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TwoLevelFactorialTutorial (Part1TheBasics)
Introduction
ThistutorialdemonstratestheuseofDesignExpertsoftwarefortwolevel factorialdesigns.Thesedesignswillhelpyouscreenmanyfactorstodiscoverthe vitalfew,andperhapshowtheyinteract.IfyouhaventdonetheGeneralOne Factortutorialsthatprecedethis(atleastTheBasics),pleasedosonowbecauseit willbeassumedthatyoualreadyhavesomefamiliaritywiththesoftware. ThedatayouwillnowanalyzecomesfromDouglasMontgomerystextbook,Design andAnalysisofExperiments,publishedbyJohnWileyandSons,NewYork.Awafer boardmanufacturermustimmediatelyreducetheconcentrationofformaldehyde usedasaprocessingaidforafiltrationoperation.Otherwisetheywillbeshut downbyregulatoryofficials.Tosystematicallyexploretheiroptions,process engineerssetupafullfactorialtwoleveldesignonthekeyfactors,including concentrationatitscurrentlevelandanacceptablylowone. Factor A.Temperature B.Pressure C.Concentration D.StirRate Units degC Psig Percent Rpm Low Level () 24 10 2 15 High Level (+) 35 15 4 30

Factorsandlevelsforfullfactorialdesignexample Ateachcombinationoftheseprocesssettings,theexperimentersrecordedthe filtrationrate.Thegoalistomaximizethefiltrationrateandalsotrytofind conditionsthatallowareductionintheconcentrationofformaldehyde,FactorC. ThiscasestudyexercisesmanyofthetwoleveldesignfeaturesofferedbyDesign Expert.Itshouldgetyouwelldowntheroadtobeingapoweruser.Letsgetgoing!

DesigntheExperiment
StarttheprogrambyfindinganddoubleclickingtheDesignExperticon.Clickthe blanksheeticon ontheleftofthetoolbar,orselectFile, New Design,ortryour neweasystartoptionbyclickingNewDesignasshowninredbelow.

StartuppageNewDesignoptionhighlightedinred

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Younowseefourtabstotheleftofyourscreen.StaywiththeFactorialchoice, whichcomesupbydefault.Youllbeusingthedefaultselection:2-Level Factorial.

Twolevelfactorialdesignbuilder Thisdesignbuilderoffersfullandfractionaltwolevelfactorialsfor2to21factors inpowersoftwo(4,8,16)forupto512runs.Thechoicesappearincoloron yourscreen.Whitesquaressymbolizefullfactorialsrequiring2krunsfork(the numberoffactors)from2to9.Theotherchoicesarecoloredlikeastoplight:green forgo,yellowforproceedwithcaution,andredforstop,whichrepresentvarying degreesofresolution:V,IV,andIII,respectively.Foraquickoverviewofthese colorcodes,pressthescreentips button(orselectTips, Screen Tips)andclick topic1:What type of information do you want?

Screentipsforfactorialdesignbuilder ClosetheScreenHelpbypressingXattheupperrightofthepopupwindow.You nowseethatthenotationshownonthenonwhiteboxesis2kp,wherep designatesthefractionofthedesign.Forexample,herestheanatomyofa251 design: 5factorswillbetestedeachattwolevels

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A21oronehalf(1/2)fraction,withtheoptimalresolution,willbeselected fromtheoriginal25(32)combinations,thusthisoptionappearsinthe16 runrow(onehalfof32).

Forcompletedetailsonfractionalfactorials,andtheconceptofresolution,referto theMontgomerytextbookorseeChapter5inDOESimplified,2ndEdition(Anderson, Whitcomb,ProductivityPress,NY,NY,2007).Togainaworkingknowledgeoftwo leveldesigns,attendourStatEasecomputerintensiveworkshoptitledExperiment DesignMadeEasy. Letsgetonwiththecaseathandafullfactorialdesign.Clickthewhitesquare labeled24incolumn4(numberoffactors)intheRunsrowlabeled16.Itturns blackonceitisselected,asshownbelow.

