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UNIT 2 HVDC 57
Unit 2 Notes
__________________
__________________
HVDC __________________
__________________
__________________
Objectives __________________
After studying this unit you should be able to: __________________
HVDC
The first commercially used HVDC link (20 MW, 100 kV) in
the world was built in 1954 between the mainland of Sweden
and the island of Gotland. Since then the technique of power
transmission by HVDC has been continuously developed. In
1970 thyristor valves replaced the valves based on mercury-
arc technique. To date the biggest HVDC transmission is
ITAIPU in Brazil (two bipoles, 630 MW and 300 kV). DC
transmission is an effective means to improve system
performance. It is mainly used to compliment AC systems
rather than to displace these. In India, the first HVDC line
is Rihand-Delhi (500 kV, 800 MW). Global HVDC
transmission capacity has increased from 20 MW in 1954 to
17.9 GW in 1984.
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Harmonics
The AC/DC converter is a source of harmonics on AC as well
as DC sides. In order to reduce harmful effects of harmonics
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UNIT 2 HVDC 59
on the AC side, shunt filters are installed. At fundamental Notes
frequency, the filters act as shunt capacitors supplying __________________
reactive power to the converter. A smoothing reactor is __________________
installed to limit harmonics on the DC side. __________________
__________________
Reactive Power Demand
__________________
The requirement of reactive power at converter stations is __________________
due to __________________
1. AC filters
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Notes terminal DC voltage between the two ends, and hence the
__________________ transmitted power can be rapidly controlled by changing the
__________________ DC voltages. The current in the system can only flow in one
__________________ direction (Figure 2.2) for a given setting. Power is
__________________
transported from rectifier to inverter and by altering the
voltages, the power flow direction is reversed.
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
In Figure 2.2,
Vd 1 − Vd 2
Id = (L-1)
R
Where R is the resistance of link and includes loop
transmission resistance (if any), and resistance of smoothing
reactors and converter valves. The power received is
therefore given as
V −V
P = d 1 d 2 Vd 2 = I dVd 2 (L-2)
R
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UNIT 2 HVDC 61
The rectifier and inverter voltages are given by Notes
__________________
__________________
3 2Vlr 3X
Vd 1 = n cos α − cr I d ( L − 3)
π π __________________
__________________
3 2Vli 3X __________________
Vd 2 = n cos γ − ci I d ( L − 4)
π π
__________________
__________________
__________________
where n = number of series connected bridges
__________________
Vlr , Vli = line to line AC voltages at the rectifier and inverter __________________
bridges, respectively
Economic Considerations
AC vs. DC
The advantage of AC for distributing (possession of controlling
influence) power over a distance is due to the fact that power
is given by the rate at which energy is drawn from a source
that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit (expressed in
volts) voltage × (A steady flow (usually from natural causes))
current (P = VI). For a given power, a low voltage requires a
higher current and a higher voltage requires a lower current.
However, since metal conducting wires have a certain (group
action in opposition to those in power) resistance, some
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UNIT 2 HVDC 63
Notes
However, low voltage is convenient for utilization equipment
__________________
such as lamps and motors. The principal advantage of AC is
__________________
the use of transformers to change the voltage at which power
__________________
is used. No equivalent of the transformer exists for direct
__________________
current, so the manipulation of DC voltages is considerably
__________________
more complex. With the development of efficient AC
__________________
machines, such as induction motors, AC transmission and
__________________
utilization became the norm.
__________________
where Idc and Iac are the currents per conductor, Vdc and Vac
the conductor to ground voltages, and cosq the power factor.
Now
taking
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64 Power Transmission fo
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HVDC Applications
The following modes of implanting a DC link in a predominant
AC system may be used:
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UNIT 2 HVDC 65
Notes
__________________
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__________________
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__________________
__________________
Transmission Modes
Monopolar The line has one energized conductor with the
return path through the earth (Figure 2.4). It may be noted
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UNIT 2 HVDC 67
Notes
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Figure 2.5: Bipolar lines
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UNIT 2 HVDC 69
9. Each conductor can be operated as an independent Notes
circuit. __________________
__________________
10. Smaller amount of right way is required. The distance
__________________
between two outside-conductors of a 400 kV AC line is
normally 20 m, whereas the same between a __________________
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Future Trends
Considerable research and development work is under way
to provide a better understanding of the performance of
HVDC links to achieve more efficient and economic designs
of the thyristor valves and related equipment and to justify
the use of alternative AC/DC system configurations.
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UNIT 2 HVDC 71
breakers, it is clear that the prospective extension from point Notes
to point to other DC power system configurations can gain __________________
versatility and operational flexibility with the use of DC __________________
circuit breakers. The lack of current zero presents a difficult __________________
problem to the opening of DC. It is by now clear that HVDC __________________
transmission is already a reliable, efficient and cost-effective
__________________
alternative to HVAC for many applications. [PSE, Nagrath
__________________
& Kothari]
__________________
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