estimate the time of death. This machine can move by itself to detect
hidden materials. We can save our time by using this machine because we can receive the
results as soon as possible.
With a moden technology,we can solve the problem easily and effective. To solve
estimating cause of death,we find a new method to detect causes of death. We design a new
technology machine to solve this case. We used PDA and combine with ‘electrical sticker’ at
corpse without post-mortem the corpse. PDA can analysis the data from the corpse. That’s
mean the corpse not suffering when used the great PDA. By using PDA we can save our time
and cost, usually the operation take a long time and it’s can help the doctor forensic make
their work easily. The machine not give high risk with both (corpse and doctor forensic).
With ‘scanner machine’ and ‘electrical sticker’ it can using for a long time in forensic
field. In general, it can help police in their investigate easier.