Selectingafull,twoleveldesignonfourfactorswhichproduces16runs Atthebottomofthescreenyouseeoptionstoselectthenumberofreplicatesofthe design,thenumberofblocks,andthenumberofcenterpoints.Leavethemattheir defaults. ClicktheContinuebutton.Youarenowabletosetupyourexperimentby enteringthenames,unitsofmeasure,andlevelsforyourfactors.Usethearrow keys,tabkey,ormousetomovefromonespacetothenext.TheTab(orShiftTab) keymovesthecursorforward(orbackward)betweenentryfields. FactorscanbeoftwodistincttypesNumericorCategoric.Numericdata characterizesacontinuousscalesuchastemperatureorpressure.Categoricdata, suchascatalysttypeorautomobilemodel,occursindistinctlevels.DesignExpert permitscharacters(forexample,wordslikeLoworHigh)forthelevelsof categoricalfactors.YouchangethetypeoffactorbyclickingoncellsintheType columnandchoosingCategoricfromthedropdownlist,orbytypingC(orN fornumeric).Givethisatrybackandforth!LeavethedefaultasNumericforall factorsinthiscase.Thenenterforeachfactor(A,B,CandD)theName,Units, LowandHighlevelsshownonthescreenshotbelow.

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 Factorsafterenteringname,units,andlevels(plusapeekatoptionsforType) NowclickContinuetobringuptheResponsesdialogbox.Withthelistarrowyou canenterupto999responses(morethanthatcanbeaddedlaterifyoulike).In thiscaseweonlyneedtoenterasingleresponsename(FiltrationRate)andunits (gallons/hour)asshownbelow.

Responsevaluesentered Atthisstageyoucanskiptheremainderofthefieldsusedforcalculatingthe powerofyourdesignandcontinueon.However,itisgoodtogainanassessment ofthepowerofyourplanneddesignofexperiment.Inthiscase,manufacturing managementdoesnotcareifaveragesdifferbylessthan10gallonsperhourand engineeringrecordsprovidethestandarddeviationof5.Enterthesevaluesas shownbelowsoDesignExpertcancomputeasignaltonoiseratioof2.

Optionalpowerwizardnecessaryinputsentered PressContinuetoviewthepositiveoutcomepowerthatexceeds80percent probabilityofseeingthedesireddifference.

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Resultsofpowercalculation ClickContinuetoaccepttheseinputsandgeneratethedesignlayoutwindow. YouvenowcompletedthefirstphaseofDOEthedesign.Noticethatthisisoneof threemainfeaturesofferedbyDesignExpertsoftware,theothersbeingAnalysis andOptimization.Yourealsoprovidedanareatowritenotesforyourselfand othersaccessingthedesigns.ClicktheNotesnodetotakealookatwhatswritten therebydefault.Addyourowncommentsifyoulike.

Notesondatafile Youveputinsomeworkatthispointsoitisagoodtimetosaveit.Thequickest wayofdoingthisistopressthestandardsaveicon .Butyoucanalsogotothe FilemenuandselectSave As.Typeinthenameofyourchoice(suchas Factorial.dxp)foryourdatafile.ThenclickSave.

Savingthedesign
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EntertheResponseData
ExitthenotespagebyclickingtheDesignnode.(Noticethenodeappearsas Design (Actual)meaningyourfactorsaredisplayedinactuallevels,asopposed tocodedform).Atthisstageyounormallywouldprinttherunsheet,performthe experiments,andrecordtheresponses.Thesoftwareautomaticallyliststheruns inrandomizedorder,protectingagainstanylurkingfactorssuchastime, temperature,humidity,orthelike.Toavoidthetediumoftypingnumbers,yet preserveareallifeflavorforthisexercise,simulatethedatabyrightclickingthe Responsecolumnheadertobringupanewmenu.(Noticethatoneoftheoptions Insert Responseallowsyoutoinsertmoreresponsesasmentionedearlier.) SelectSimulate Response.

Simulatingtheresponse Youwillnowseealistofsimfiles.DoubleclickFiltrate.sim(orpressOpen). Thefiltrationprocesssimulationnowgeneratestheresponsedata.Rightclickthe Stdcolumnheader(onthegraysquarelabeledStd)andselectSort by Standard Orderasshownbelow.NotethattheColumnHeaderforFactor3istruncated

Designlayoutinstandardorderresponsedataentered(viasimulation)
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(ie.Concentratpercent).Toautomaticallyresizethecolumn,movethecursorto therightborderofthecolumnheaderuntilitturnsintoadoubleheadedarrow ( ).DoubleclickandthecolumnwillberesizedtofittheColumnHeader. Yourdatawillnowmatchthetutorialexceptforadifferentrandomrunorder. (Whendoingyourownexperiments,alwaysdotheminrandomorder.Otherwise, lurkingfactorsthatchangewithtimewillbiasyourresults.) Nowthatyouvegotresponsesrecorded,itsanotheropportunetimetosavethe updatedfilebyclickingtheSaveicon . Theresponsedatacameinunderageneralformat.Youwillgetcleaneroutputsif youchangethistoafixedformat.PlaceyourmouseovertheResponsecolumn heading(topoftheresponsecolumn),rightclickandselectEdit Info...

