INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

____CRDi Engines____ Click to edit Master subtitle style

Presented by: SIDDHARTH CHATURVEDI 06105040 INE
Dr. B.R. AMBEDKAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 5/20/12

INTRODUCTION

The COMMON RAIL system was developed in

late 1960`s by Robert Huber of Switzerland . After which many refinement took place in this field and finally , it was sold for general purpose in 1995.
the technology that has been revolutionizing

diesel engines
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 CRDi is one of the most advanced diesel

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technologies in the world, and combines both performance and fuel economy.
Common Rail Direct Injection Engine

(CRDI)WAS FIRST designed by Europian based Detroit Diesel Company.

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continu ed that An advanced diesel engine technology

improves diesel performance and emissions level, making diesel engines on par with comparable gasoline engines.
It runs at more than 50% thermal

efficiency. It emits fewer exhaust carbons per gallon of fuel burnt, making an eco-friendly
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engine.

Cause Of Origin
The driving motivation behind the development of CRDi is the adherence to ever-increasing emission regulations while maintaining the drivability and low combustion noise characteristics of gasoline-driven engines, and the superior fuel economy of the diesel engine.

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What Is CRDi?
R I

COMMON IGNITION
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RAIL

DIRECT

The CRDi technology makes the diesel engine

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In the CRDi unit, a tube -- also called common

rail -- connects all the injectors and contains fuel at a constant high pressure of 1800 bars.

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Direct & Indirect Injection

Indirect Injection :- An indirect injection

diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber.

This has the effect of slowing the rate of combustion, which tends to reduce audible noise. It also softens the shock of combustion and produces lower stresses on the engine components.
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continu ed

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continued
The addition of a pre-chamber, however,

increases heat loss to the cooling system and thereby lowers engine efficiency by between 5-10% in comparison to a direct injection engine, and nearly all require some form of cold-start device such as glow plugs.
Indirect injection engines are cheaper to build

and it is easier to produce smooth, quiet running vehicles with a simple mechanical system
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Direct injection : the Direct Injection system has the injection

nozzle actually fixed to the top of the combustion chamber, usually the piston on the engine with this type of injection system has a crown shape in the top to create the needed swirl.

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Why Direct Injection ?

Cold starting is easier. More Economical. Smaller combustion space, better thermal

efficiency.
VERY High compression ratio is not required to

aid starting.
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However, because of the big increase in cost and complexity of a DI system, would like to get more benefits to offset system costs than just improved cold and transient engine performance and emissions. Are there any additional benefits of a DFI system?

Direct-Injection Benefits

Yes. Increased Fuel Economy !!

But, this increase in thermal efficiency is currently possible only if the mixturepreparation state, within the cylinder, is more atomised. 5/20/12

Thermodynamic Levers to Increase Thermal increased volumetric efficiency Efficiency increased compression ratio
Lean combustion Decreased heat losses
In trying to work the above levers, DFI is an enabler with high potential. Note that advanced MPFI systems are also enablers, but with lesser potential than DFI.
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Direct-Injection Benefits Increased Volumetric Efficiency

Airflow Characterisitics
8 7.8

Direct-Fuel-Injection Port-Fuel-Injection

Airflow (g/s)

7.6 7.4 7.2 7 80 120 160

2.5%

Engine Speed = 2000 rev/min, Wide-open-throttle, Air-Fuel ratio=15:1

COMPRESSION STROKE

INTAKE STROKE

EXHAUST STROKE

200

240

280

320

360

400

End-of-Injection (bTDC Firing)

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Direct-Fuel-Injection Benefits

Increased Volumetric Direct-Fuel-Injection can result in an Efficiency 8% has been reported) increase (up to
in airflow due to spray-cooling of the intake air, when injection occurs during the intake stroke. The resulting increased performance can be converted to 1-2% increase in fuel
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Otto Cycle Efficiency, E (%)

Direct-Injection Benefits Increased Compression Ratio

70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30

Effect of Compression Ratio on Otto-Cycle Thermal Efficiency

Typical Compression Ratio for Port-Fuel-Injection engine

Typical Compression Ratio for Direct-Fuel-Injection engine

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Compression Ratio (r)

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Direct-Injection Benefits Increased Compression Direct-Fuel-Injection permits an increase Ratio

in compression ratio from 10.5 to about 12.0, resulting in about 2% increased efficiency.

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Disadvantages of DI
Higher engine noise & vibration Low thermal efficiency More polluted exhaust Relatively low power

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Why CRDi?
v Cut fuel consumption by 20%. v Appox. Double torque. v Increase power by 25%. v Reduction in noise and vibration. v Less pollutant exhaust.

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The difference mainly lies in the fuel injection system the fuel injection timing is electronically controlled and fuel at high pressure is available all the time and is independent of engine speed, unlike in conventional diesel engines. This results in precisely metered, quickly injected and highly atomised fuel being delivered which results in much greater overall combustion efficiency. With this greater engine 5/20/12

What is the difference?

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Technical aspect of crdi

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Features
Combustion control equals or exceeds that for

a petrol engine
high fuel compression and injection pressure

are maintained.
Fuel efficiency is improved 20%. Torque improved by 50%.

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continued
Power output is improved by 25%. Emission reductions are 20% for carbon

dioxide, 40% for carbon monoxide, 50% for hydrocarbons and 60% for particulate materials.

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Characteristics of CRDi
electronic control over the injection time and

quantity
Use of "pilot" injection. Use of post ignition. Four to five injection per cycle. High pressure in common rail.
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atomisation

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the combustion behaviour is affected by

1. Timing of start of injection 2. Injection duration 3. Injector discharge curve

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Company manufacturing crdi

Bosch Delphi Siemens Denso

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How
Effecti

ve?

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cont inue
.

Emision standard

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continued
In emission, greenhouse gases (CO2) is

reduced by 20%.
At a constant level of NOx, carbon monoxide

(CO) emissions are reduced by 40%, unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) by 50%, and particle emissions by 60%.

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Performance

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THE CRDi ADVANTAGE

conventi CRDi onal engine engine Pressures

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exceeding

Different Names of CRDi technology

Honda's i-CTDi Hyundai-Kia's CRDi Mahindra's CRDe Nissan's NEO-Di Mitsubishi's DI-D Tata's DICOR Renault's dCi BMW's D-engines Ford Motor Company's TDCi Duratorq and
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Conclusion
For environmentalists and those who are out to make tighter emission rules, here is a brilliant technology that promises to reduce and give cleaner emissions to leave a healthier environment behind for our next generation. For engineers, its a milestone achieved in the process of making way for the emission free automobile. 5/20/12

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For engineers, its a milestone achieved in the process of making way for the emission free automobile. This is what Engineering is all about, creating a better tomorrow.

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continue
The Common Rail Technology is an Engineering Marvel:
v Gives more POWER; v Improved FUEL ECONOMY; v Less POLLUTION; and last but not the least v A DIESEL ENGINE whose noise levels match a 5/20/12

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