1. Ms. X is diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

The nurse caring for this patient is aware that for a patient to be diagnosed with HIV she should have which condition? a. Infection of HIV, have a CD4+ T-cell count of 500 cells/microliter, history of acute HIV infection b. Infection with Tuberculosis, HIV and cytomegalovirus c. Infection of HIV, have a CD4+ T-cell count of >200 cells/microliter, history of acute HIV infection d. Infection with HIV, history of HIV infection and T-cell count below 200 cells/microliter 2. a. b. c. d. The nurse observes precaution in caring for Mr. X as HIV is most easily transmitted in: Vaginal secretions and urine Breast milk and tears Feces and saliva Blood and semen

3. Nurse Jaja is giving an injection to Ms. X. After giving an injection, the nurse accidentally stuck her finger with the needle when the client became very agitated. To determine if the nurse became infected with HIV when is the best time to test her for HIV antibodies? a. Immediately and repeat the test after 12 weeks b. Immediately and repeat the test after 4 weeks c. After a week and repeat the test in 4 months d. After a weeks and repeat the test in 6 months 4. a. b. c. d. 5. a. b. c. d. 6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. The blood test first used to identify a response to HIV infection is: Western blot ELISA test CD4+ T-cell count CBC What is the main reason why it is difficult to develop a vaccine against HIV? HIV is still unknown to human HIV mutates easily HIV spreads rapidly throughout the body HIV matures easily Human Immunodeficiency virus belongs to which classifications? Rhabdovirus Rhinovirus Retrovirus Rotavirus Which organ is responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells? Yellow marrow Red marrow Spleen Kidney

8. a. b. c. d. 9. a. b. c. d.

In anemia, which of the following blood components is decreased? Erythrocytes Granulocytes Leukocytes Platelets The precursor of red blood cells is called: T cells B cells Stem cells Macrophage

10. In erythropoiesis, the sequence of erythrocyte formation is chronologically described in which option? a. Stem cells, erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocytes b. Stem cells, reticulocyte, erythroblast, erythrocytes c. Erythroblast, stem cells, reticulocyte, erythrocytes d. Erythroblast, reticulocyte, stem cells, erythrocytes 11. a. b. c. d. Which of the following is true of red blood cell? It is nucleated. It has a lifespan of 100 days Its production and formation depends on the action of the kidney It is produced in the yellow marrow

12. Which type of immunoglobulin passes or crosses the placenta starting at the first trimester of pregnancy? a. IgG b. IgA c. IgM d. All of these 13. The first immunoglobulin produced by the body when the neonate is distressed, has acquired an infection or is challenged is: a. IgG b. IgA c. IgM d. All of these 14. a. b. c. d. Which of the following is essential for the hemoglobin synthesis during RBC production? Folic Acid Iron Vitamin B12 All of these

15. a. b. c. d. 16. a. b. c. d.

The age group most at risk for developing anemia is: 20-25 years old 26-32 years old 40-50 years old >65 years old Decreased number of platelets is called: Thrombectomy Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopathy Thrombocytosis

17. To improve the platelet count of a patient with an idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, this medication should be given: a. Vitamin K b. Methotrexate c. Corticosteroid d. Acetylsalicylic Acid 18. a. b. c. d. 19. a. b. c. d. B-cells are involved in which of the following types of immunity? Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Antigen-mediated immunity All of these What is the life span of normal platelets? 3-4 months 1-2 months 1-3 days 7-10 days

20. A patient is diagnosed with a systematic lupus erythematous (SLE). SLE primarily attacks which tissues? a. Heart b. Lung c. Nerve d. Connective 21. a. b. c. d. A sign of neurologic involvement in SLE is manifested by: CVA Infection Psychosis Facial tic

22. a. b. c. d. 23. a. b. c. d. 24. a. b. c. d. 25. a. b. c. d.

A classic sign of SLE is: Rashes over the cheeks and nose Weight loss Vomiting Difficulty urinating A laboratory test result that supports the diagnosis of SLE is: Leukocytosis, elevated BUN and CREA Pancytopenia, elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer Thrombocytosis, elevated ESR None of these Which food should a client with leukemia avoid? Wheat bread Steak Orange All of these The average length of time from HIV infection to the development of AIDS is? Less than 3 years 5-7 years 10 years More than 10 years

1.

Answer C. The threecriteria for a client to be diagnosed with AIDS are the following: HIV positive CD4+ T-cell count below 200 cells/microliter Have one or more specific conditions that include acute infection of HIV

2. Answer D. Keyword: MOST EASILY. Rationale: HIV is MOST EASILY transmitted in blood, semen and vaginal secretions. However, it has been noted to be found in fecal materials, urine, saliva, tears and breast milk. 3. Answer A. Keyword: BEST TIME. Rationale: To determine if a preexisting infection is present a test should be done immediately and is repeated again in 3 months time (12 weeks) to detect seroconversion as a result of the needle stick. 4. Answer B. Keyword: FIRST. Rationale: The ELISA test is the first screening test for HIV. A Western blot test confirms a positive ELISA test. Other blood tests that support the diagnosis of HIV include CD4+ and CD8 + counts, CBC, immunoglobulin levels, p24 antigen assay, and quantitative ribonucleic acid assays.