SelectingEditInfooption ClicktheFormatarrowandchoose0.0fromthedroplist.PressOK.

Changingtheformat UsingthesameEditInfofeature,youcanalsochangeinputfactorsformat,names, orlevels.Trythisbyrightclickinganyothercolumnheadings.Thencontinuewith thistutorial. DesignExpertprovidestwomethodsofdisplayingthelevelsofthefactorsina design: Actuallevelsofthefactors. Codedas1forlowlevelsand+1forhighlevels.

Thedefaultdesignlayoutisactualfactorlevelsinrunorder.Toviewthedesignin codedvalues,clickDisplay OptionsonthemenubarandselectProcess Factors Coded.Yourscreenshouldnowlookliketheoneshownbelow.

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 Designlayoutcodedfactorlevels(yourrunordermaydiffer) NoticethattheDesignnodenowdisplayscodedinparenthesesDesign (Coded).Thiscanbehelpfultoseeataglancewhetheranyonechangedanyfactor levelsfromtheirdesignpoints. NowconvertthefactorsbacktotheiroriginalvaluesbyclickingonDisplay OptionsfromthemenubarandselectingProcess FactorsActual.

PreAnalysisofEffectsviaDataSortsandSimpleScatterPlots
DesignExpertprovidesvariouswaysforyoutogetanoverallsenseofyourdata beforemovingontoanindepthanalysis.Forexample,viathesamerightclick menuusedtoEditInfo,youcansortbyanycolumn. Toseethis,moveyourmousetothetopofcolumnFactor 1(A:Temperature)and rightclick.ThenselectSort by This Factor.

Sortingthedesignonafactor Youwillnowseemoreclearlytheimpactoftemperatureontheresponse.Better yet,youcanmakeaplotoftheresponseversusfactorAbyselectingtheGraph Columnsnodethatbranchesfromthedesignrootattheupperleftofyourscreen. YoushouldnowseeascatterplotwithfactorA:TemperatureontheXaxisandthe responseofFiltrationRateontheYaxis. Observethattemperaturemakesabigimpactontheresponse.Noticethehigh correlationreportedonthelegend.

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Legendfordefaultgraphcolumnsonfiltrationdata Thepointsarecoloredbyrunnumber.Justforfun,mouseovertotheGraph Columnsfloatingmenu,clicktheColor Bydropdownlistandselect C:Concentrationasshownbelow.

Graphcolumnsfortemperatureversusfiltrationrate,coloredbyconcentration Doyouseehowtwocolorsstratifyateachleveloftemperaturebutoppositely redatthetopfortheratesplottedattheleft(temperature24)versusbluecoming outhigherforfiltrationrateattheright?Considerwhatthismayindicateabout howconcentrationinteractswithtemperaturetoproduceaneffectonfiltration rate.However,letsnotgetaheadofourselvesthisisonlyapreliminarytomore thoroughanalysesusingmuchmoresophisticatedgraphicalandstatisticaltools. Youmaywonderwhythenumber2appearsbesidesafewpointsonthisplot. Thisnotationindicatesthepresenceofmultiplepointsatthesamelocation.Click ononeofthesepointsmorethanoncetoidentifytheindividualruns.Comingup
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soonyouwillusepowerfulanalysisfeaturesinDesignExpertsoftwaretofindout whatsreallygoingoninthiswaferboardproductionprocess.

AnalyzetheResults
Tobeginanalyzingthedesign,clicktheFiltration Rateresponsenodeontheleft sideofyourscreen.Thisbringsuptheanalyticaltoolbaracrossthetopofthe screen.Todothestatisticalanalysis,simplyclickthebuttonsprogressivelyfrom lefttoright. TheTransformbuttonisinitiallyhighlighted,asshownbelow.Itdisplaysalistof mathematicalfunctionsthatyoumayapplytoyourresponse.Fordetailspressthe Tipsbutton.

Transformationoptions NearthebottomofyourTransformscreen,DesignExpertnotesthattheresponse rangeis2.4fold(Ratioofmaxtominis2.4186).Thisnumberfallsbelowthe ratioof3wherepowertransformshavelittleeffect.Therefore,youcanleave thetransformationatitsdefault:None. ChoosingEffectstoModel ClicktheEffectsbutton.Theprogramdisplaystheabsolutevalueofalleffects (plottedassquares)onahalfnormalprobabilityplot.(Colorcodingprovides detailswhethertheeffectsarepositiveornegative.)

