TRAINS: 1.

km/hr to m/s conversion: 5 18

a km/hr =

ax

m/s.

2. m/s to km/hr conversion: 18 5

a m/s =

ax

km/hr.

3. Formulas for finding Speed, Time and Distance 4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is equal to the time taken by the train to cover l metres. 5. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery object of length bmetres is the time taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres. 6. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v m/s, where u > v, then their relative speed is = (u - v) m/s. 7. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s. 8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions at um/s and v m/s, then: The time taken by the trains to cross each other = (a + b) (u + v) sec.

9. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction at um/s and v m/s, then: The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = (a + b) (u - v) sec.

10. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then: (A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)

PROFIT/LOSS: The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P. Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P. Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.

Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss. IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. 2. 3. 4. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.) Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.) Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P. Gain Percentage: (Gain %) Gain x 100 C.P.

Gain % =

5. Loss Percentage: (Loss %) Loss x 100 C.P.

Loss % =

6. Selling Price: (S.P.) (100 + Gain %) 100

SP =

x C.P

7. Selling Price: (S.P.) (100 - Loss %) 100

SP =

x C.P.

8. Cost Price: (C.P.) 100 (100 + Gain %)

C.P. =

x S.P.

9. Cost Price: (C.P.) 100 (100 - Loss %)

C.P. =

x S.P.

10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P. 11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P. 12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by: Common Loss and Gain % 2 10 x 10
2

Loss % =

13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then

Gain % =

Error (True Value) - (Error)

x 100

%.

TIME & WORK:

1. Work from Days: If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = 1 n .

2. Days from Work: If A's 1 day's work = 1 n , then A can finish the work in n days.

3. Ratio: If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then: Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1. Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.

PROBLEM ON AGES: 1. Odd Days: We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date. For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'. In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days. 2. Leap Year: (i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century. (ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year. Note: A leap year has 366 days. Examples: i. ii. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year.

iii. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year. 3. Ordinary Year: The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days. 4. Counting of Odd Days: 1. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.) 1 ordinary year has 1 odd day. 2. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days) 1 leap year has 2 odd days. 3. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years = (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days. = (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5. Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1) 3 odd days. 1 odd day. 0 odd day.

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days. 5. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days:

No. of days: 0 Day:

Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.

AVERAGES: 1. Average: Sum of observations Number of observations

Average =

2. Average Speed: Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at ykmph. 2xy x+y

Then, the average speed druing the whole journey is

kmph.

TIME & DISTANCE: 1. Speed, Time and Distance: Distance Time Distance Speed

Speed =

, Time =

, Distance = (Speed x Time).

2. km/hr to m/sec conversion: 5 18

x km/hr =

xx

m/sec.

3. m/sec to km/hr conversion: 18 5

x m/sec =

xx

km/hr.

4. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the the times taken by then to cover the same distance is 1 a : 1 b or b : a.

5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at ykm/hr. Then, 2xy x+y

the average speed during the whole journey is

km/hr.

CALENDER: 1. Odd Days: We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date. For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'. In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days.

2. Leap Year: (i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century. (ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year. Note: A leap year has 366 days. Examples: i. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year. ii. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year. iii. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year. 3. Ordinary Year: The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days. 4. Counting of Odd Days: 1. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.) 1 ordinary year has 1 odd day. 2. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days) 1 leap year has 2 odd days. 3. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years = (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days. = (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5. Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1) 3 odd days. 1 odd day. 0 odd day.

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days. 5. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days:

No. of days: 0 Day:

Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.

AREA: 1. Results on Triangles: i. Sum of the angles of a triangle is 180. ii. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side. iii. Pythagoras Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Height)2. The line joining the mid-point of a side of a triangle to the positive vertex is called the median. v. The point where the three medians of a triangle meet, is called centroid. The centroid divided each of the medians in the ratio 2 : 1. vi. In an isosceles triangle, the altitude from the vertex bisects the base. vii. The median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of the same area. viii. The area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of a given triangle is one-fourth of the area of the given triangle. 2. Results on Quadrilaterals: i. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. ii. Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into triangles of the same area. iii. The diagonals of a rectangle are equal and bisect each other. iv. The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles. v. The diagonals of a rhombus are unequal and bisect each other at right angles. vi. A parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area. vii. Of all the parallelogram of given sides, the parallelogram which is a rectangle has the greatest area. IMPORTANT FORMULAE I. 1. Area of a rectangle = (Length x Breadth). Area Breadth Area Length iv.

Length =

and Breadth =

II. III. IV. V.

2.

Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(Length + Breadth).

Area of a square = (side)2 = (diagonal)2. Area of 4 walls of a room = 2 (Length + Breadth) x Height. 1. 2. Area of a triangle = x Base x Height.

Area of a triangle = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle and s = (a + b + c).

3.

Area of an equilateral triangle =

3 4

x (side)2.