5. Answer B. Keyword: MAIN REASON. Rationale: HIV was identified in 1983, thus, A is incorrect. By 1988 two strains of HIV existed, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Viruses spread rapidly and mature easily but these factors dont affect the potential for development against HIV. Mutating too easily makes it hard to create a vaccine against it. 6. Answer C. Rationale: HIV is a retrovirus that has a ribonucleic acid dependent reverse transcriptase. 7. Answer D. Keyword: STIMULATING THE PRODUCTION OF RBC. Rationale: Kidneys produce and release the hormone erythropoietin that is responsible for initiating the production of RBCs in the red marrow, thus, the correct answer is D. The Red Marrow is the site of RBC production. The spleen is responsible for removing the damage RBC. 8. Answer A. Rationale: Anemia is characterized by a decreased in the number of RBCs. 9. Answer C. Keyword: PRECURSOR. Rationale: the precursor of RBC is the stem cells in the red marrow. 10. Answer A. Rationale: Stem cells erythroblast- reticulocyte erythrocytes. Erythropoietin is the hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the red marrow. Mature red blood cells are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. With the presence of erythropoietin, red cell pathway starts to form proerythroblast fromstem cells. At this point the cell still contains nucleus. However, as the development progresses the nucleus becomes smaller and the cytoplasm becomes basophilic due to the presence of ribosome, thus the cell is now called basophilic erythroblast. As the cell becomes older it also becomes smaller and eventually when it begins to produce hemoglobin it is now termed as polychromatic erythroblast. Later on the cytoplasm will become more eosinophilic and the cell is now called orthochromatic erythroblast, which will then extrude its nucleus as the cells slowly fill with hemoglobin before entering the circulation as reticulocytes. Reticulocytes will mature to form the anucleated red blood cells. 11. Answer C. Keyword: TRUE. Rationale: Kidneys produce and release the hormone erythropoietin that is responsible for initiating the production of RBCs in the red marrow. Red blood cells are anucleated cells (without nucleus) and have a life span of 120 days or 4 months. 12. Answer A. Keyword: PASSES/CROSSES THE PLACENTA. Rationale: There is only one immunoglobulin that passes or crosses that placenta, the IgG. IgG starts to cross the placenta at the first trimester of pregnancy. However, the largest amount of IgG transfer is noted during the third trimester of pregnancy. This type of immunoglobulin provides the fetus a passive immunity to possible bacterial and viral infections. However, the passive immunity it provides is only temporary. The immunity gradually disappears at about 6 to 8 months of life. The gradual disappearance of passive immunity, leads to the gradual production of larger quantities of immunoglobulin to replace the IgG from the mother. 13. Answer C. Keyword: FIRST IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCED BY THE BODY. Rationale: IgM is the first immunoglobulin produced by the body when the neonate is distressed, has acquired an infection or is challenged. When a newborn is exposed to environmental antigens, production of IgM rapidly increases.

This type of immunoglobulin provides protection from gram-negative bacteria. IgM cannot cross the placental barrier. In cases where large amount of IgM is found in the placenta, possible exposure to infection in the utero is probable 14. Answer B. Keyword: HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS. Rationale: Dietary elements are essential for RBC production. The following are needed by the red marrow to produce erythrocytes: Iron for hemoglobin synthesis Folic Acid for DNA synthesis Vitamin B12 for DNA synthesis 15. Answer D. Keyword: MOST AT RISK. Rationale: The elderly are most at risk for anemia often due to financial concerns affecting protein intake or poor dentition that interferes with chewing meat. 16. Answer B. Keyword: DECREASED NUMBER OF PLATELETS. Rationale: thrombocytopenia is a decreased number of platelets. Thrombocytosis is an excess in the number of platelets. Thrombocytopathy is a platelet dysfunction. Thrombectomy is the surgical removal of a thrombus. 17. Answer C. Rationale: TO IMPROVE PLATELET COUNT. Rationale: Corticosteroid therapy can decrease antibody production and phagocytosis of the antibody-coated platelets, retaining more functioning platelets. Methotrexate can cause thrombocytopenia. Vitamin K is used to treat an excessive anticoagulable state from warfarin overload, and ASA decreases platelet aggregation. 18. Answer A. Keyword: B-CELLS. Rationale: B-Cells are responsible for humoral or immunoglobulin mediated immunity. T-cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. There is such thing as antigenmediated immunity. 19. Answer D. Rationale: The life span of a normal platelet is 7-10 days. However, in idiopathic thrombocytopenia the life span is reduced to 1-3 days. 20. Answer D. Keyword: PRIMARILY. Rationale: SLE is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder affecting primarily the connective tissues. It also affects the skin and kidneys and may affect the pulmonary, cardiac, neural and renal systems. 21. Answer C. Keyword: NEUROLOGICAL INVOLVEMENT. Rationale: neurologic involvement may be shown by: Psychosis Seizures Headaches 22. Answer A. Keyword: CLASSIC SIGN. Rationale: Although all these symptoms can be signs of SLE, the classic sign is the butterfly rash over the cheeks and nose. 23. Answer B. Keyword: SUPPORTS THE DIAGNOSIS. Rationale: lab findings for clients with SLE usually show: Pancytopenia

 Elevated ANA titer Decreased serum complement levels 24. Answer C. Keyword: AVOID. Rationale: a low-bacteria diet would be indicated. Raw fruits and vegetables are excluded in the clients diet. 25. Answer C. Keyword: AVERAGE LENGTH OF TIME. Rationale: epidemiologic studies show the average time from initial contact with HIV to the development of AIDS is 10 years. http://freebrushes.net/page/4/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htIExZxHdCE&NR=1&feature=endscreen