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Halfnormalplotofeffectsnothingselected Notethemessageonyourscreen:SelectsignificanttermsseeTips.Youmust choosewhicheffectstoincludeinthemodel.Ifyouproceedwithoutdoingsoat thispoint,youwillgetawarningmessagestatingYouhavenotselectedany factorsforthemodel.Theprogramwillallowyoutoproceed,butwithonlythe meanasthemodel(noeffects),oryoucanopttobesentbacktotheEffectsview (amuchbetterchoice!). Youcanselecteffectsbysimplyclickingonthesquarepoints.Startwiththelargest effectattherightsideoftheplot,asshownbelow.

Firsteffectchosen Keepselectingindividualeffectsfromrighttoleftuntilthelinematchesupwiththe majorityoftheeffectsnearzero.NoticethatDesignExpertadjuststhelineto excludechoseneffects.Atthepointwhereyoushouldstop,thislinejumpsup, leavinganoticeablegapasshownbelow.Inthiscase,thegapappearsbetweenthe maineffectoffactorCandthenearzeroeffectsthatfallontheline.

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 Halfnormalprobabilityplotallbigeffectsselected Untilyougetfamiliarwiththehalfnormalplot,itisbestthatyoucontinuepicking effectsoneatatimefromthelargest(rightmost)ondown.However,afterdoing thismanytimes,youwillgettiredofallthismouseclicking.Insteadyoumaywant tostartropingtheobviouslysignificanteffects.Toseehowthisfeatureworks, firstgotothefloatingEffects ToolandpressClear Selectionasshownbelow.

Clearingtheselectionofeffects Now,asshowninthescreenshotbelow,doamousedrag(depressleftbuttonand pulldown)toformaboxaroundtheeffectsthatstandoffattherightfromthe trivialmanythatarelinedupnearzero.Thisislikeacowboyropingstraycows.

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Ropingtheeffects NoticethatwhenyoureleasethemousebuttonDesignExpertlabelstheroped effects. Nowisagoodtimetoclickthehandyscreentips button.Thenclickthetopic Select Termsforarecapoftheprocessforchoosingeffectsjustdemonstratedin thistutorial.

ScreenTipsforhalfnormalplotofeffects NowtrytheShow Select Terms Video Clipforamoviethatillustrateshowto selecteffects.Afterviewingthisdemoandperhapscheckingoutothervideoclips andtips,Xoutofthiswindow. Itmayhelpyouvisualizethemagnitudeofthechoseneffectsbydisplayingthemon anorderedbarchart.DothisviathefloatingEffects Tool,Pareto Chart.Notice theverticalaxisshowsthetvalueoftheabsoluteeffects.Thisdimensionless statisticscalestheeffectsintermsofstandarddeviations.Inthiscase,itmakesno differencetotheappearanceofthechart,butwhenyouencounterbotchedfactor levels,missingdata,andthelike,thetvaluescaleprovidesamoreaccurate
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measureofrelativeeffects.Clickthenextbiggestbarandnoticeitisidentifiedas ABDasshownbelow(lowerright).

ParetochartofeffectswithABDpicked(amistake!) NoticethattheABDbarfallsbelowthebottomlimit,soclickofftheABDbar. Now,toseequantitativedetailonthechosenmodeleffectsandthoseremainingfor estimationoferror,onthefloatingEffects ToolclickEffects List.

Effectslist IfyouseeanM(modeldesignated)forABD,doubleclickitbacktoe(error.) Fordetailsregardingthisscreen,investigateTips.However,itmaybebesttomove onfairlyquicklysoyoucanfinishthistutorialbeforebeingoverwhelmedwithtoo muchinformation(TMI).Youcanalwaysreturntoscreenslater(perhapsaftera suitableperiodofrest)andstudythedetailsfoundinTipsandourprogramHelp. ANOVAandStatisticalAnalysis Itisnowtimetolookatthestatisticsindetailwiththeanalysisofvariance (ANOVA)table.ClicktheANOVAbuttontoseetheselectedeffectsandtheir

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coefficients.Bydefault,DesignExpertprovidesannotationsinbluetext.Thiscan betoggledoffviatheViewmenu.Notethatifturnedoff,itwillnottellyouifyour modelissignificant.

AnnotatedView Checktheprobability(pvalue)fortheModel.Bydefault,DesignExpert considersvaluesof0.05tobesignificant.ViaEdit,Preferences,Math,the significancethresholdcanbechangedto0.1or0.01,dependingonhowmuchrisk youwishtoaccept.AlsoinspectthepvaluesforthemodeltermsA,C,D,AC,and AD:Allpassthe0.05testwithroomtospare.

