Chapter 3

Frequency Non-

Frequency Non-
Selective Fading
Channels
Dept. of Elec. Eng. IUST, Tehran/Iran
afalahati@iust.ac.ir
Introduction
l For frequency non-selective, terrestrial, cellular land mobile
radio channels and satellite mobile radio channels, meaning
channels, in which the propagation delay differences of the
reflected and scattered signal components at the receiver
antenna are negligible in comparison with the symbol
interval, the random fluctuations of the received signal can be
modeled by a multiplication of the transmitted signal with a

modeled by a multiplication of the transmitted signal with a

suitable stochastic model process.
l The simplest stochastic model process to be
applied to this are Rayleigh and Rice processes
described in the second chapter. The flexibility of
these models, however, too limited and often not
large enough for a sufficient adaptation to the
statistics of real-world channels.
l Suzuki process:-
l For the frequency nonselective land mobile radio channel, it
has turned out that the Suzuki process is more suitable
stochastic model in many cases. It is a product process of
Rayleigh process (for fast fading) and a lognormal process (for
slow fading). Usually , it is assumed that the two narrow band
Most Useful nonselective
channel models

slow fading). Usually , it is assumed that the two narrow band

real valued Gaussian random process, which produce the
Rayleigh process, are uncorrelated. If we drop this assumption,
then this leads to the so-called Modified Suzuki Process.
l Loo model:-
l This model designed for a satellite radio channel in rural
environments, where a LOS component between the satellite and the
vehicle exists for most of the time of the transmission. The model
based on a Rayleigh process with constant mean power for the
absolute value of the sum of all scattered and reflected multipath
components.
l Non-Stationary Model:-
l All above models are based on stationary processes with
constant parameters. A non-stationary model, which is valid for
very large areas, was introduced by Lutz. This model has
especially been developed for frequency non-selective land
mobile satellite channels. This is a 2-state model for which the
amplitude of the fading signal is modeled bearing the classical
Most Useful nonselective
channel models

amplitude of the fading signal is modeled bearing the classical

Suzuki model as bad channel state and a Rice process as good
channel state.
l This procedure can easily be generalized to lead to an M-state
model where each state is represented by a specific stationary
channel model.
l Product process of a Rayleigh process and a lognormal process is
said to be a Suzuki process. In extended Process two real and
imaginary parts of complex Gaussian Process have cross-
correlation not equal to zero. In this way the number of the grades of
freedomincreases and the produced model is more flexible.
Extended Suzuki Process of Type I
l Short Term Fading:-
l If we assume that angle of arrival for the electromagnetic waves around
MS has uniform distribution and antenna has circular symmetrical
radiation pattern then we would have Standard Jakes model with
Doppler PSD. In modified Suzuki model this assumption is dropped.
Instead, we assume that by spatially limited obstacles or by using
directional antennas or sector antennas, waves will arrive only in
direction interval [ ,2- ]. The resulting unsymmetrical Doppler PSD

direction interval [
0
,2-
0
]. The resulting unsymmetrical Doppler PSD
is then described as follows (left sided restricted J akes PSD):-
l f
max
is maximum Doppler frequency and f
min
= f
max
.cos
0
, lies within the
range [0,f
max
]. This shape of Doppler PSD result in a cross-correlation
of the real-valued Gaussian random process
1
(t) and
2
(t).
( )

'

else
f f f
f f f
f S
, 0
,
/ 1
2
) (
max min
2
max max
2
0

l Generation of process (t):-

l block diagram
) (t
) 2 cos(
1
+ t f m
Extended Suzuki Process of Type I
Short Term Fading

) (
1
t
) (
2
t
) 2 sin(
2
+ t f m
) (t
l Formulations:
v
i
(t) is colored Gaussian noise generated by filtering n
i
(t) using
PSD and Correlation of different parts of block diagram are:-
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 1
t v t v t + ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2
t v t v t
( (

) ( ) ( f S f H
i i
v v i

( )
) 2 (
2
) (
, 0
,
/ 1 2
) (
max 0
2
0
max max
2
max max
2
0
1 1 1 1

f J r
else
f f f
f f f
f S
v v v v

'

