Uplink - The portion of a communications link used for the transmission of signals from an Earth terminal to a satellite .

There are transmitting and receiving data , video or audio . The main frequency bands used for satellite links are C , Ku and Ka .

Downlink - The portion of a communications link from a satellite to a ground station . There are transmitting and receiving data , video or audio . The main frequency bands used for satellite links are C , Ku and Ka .

Constellation A group of artificial satellites working in concert . Nnumber of satellites with coordinated ground coverage, operating together under shared control, synchronised so that they overlap well in coverage and complement rather than interfere with other satellites' important coverage . Since satellites in LEO rapidly circle the earth , they require a constellation of satellites so that communication can be maintained as one satellite moves out of range .

Footprint - The area of the Earth covered by the radiation from a satellite is called its footprint. The size of the footprint depends on the location of the satellite in its orbit and the shape and size of beam produced by its antennas.

Apogee - Point at which a satellite in an elliptical orbit is furthest from the Earth. At its apogee, the satellite travels slower than at any other point in its orbit.

Perigee - point at which a satellite in an elliptical orbit is closest to the Earth. At its perigee, the satellite travels faster than at any other point in its orbit.

Intersatellite Link - A message transmission circuit between two communication satellites, as opposed to a circuit between a single satellite and Earth.

Transponder - A transponder is a wireless communications, monitoring, or control device that picks up and automatically responds to an incoming signal. The term is a contraction of the words transmitter and responder. Transponders can be either passive or active. A passive transponder allows a computer or robot to identify an object. Simple active transponders are employed in location, identification, and navigation systems for commercial and private aircraft

Satellite Orbit A satellite's orbit works because of a balance between two forces. The orbit is a combination of the satellite's velocity . The speed it is travelling in a straight line and the force of the Earth's gravitational pull on the satellite. Satellite orbit consist of LEO , MEO and GEO .

Delay in satellite transmission - This has the same meaning as latency . It is a measure of time delay experienced in a system, the precise definition of which depends on the system and the time being measured. In communications, the lower limit of latency is determined by the medium being used for

communications. At geosynchronous orbit there is no delay while at Low-Earth Orbit there is delay between 15 to 20 seconds .

Azimuth - A way, a part, or quarter ; is an angular measurement in a spherical coordinate system. Azimuth is usually measured in degrees (). Our earth station antenna must be calculated so that the correct satellite can be seen . The azimuth is the horizontal pointing angle of the earth station antenna.

Elevation angle - Angle of the satellite above the horizon from the Earth station. Our earth station antenna must be calculated so that the correct satellite can be seen . Signal of communication is establish too .

Inclination Angle - The angle of the orbital plane to the equatorial plane, which is at 0 inclination. It is between the equatorial plane of the earth and the orbital plane of the satellite. Most satellites orbit the earth in orbital planes that do not coincide with the equatorial plane of the earth. A satellite orbiting in any plane not identical with the equatorial plane is in an INCLINED ORBIT.

Multiple-access -Allows several terminals connected to the same multi-point transmission medium to transmit over it and to share its capacity. Examples of shared physical media are wireless networks, bus networks, ring networks, hub networks and half-duplex point-to-point links.