ANOVAreport PopupdefinitionsfornumbersontheANOVAtablecanbeobtainedbyright clickingandchoosingHelp.TrythisfortheMeanSquareResidualstatistic,as shownbelow.

AccessingcontextsensitiveHelp
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WhenyoufinishwithHelp,closeitbyclickingtheredXinthecorner. ScrolldowntheANOVAoutputforfurtherstatisticssuchasRsquaredandthelike. RefertotheannotationsandalsoaccessHelpfordetails.Thencontinueonfora lookattheestimatesforthemodelcoefficientsandtheirassociatedstatistics. Lastly,pagedowntotheendofthereportandseethepredictiveequationsbothin codedanduncodedform.UsethehandyfloatingBookmarkstooltomovearound thereport.

BookmarkstoquicklymovetoasectionintheANOVAreport Ratherthanbelaborthenumbers,letsmoveonandultimatelylettheeffectgraphs tellthestory.However,firstwemustdosomediagnosticstovalidatethemodel. ValidatetheModel ClicktheDiagnosticsbuttontogenerateanormalprobabilityplotoftheresiduals.

Normalplotofresiduals Bydefault,residualsarestudentizedessentiallyaconversiontostandard deviationscale.Forstandardtwolevelfactorialdesignslikethis,plottingtheraw residuals(inoriginalunitsofmeasure)willbejustaseffective.OntheDiagnostics Tool,check()Studentizedoffandontosatisfyyourselfthatthisistrue(the patternwillnotchange),butweadvisethatyoureturntostudentizedscaleinthe end,becauseasageneralrulethisisthemostrobustapproachfordiagnosing

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residuals.Ideallythenormalplotofresidualsisastraightline,indicatingno abnormalities.(Thedatadoesnthavetomatchupperfectlywiththeline.Agood ruleofthumbiscalledthefatpenciltest.Ifyoucanputafatpencilovertheline andcoverupallthedatapoints,thedataissufficientlynormal.)Inthiscasethe plotlooksOKsomoveon.FromthefloatingDiagnostics Toolselectei vs. Pred. (residualsversuspredicted),shownbelow.

Residualsversuspredictedresponsevalues Thesizeoftheresidualshouldbeindependentofitspredictedvalue.Inother words,theverticalspreadofthestudentizedresidualsshouldbeapproximatelythe sameacrossalllevelsofthepredictedvalues.InthiscasetheplotlooksOK. SkipaheadtotheBox Coxplot.Thiswasdevelopedtocalculatethebestpower lawtransformation.(RefertoMontgomerysDesignandAnalysisofExperiments textbookfordetails.)Thetextontheleftsideofthescreengivestherecommended transformation,inthiscaseNone.Thatsallyoureallyneedtoknow!However, forthoseofyouwhowanttodelveintothedetails,notethattheBoxCoxscreenis colorcodedtohelpwithinterpretation.Thebluelineshowsthecurrent transformation.Inthiscaseitpointstoavalueof1forLambda,whichsymbolizes thepowerappliedtoyourresponsevalues.Alambdaof1indicatesno transformation.Thegreenlineindicatesthebestlambdavalue,whiletheredlines indicatethe95%confidenceintervalsurroundingit.Ifthis95%confidence intervalincludes1,thennotransformationisrecommended.Itboilsdowntothis: Ifthebluelinefallswithintheredlines,youareintheoptimalzone,sonochange needbemadeinyourresponsetransformation(inthiscasenone).

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 BoxCoxplotforpowertransformations P.S.TheBoxCoxplotwillnothelpiftheappropriatetransformationiseitherthe logitorthearcsinesquareroottransformation.SeetheprogramsHelpsystem writeuponResponseTransformationsforfurtherdetails. AtthetopoftheDiagnostics ToolselectInfluencetoseeaveryusefulplotthats technicallytheexternallystudentizedresiduals(Ext.Studentei),butoften referredtoasOutliertbecauseitshowshowmanystandarddeviations(tvalues) agivenrunfallsoffrelativetowhatonewouldexpectfromalltheothers.Thisis oneofseveralmeasuresofinfluencethatarereferredtoasdeletiondiagnostics duetotheirbeingcalculatedexternallythatis,withouttheruninquestionbeing included.Thus,ifsomethinggoeswronginyourexperimentanditgeneratesatrue outlierforagivenrun,thediscrepantvaluewillberemovedbeforeassessingitfor influencingthemodelfit.