Extended Suzuki Process of Type I
Short Term Fading

J
0
(.) and H
0
(.) are 0
th
order Bessel function of first Kind and the Struves
function
Refer to book by Patzol for more descriptions and properties.
, 0 else

) 2 ( sin * ) 2 ( ) ( ). / ( ) (
min max 0
2
0 min min
1 1 2 2
f c f J f f S f f rect f S
v v v v


) 2 (
2
) ( ) ( ). sgn( ) (
max 0
2
0
1 1 1 1 1 1

f H r f S f j f S
v v v v v v


( (
) 2 ( sin * ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ). sgn( ) (
min max 0
2
0 min
2 2 2 2 2 2
f c f H f r f S f j f S
v v v v v v


( (
l Long Term Fading -
l Measurements have shown that the slow fading behaves with statistical
properties quite similar to a lognormal process. With such a process, the
slow fluctuations of the local mean value of the received signal, which are
determined by shadowing effects, can be reproduced. Lognormal
processes can be derived by means of the nonlinear transform:-
3 3 3
) (
) (
m t v
e t
+

Extended Suzuki Process of Type I

Long Term Fading

l v
3
(t) is zero mean Gaussian random process with variance 1. fitting the
model behavior to the statistics of real world channels, the model
parameters m
3
and
3
can be used in connection with the parameters of
Rice process.
3 3 3
) (
) (
m t v
e t
+

) (
3
t
) (t
The process v
3
(t) is obtained by filtering white
Gaussian noise n
3
(t)~N(0,1) with a real valued low
pass filter, whose transfer function H
3
(f) is related to
the power spectral density of process v
3
(t) : ) (
3 3
f S
v v
Extended Suzuki Process of Type I
Long Term Fading

3-dB-cut-off frequency f
c
is in general much smaller
than the maximum Doppler frequency.
2
2
3 3
2
2
1
) (
c
f
c
v v
e f S

2 ln 2
c c
f
l The Stochastic and Deterministic Extended Suzuki Process
of Type I
l It is a product of a Rice process (t) with cross correlated
underlying Gaussian random process
1
(t) and
2
(t), and a
lognormal process (t):- (t) = (t) . (t)
Extended Suzuki Process of Type I
Long Term Fading

lognormal process (t):- (t) = (t) . (t)

l Stochastic process can be generated using filter method as
block diagram described in last chapter.
l For generating Extended Suzuki process of type I you can
generate Gaussian Processes using Rice (Harmonic) method
based on deterministic processes concepts.
l Applications and simulation result:-
l 2
nd
part of this Chap and Patzold book.
Extended Suzuki Process of Type II
l A special type can be found for the cross correlation function of
the real part and the imaginary part of a complex valued
Gaussian random process, which not only increases the
flexibility of the statistical properties of the second order of the
stochastic model for modeling the short term fading, but also
the ones for the first order:-
In this model, the Rice, Rayleigh, and one-sided Gaussian random

l In this model, the Rice, Rayleigh, and one-sided Gaussian random

processes are included as special cases. The long term fading again
modeled by means of a lognormal process as usual. The product of
both processes, which is useful for modeling short term and long
term is called extended Suzuki process of type II.
l Formulations:
) sin( ). ( ) cos( ). ( ) ( , ) ( ) (
0 0 0 0 2 0 1
t v t v t t v t
(
+

j
e jm m m +
2 1
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
1 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( m t m t t t + + +

l Short Term Fading
l Block diagram

0
cos

cos
1
m
) (t

) (
1
t
) (
0
t v
Extended Suzuki Process of Type II
Short Term Fading

l Real and imaginary part of (t) =

1
(t)+
2
(t) is derived
from a single real-valued zero-mean Gaussian random
process v
0
(t).