4. 5. 6. VI. 1.

Radius of incircle of an equilateral triangle of side a =

a . 23 a 3 . s

Radius of circumcircle of an equilateral triangle of side a = Radius of incircle of a triangle of area Area of parallelogram = (Base x Height).

and semi-perimeter s =

2.

Area of a rhombus =

x (Product of diagonals).

3. VII. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Area of a trapezium = Area of a circle =

x (sum of parallel sides) x distance between them.

R2, where R is the radius. R. is the central angle. R2 360 R. .

Circumference of a circle = 2 Length of an arc = Area of a sector = 2 R

360

, where

1 (arc x R) = 2

VIII.

1. 2.

Circumference of a semi-circle = Area of semi-circle = R2 2 .

PROBABILITY: 1. Experiment: An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment. 2. Random Experiment: An experiment in which all possible outcomes are know and the exact output cannot be predicted in advance, is called a random experiment. Examples: i. ii. iii. iv. Rolling an unbiased dice. Tossing a fair coin. Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled cards. Picking up a ball of certain colour from a bag containing balls of different colours.

Details: v. vi. vii. When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears. A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. When we throw a die, the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face. A pack of cards has 52 cards. It has 13 cards of each suit, name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds. Cards of spades and clubs are black cards. Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards. There are 4 honours of each unit. There are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face cards. 3. Sample Space: When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called thesample space. Examples: 1. In tossing a coin, S = {H, T} 2. If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}. 3. In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. 4. Event: Any subset of a sample space is called an event. 5. Probability of Occurrence of an Event: Let S be the sample and let E be an event. Then, E P(E) = S. n(E) n(S) .

6. Results on Probability: . P(S) = 1 i. 0 P (E) 1 ii. P( ) = 0 iii. For any events A and B we have : P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A iv. If A denotes (not-A), then P(A) = 1 - P(A).

B)

CLOCK: 1. Minute Spaces: The face or dial of watch is a circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal parts, called minute spaces. Hour Hand and Minute Hand: A clock has two hands, the smaller one is called the hour hand or short handwhile the larger one is called minute hand or long hand. 2. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour on the hour hand. In every hour, both the hands coincide once. The hands are in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each other. When the two hands are at right angles, they are 15 minute spaces apart. When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30 minute spaces apart. Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360 Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = 360. If a watch or a clock indicates 8.15, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too fast. On the other hand, if it indicates 7.45, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too slow. VOLUME & SURFACE AREA: 1. CUBOID Let length = l, breadth = b and height = h units. Then i. ii. iii. 2. CUBE Volume = (l x b x h) cubic units. Surface area = 2(lb + bh + lh) sq. units. Diagonal = l2 + b2 + h2 units.

Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then, i. Volume = a3 cubic units. ii. Surface area = 6a2 sq. units. iii. Diagonal = 3a units. 3. CYLINDER Let radius of base = r and Height (or length) = h. Then, i. ii. Volume = ( r2h) cubic units. Curved surface area = (2 rh) sq. units.

iii. Total surface area = 2 4. CONE

r(h + r) sq. units.

Let radius of base = r and Height = h. Then, i. Slant height, l = h2 + r2 units.

ii. Volume = r2h cubic units. iii. Curved surface area = ( rl) sq. units. iv. Total surface area = ( rl + r2) sq. units. 5. SPHERE Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then,

i. Volume = r3 ii. Surface area = (4 6. HEMISPHERE

cubic units. r2) sq. units.

Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. Then,

i. ii. iii.

Volume = r3 cubic units. Curved surface area = (2 r2) sq. units. Total surface area = (3 r2) sq. units. Note: 1 litre = 1000 cm3.

BOATS & STREAMS: 1. Downstream/Upstream: In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. And, the direction against the stream is called upstream. 2. If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is vkm/hr, then: Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr. Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr. 3. If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then: Speed in still water = 1 2 (a + b) km/hr.

Rate of stream =

1 2

(a - b) km/hr.

RATIO & PROPORTION:

1. Ratio: The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction as a : b.

and we write it

In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent. Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents 5 9 with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.

Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number does not affect the ratio. Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3. 2. Proportion: The equality of two ratios is called proportion. If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion. Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms. Product of means = Product of extremes. Thus, a : b :: c : d 3. Fourth Proportional: If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c. Third Proportional: a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b. Mean Proportional: Mean proportional between a and b is ab. 4. Comparison of Ratios: We say that (a : b) > (c : d) a b > c d . (b x c) = (a x d).

5. Compounded Ratio: 6. The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) is (ace : bdf). 7. Duplicate Ratios: Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2). Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a : b). Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3). Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/3 : b1/3). If a b = c d , then a+b a-b = c+d c-d . [componendo and dividendo]

8. Variations: We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and we write, x We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and we write, x 1 y . y.