Influenceplotfordetectionofoutliers(yoursmaydifferduetorandomrunorder)

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DesignExpertprovidesupperandlowerredlinesthataresimilarto95% confidencecontrollimitsonarunchart.Inthiscasenoneofthepointsstandsout. Becausethisgraphisplottedinrandomizedrunorder,theorderingofthepoints onyourscreenwillbedifferentthanshownhere.Butwerenotlookingfor patterns,justoutliers.Theresnothingoutoftheordinaryhereallthepointsfall wellwithintheredlinessetbythesoftwaretokeepyoufromtamperingwiththe responsedata.However,iftherewereanoutlier,youcouldclickonittogetthe coordinatesdisplayedtotheleftofthegraph.Theprogramremembersthepoint. Itwillremainhighlightedonotherplots.Thisisespeciallyhelpfulintheresidual analysisbecauseyoucantrackanysuspectpoint.Thisfeaturealsoworksinthe interpretationgraphs.Giveitatry!Clickanywhereelseonthegraphtoturnthe pointoff. Finally,gobacktotheDiagnostics ToolandpressReport.Hereyouseethe numericalvaluesfordiagnosticstatisticsreportedcasebycaseinstandardorder. (InpreviousversionsofDesignExpertthisappearedunderANOVA.)Discrepant valueswillbeflagged.Inthiscasenothingisdetectedasbeingabnormal.

Diagnosticsreport(onlypartiallyshowinthisscreenshot) ExamineMainEffectsandAnyInteractions Assumingthattheresidualanalysesdonotrevealanyproblems(noproblemsare evidentinourexample),itsnowtimetolookatthesignificantfactoreffects. Ontheanalyticaltoolbaratthetopofthescreen,choosetheModel Graphs button.TheACinteractionplotcomesupbydefault.(Ifyourgraphdisplaysthex axisincodedunits,returntoactualunitsbychoosingDisplay Options, Process Factors - Actual.)

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 InteractiongraphoffactorsA(temperature)versusC(concentration) TheIBeamsymbolsonthisplot(andothereffectplots)depictthe95%least significantdifference(LSD)intervalfortheplottedpoints.(IftheIBeamsymbols donotappear,rightclickwithinthegraphsboundary,thenchooseGraph Preferences,XYGraphstab.UnderFactorialGraphs,clickonUse LSD Bars.)To viewanumericalvalueforLSD,clickanyofthepoints(squaresortriangles representingpredictedoutcome).Tryit! Thosepointsthathavenonoverlappingintervals(i.e.theLSDbarsdontintersect oroverlapfromlefttorightthroughanimaginaryhorizontalline)aresignificantly different.Aneasywaytocheckthisistodrawahorizontalreferenceline.Right clickonthegraphnearthetopoftheleftredLSDbar(C+at24degrees)andchoose Draw Horizontal Reference.Thiswillputabluereferencelineonthegraphas shownabove.ThereferencelinemakesitclearthattheleftredLSD(C+at24 degrees)overlapswiththerightredLSD(C+at35degrees),thusthereisnota statisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenthosetwopredictions. Notealsothatthespreadofthepointsontherightsideofthegraph(where Temperatureishigh)issmallerthanthespreadbetweenthepointsattheleftside ofthegraph(whereTemperatureislow.)Inotherwords,theeffectof formaldehydeconcentration(C)islesssignificantatthehighleveloftemperature (A).Therefore,theexperimenterscangotohightemperatureandreducethe concentrationofharmfulformaldehyde,whilemaintainingorevenincreasing filtrationrate.Thiscombinationisrepresentedbytheblacksquaresymbolatthe upperrightoftheinteractionplot. ThefloatingFactors Toolpaletteopensalongwiththedefaultplot.Movethe floatingpaletteasneededbyclickingthetopblueborderanddraggingit.Thistool controlswhichfactor(s)areplottedonthegraph.AtthebottomoftheFactorsTool isapulldownlistfromwhichyoucanalsoselectthefactorstoplot.Onlytheterms thatareinthemodelareincludedinthislist.ClicktheTermlistdownarrowand selectA.
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ChangingtothemaineffectofA(aonefactorplot) NotethewarningatthetopoftheplotofA(Temperature).ItstatesFactor involvedinaninteraction.Youshouldnevertrytointerpretmaineffectsplotsof factorsinvolvedininteractionsbecausetheyprovidemisleadinginformation. Letsdosomethingmoreproductiveatthisstage:GobacktotheFactors Tooland selectfromtheTermlisttheothersignificantinteractionAD.