0
sin
0

sin
2
m

) (
2
t
l Doppler power spectral density of process v
0
(t) is a
symmetrical Doppler power spectral density as follow:-
Extended Suzuki Process of Type II
Short Term Fading
( )
1 0 ,
. ,
/ 1
) (
0
max 0
2
max max
2
0
0 0
<

'

f f
f f f
f S
v v

l Underlying physical model of the restricted Jakes PSD is based on

the simplified assumption that in the presence of spatially limited
obstacles or if sector antennas are used, the electromagnetic
waves, whose angles of arrival lie within the interval (-
0
,
0
) and (-

0
, +
0
), do not make a contribution to the received signal.
l Correlations:- parameter
0
has no influence on autocorrelation
functions but has influence on the cross-correlation functions.
( )
1 0 ,
. , 0
/ 1
) (
0
max 0
max max 0 0
<

'
>

f f
f f f
f S
v v
l S

(f) is an asymmetrical function for all values of

0
(not for
0
= 0) and is limited on
0
f
max
.
) ( ) ( ) (
0 0 2 2 1 1

v v
r r r
) ( . sin ) ( . cos ) ( r r r
Extended Suzuki Process of Type II
Short Term Fading

) ( . sin ) ( . cos ) (
0 0 0 0 2 1
0 0

v v v v
r r r
(

) ( . sin ) ( . cos ) (
0 0 0 0 1 2
0 0

v v v v
r r r
(
+
) ( . sin 2 ) ( 2 ) (
0 0 0 0
0

v v v v
r j r r
(

( ) ) ( sin ) sgn( 1 2
) ( . sin 2 ) ( 2 ) (
0 0
0 0 0 0
0
0

v v
v v v v
S f
S j S S
+

(
S

(
f
)

o
f
max
-
o
f
max
l Long Term Fading in Extended
Suzuki process Type I and II is the
same.
l The Stochastic and Deterministic Extended
Suzuki Process of Type II:-
l It is a product of the extended Rice process (t)
studied before and the lognormal process (t).
l Stochastic process can be generated using filter
Extended Suzuki Process of Type II

l Stochastic process can be generated using filter

method as block diagram described in last sections.
l For generating Extended Suzuki process of type II
you can generate Gaussian Processes using Rice
(Harmonic) method based on deterministic
processes concepts.
l Applications and simulation result:-
l 2
nd
part of this Chap and Patzold book.
Generalized Rice Process
l In general, we can say neither the extended Suzuki process of type I is
completely covered by that of type II nor that the reverse is true. It can be
shown that both models can be combined in a single model. This is so-called
generalized Suzuki model contains the extended Suzuki model of type I and II
as special cases. Without the Lognormal process, the Generalized Rice
Process follows from the generalized Suzuki process. It is sufficient for
modeling frequency nonselective mobile radio channels in many cases.
cos m

modeling frequency nonselective mobile radio channels in many cases.

l The Stochastic Generalized Rice Process:
) (
1
t
) (
2
t

cos
1
m

sin
2
m
) (t

0
sin

0
cos
) (t

l Two processes v
1
(t) and v
2
(t) are colored real valued
Gaussian random processes that are zero mean and
statistically independent. Their Doppler PSD is (i = 1,2):
( )
1 0 ,
. ,
/ 1 2
) (
max
2
max max
2
<

'

i
i
i
v v
f f
f f f
f S

Generalized Rice Process

l f
max
is maximum Doppler frequency and
i
is a positive constant
determining the Doppler bandwidth, this parameter together with
the quantity
i
determines the variance of v
i
(t).
( )
1 0 ,
. , 0
/ 1 2
) (
max
max max
<