InteractionAD NoticeontheFactorsToolthatfactorsnotalreadyassignedtoanaxis(X1orX2) displayaverticalredsliderbar.Thisallowsyoutochoosespecificsettings.The barsdefaulttothemidpointlevelsofthesenonaxesfactors.Youcanchangetheir levelsbydraggingthebars,orbytypingthedesiredlevelinthenumericspacenear thebottomoftheFactorsTool.Checkthisoutbygrabbingtheslidebarforfactor C:Concentrationandmovingittotheleft.Noticehowtheinteractiongraph changes.

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 InteractionADwiththesliderbarforfactorCsetfarleftatitslow()level Itnowbecomesclearthataveryhighfiltrationratecanbeachievedbygoingtothe highstirrate(theredlineforfactorD).Clickthishighpointtogetallthedetailson itsresponseandfactorvalues.Thisistheoptimumoutcome. Toresetthegraphtoitsdefaultconcentration,youcouldtype3atthebottomof theFactorsTool.(FactorCmustbeclickedandhighlightedforthistotakeeffect.) YoucanalsogettheoriginalsettingsbackbypressingtheDefaultbutton.Giveita try,butrememberthatgoingtolowconcentrationofformaldehydewasaprimary objectiveforthisprocesstroubleshootingexperiment,sobesuretoslideCbackto theleftagain. Yetanotheroptionisavailableforsettingfactorlevels,whichyoucanseebygoing totheFactors ToolandclickingtheSheetbutton.Thisviewoffersalternative modesforspecifyinghowtosetupyourplot.InthecolumnslabeledAxisand Valueyoucanchangetheaxessettingsortypeinspecificvaluesforfactors.Dont botherwiththiswejustwantedtoshowittoyoubecauseitmaycomeinhandy.

SheetViewofFactorsTool

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ClickbacktoGaugestoreturntheFactorsTooltoitsdefaultconfiguration. YoucanviewtheADinteractionwiththeaxesreversedbyrightclicking D:Stir RateandchangingittoX1 axis.

Axesswitched Itmakesnodifferencestatistically,butitmaymakemoresensethisway. Onelastthing:Youcaneditatleastsometextonmanyofyourgraphsbyright clickingyourmouse.Forexample,ontheinteractiongraphyoucanrightclickthe X1axislabel.ThenchooseEditText.Theprogramthenprovidesanentryfield. Tryit!

Edittextcapability YoucanalsorightclickanywhereontheplottogetoptionsforGraphPreferences. ThereyoucanchangethelayoutoftheX1orX2axis,etc.Checkthisout!

Graphpreferenceoption(viarightclickofmouseoverthegraph)

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DrawtheCubePlot NowfromthefloatingGraphs ToolselectCubetoseethepredictedresponseasa functionofthethreefactorsthatcreatedsignificanteffects:A,C,andD.Turnoffthe legendviaView,Show Legend(toggle).

CubeplotofA,C,andD,withlegendtoggledoff Thisplotshowshowthreefactorscombinetoaffecttheresponse.Allvaluesshown arepredictedvalues,thusallowingplotstobemadeevenwithmissingactualdata. BecausethefactorsofinteresthereareA,C,andD,theprogrampickedthemby default.(YoucanchangeaxesbyrightclickinganyfactorontheFactorsTool.) FiltrationrateismaximumatsettingsA+,D+,C(lowerbackrightcornerwith predictedresponseover100),whichalsocorrespondstothereduced formaldehydeconcentration.Fantastic!! ProduceContourand3DPlotsoftheInteraction Aninteractionrepresentsanonlinearresponseofsecondorder.Itmaybehelpful tolookatcontourand3Dviewsoftheinteractiontogetafeelforthenonlinearity. FirstselectContourtogetacontourgraph.Also,ifyouhaventdoneitalready, turnthelegendbackonbychoosingView,Show Legend(thecheckmarkappears whenthelegendison.)TheaxesshouldcomeupasA(Temperature)andC (Concentration).Ifnot,simplyrightclickovertheFactorToolandmakethe appropriatechanges.

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Contourgraph,legendbackon Youmaybesurprisedtoseethescreenscolorshadinggraduatedfromcoolblue forlowerresponselevelstowarmyellowforhighervalues. DesignExpertcontourplotsarehighlyinteractive.Forexample,youcanclickona contourtohighlightit.Thenyoucandragittoanewlocation.Furthermore,by rightclickinganywherewithinthegraphyoucanbringupoptionstoaddflags,add contours,orchangegraphpreferences.