'
>

i
i
v v
f f
f f f
f S
i i

) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 1
t v t v t +
[ ] [ ] ) sin( . ) ( ) ( ) cos( . ) ( ) ( ) (
0 2 1 0 2 1 2
t v t v t v t v t
( (
+ +
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
t j t t +
l Correlations:-
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1

v v v v
r r r r +
[ ] [ ]
0 0
sin . ) ( ) ( cos . ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2

v v v v v v v v
r r r r r
( (
+
2
Generalized Rice Process

( )

d f r
i
i i
i v v

) arcsin(
0
max
2
sin 2 cos
2
) (
( )

d f r
i
i i
i v v

) arcsin(
0
max
2
sin 2 sin
2
) (
(
[ ] [ ]
0
sin . ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2 ) (
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1

v v v v v v v v
r r j r r r
( (
+ +
[ ] [ ] ) ( sin ) sgn( 1 2 ) ( sin ) sgn( 1 2 ) (
2 2 1 1
0 0

v v v v
S f S f S + +
l Multiplication of generalized Rice process with a
lognormal process results in the so-called
generalized Suzuki process will be suggested in
hardware modeling section of this chapter.
Generalized Rice Process

l The Deterministic Generalized Rice Process

l For generating Generalized Rice Process you can
generate Gaussian Processes using Rice (Harmonic)
method based on deterministic processes concepts.
l Applications and simulation result:-
l 2
nd
part of this Chap and Patzold book.
The Modified Loo Model
l Loos model is based on the physically plausibly reasoned assumption that the
line-of-sight component underlies slow amplitude fluctuations by shadowing
effects. In this model , it is assumed that slow amplitude fluctuations of the
LOS component are Lognormaly distributed, while the fast fading, caused by
the multipath propagation, behaves like a Rayleigh process.
l The Stochastic Modified Loo Model

l Modified Loo process

) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 1
t v t v t +
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2
t v t v t
( (

) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
t j t t +
3 3 3
) (
) (
m t v
e t
+

) ( ) ( ) ( t m t t +
The Modified Loo Model

) 2 (
). ( ) (

t f j
e t t m
) ( e t
) ( ) ( ) ( t m t t +

) 2 cos( ). ( ) ( ) ( )} ( { Re ) (
2 1
1

+ + + t f t t v t v t al t
) 2 sin( ). ( ) ( ) ( )} ( { Im ) (
2 1
2

+ + t f t t v t v t ag t
(
[ ] [ ]
2
2
2
1
) 2 sin( ) ( ) ( ) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( ) (

+ + + + + t f t t t f t t t
l Correlations and PSDs
( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1



r r j r r r + +
) ( ) ( * ) (
1 2 1 2 2 1



r r r
) ( ) (
2 2 1 1



r r
( ) ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( jr r r +
The Modified Loo Model

( ) ) ( ) ( 2 ) (
2 1 1 1



jr r r +
( ) ( )

f j
v v v v v v v v
e r jr r jr r r
2
). ( ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2 ) (
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
+ + +
( (
) ( ) ( )) sgn( 1 ( 2 ) ( )) sgn( 1 ( 2 ) (
2 2 1 1


f f S f S f f S f f S
v v v v
+ + +
) (
3 3
f S
v v
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
1
2
3
2
3 3
2
3 3
.
!
) ( ) (
n
v v
n
m
n
n
f f
S
n
f f e f f S

Denotes the Gaussian

power Spectral density.
l The Deterministic Modified Loo Model:-
l By replacing three stochastic Gaussian random processes
(i=1,2,3) with deterministic Gaussian processes and .
l For all three discrete frequencies, one has to take care that they
are mutually disjoint (mutually exclusive), which leads to the
) (
~
t v
i
) (t v
i
The Modified Loo Model

are mutually disjoint (mutually exclusive), which leads to the

fact that the resulting deterministic Gaussian processes are in
pairs uncorrelated.
l Applications and simulation result:-
l 2
nd
part of this Chap and Patzold book.
l Exercises:- Study on LCR and ADF and Correlation matrix of
described models.
References:
[1]. M. Patzold, "Mobile Fading Channels", John Wiley
& Sons, 2002
[2]. H. Sasaoka, "Mobile Communications", IOS Press,

[2]. H. Sasaoka, "Mobile Communications", IOS Press,

Wave Summit Course, 2000.
[3]. A. Falahati, "Hardware Wireless Channel
Simulators", IUST Press, Vol.12, No. 1, 2000.
[4]. M. Abtahi and A. Falahati, "Frequency Selective
Modeling of 3rd and 4th Generation wireless
channels', IUST, 2003.