Addingaflag(viarightclickmenu) Ifyoulike,playaroundabitwiththeseoptions.However,thesegraphsareoverkill forsuchasimpledesign(remembertheexperimentinvolvedonlytwolevelsof eachfactor).Thereforeitwillbebestifyouholdoffontoomuchexplorationof theseadvancedfeaturesuntilyoucanmoveontotheResponseSurfaceTutorials. Now,strictlyforcreatinganimpressivelookinggraph(whichmayormaynotadd anythingtothestory),select3D Surface.AlsoselectView, Show Rotation.

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A3DviewoftheACinteraction Grabtherotationwheelwithyourmouseandrotatetheplottodifferentangles. Itsfun!PresstheDefaultbuttontoresetthegraphtoitsoriginalcoordinates. Nowtryturningthegraphwithoutthewheel.Moveyourmousecursor( )over thegraph.Whenitturnsintoahand( ),pressdownandrotatetheviewhowever youlike. Beforemovingontothelaststage,takealookattheotherinteractionbygoingto theFactors ToolandfromtheTermlistselectingAD.

3Dplotforsecondinteraction:AD WehavenearlyexhaustedalltheusefultoolsofferedbyDesignExpertforsucha basicdesignofexperiments,buttheresonemoretooltotry.

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PointPrediction Thelastfeaturethatwewillexploreappearsattheupperleftofthescreenunder themainbranchofOptimization:ClickthePoint Predictionnodetomake responsepredictionsforanysetofconditionsfortheprocessfactors.Whenyou firstenterthisscreen,thefloatingFactors Toolpalettedefaultstothecenter pointsofeachfactor.Levelsareeasilyadjustedwiththeredsliderbarsormore preciselybyusingtheSheetview.Inthiscase,theanalysissuggeststhatyou shouldslidethefactorsasfollows: A(Temperature)righttoitshighlevel(+) B(Pressure)leaveatdefaultlevelofcenterpoint C(Concentration)lefttoitslowlevel() D(StirRate)righttoitshighlevel(+)

Pointpredictionwithbestfactorsettings Thiswillprovidethehighestpredictedfiltrationratewiththeleastamountof formaldehyde. Besidestheresponsepredictionvalue,severalotherpiecesofinformationare provided.TheSEMeanisthestandarddeviationassociatedwiththeprediction ofanaveragevalueatthesesettings.The95%CIistheconfidenceintervalthatis calculatedtocontainthetruemean95%ofthetime.TheSEPredisthestandard deviationassociatedwiththepredictionofanindividualobservation.The95%PI isthepredictionintervalcalculatedtocontainthetruevalueofanindividual observation95%ofthetime.Finally,the95%TIisthetoleranceinterval calculatedtocontainaproportion(P)ofthesampledpopulationwithaconfidence (1).Bydefault,theintervalcontains99%ofthesampledpopulationwith95% confidence.Notethatthe95%confidenceintervalonameanwillhavethe narrowestspread,withthe95%predictionintervalforasingleobservationbeing widerandthe95%TIwhichcontains99%ofthepopulationbeingthewidest.The mostrigorousinterval,TI,isoftenrequiredforsettingmanufacturing specifications,butmostexperimenterswillsettleforthePIasawaytomanage expectations.
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Youvenowviewedalltheimportantoutputsforanalysisoffactorials.Wesuggest youdoaFile,Saveatthispointtopreserveyourwork.DesignExpertwillsave themodelyoucreatedsotheoutputscanbequicklyreproducedifnecessary. Rememberthatifyouwanttowritesomecommentsonthefileforfuture identification,youcanclicktheNotesfoldernodeatthetopleftofthetree structureattheleftofyourscreenandthentypeinthedescription.Itwillbethere toseewhenyoureopenthefileinthefuture.

PrepareFinalReport
Nowallthatremainsistoprepareandprintthefinalreports.Ifyouhavent alreadydoneso,justclicktheappropriateicon(s)and/orbuttonstobringthe informationbackuponyourscreen,andclicktheprinticon(orusetheFile, Print command). Youcanalsocopygraphstootherapplications:UseEdit, Copyorpressthecopy icon( ).

Copyicon ForANOVAorotherreportsbesuretodoaSelect Allfirst,orhighlightthetext youwishtocopy. Thiscompletesthebasictutorialonfactorialdesign.Moveontothetutorialson advancedtopicsandfeaturesifyoulike,orexitfromDesignExpertbychoosing File, Exitfromthemenu.Ifyouhavenotstoredyourdata,oryoumadechanges sincethelastsave,awarningmessagewillappear.Exitonlywhenyouaresure thatyourdataandresultshavebeenstored.

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