IRS- Histology notes

2/18/2013 8:13:00 PM

1.) Describe the difference between cellular and mechanical respiration cellular respiration- the set of metabolic reactions that take place to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP at a cellular level. Mechanical respiration- Breathing; exchanging air between the lungs and the environment. 2.) Identify the organs of the respiratory system and their functions Nasal cavity Mucus Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells Basement membrane Lamina propria- Submucosa Capillary bed Mucous gland Nasal concha o Respiratory epithelium o Lamina propria o o o o Loose connective tissue with venous sinuses o Bony trabeculae Olfactory mucosa

Pharynx o Nasopharynx o Oropharynx o Laryngopharynx Larynx o Epiglottis Core of elastic cartilage Perichondrium- covers cartilage Bottom lingual surface and halfway down laryngeal surface covered in nonkeritinized stratified squamous epithelium Other half of laryngeal surface = respiratory epithelium

Basement membrane Lamina propria loose connective tissue o Vocal fold - nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Vocal cord- elastic fibers Laryngeal ventricle False vocal fold- seromucous glands - Conducting portion

Trachea o Mucosa Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Lamina propria (loose connective tissue) o Hyaline cartilage arrangement- 16-20 C rings o Smooth muscle- trachealis muscle o Mucus secreting glands Mixed seromucous glands- in submucosa o The adventitia Bronchi o Primary Respiratory epithelium with goblet cells Basement membrane Lamina propria Elastic fibers Blood vessels Lymphatics Smooth muscle Submucosal glands Perichondrium Hyaline cartilage plate o Secondary 2 on the left and 3 on the right o Tertiary Bronchopulminary segments Bronchioles- 1 mm or less o Terminal bronchioles (creates lobular structure of lungs) No more goblet cells No more CARTILAGE No more glands Epithelium (columnar and cuboidal) YES Simple columnar epithelium With dome-shaped clara cells Apical regions contain smooth ER and electron-dense secretory vesicles Antiinflamatroy

Detoxification Proteolytic Leukocyte protease inhibitor Lysozyme Water and electrolyte transport Chloride ion release Stem cells

Ciliated cells - YES Smooth muscle - YES Elastic fibers YES Adventiatia

Gas exchange - Respiratory portion Respiratory bronchioles o Cuboidal epithelium o Transitional zone- gas exchange Alveolar ducts o Elongate airways o Simple squamous epithelium o Smooth muscle Alveolar sacs Alveoli o Elastic fibers o NO SMOOTH MUSCLE Interalveolar septa o o o o o o o Elastic fibers Macrophages fibroblasts Reticular fibers Fused basal lamina Endothelial epithelial cells- surfactant lines epithelium

connected by occluding junctions- prevent leakage of fluid into alveolar lumen type 2 septal cells Secretion of surfactant! Synthesized in RER and golgi Stored in lamellar bodies type 1 squamous cells o pores of Kohn- alveolar pores Lungs

3.)What layers/tissues make up the walls of the respiratory tract? Trachea Respiratory epithelium- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells Basement membrane Lamina propria- with diffuse lymphatic tissue Deep lamina propria with elastic fibers Submucosa?- with mucous gland o Mucous and serous (fluid) acini Perichondrium- covering cartilage Tracheal cartilage Posterior- trachialis muscle Annular ligament- between cartilages

4.)Identify the conducting and respiratory airways. What are the overall functions of the conducting airways? What histology is responsible for these functions? 5.) What is the histology of the outer surface of the lungs? What is the function of this layer? 6.) There are trends in respiratory system histology as the airways branch to smaller airways. What are the cell types making up the epithelium in the upper conducting organs? Lower conducting airways? Respiratory airways? 7.) Identify the location and function of:

goblet cells ciliated cells basal cells serous cells clara cellsdust cells- alveolar macrophage type I pneumocytes type II pneumocytes

8.) What is the trend relating to the presence of seromucous glands in the submucosa? 9.) What is the trend relating to the presence of goblet cells, cilia, cartilage, smooth muscle? 10.) How do these trends relate to the changing function of these organs going from conducting to respiratory airways? 11.) What is the function of surfactant? What cells secrete it?

12.)What is the significance of the vast network of elastic and reticular fibers in lung tissue? How do these tissues contribute to inhalation and exhalation? 13.)How is the air of a given lung lobule equilibrated between adjacent alveoli served by that airway? 14.) What tissues make up the thinnest blood-air barrier? 15.)Trace the path of a molecule of oxygen from the alveolar lumen to the hemoglobin of a red blood cell. 16.)Trace the path of a molecule of carbon dioxide from the cells of the body to the alveolus to be expired.

17.)Identify the organs of the pulmonary vasculature. How would you distinguish between a vascular tubular organ and an airway tubular organ when examining the histology of the lung? 18.) A. B. C. What defense mechanisms are found along the airways? Nasal hairs (old guys keep these neat!) Secretory IgA The famous mucociliary escalator 1. pseudostratified epithelium 2. goblet cells 3. tracheobronchial glands 4. ciliated cells Alveolar macrophages 1. how do these cells work? 2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

D.

IRS- Embryology

2/18/2013 8:13:00 PM

Embryology learning objectives respiratory system and pharyngeal apparatus 1.) What is the pharyngeal arch apparatus and what are the three main components? - Paired swellings, lateral to cranial gut tube contribute to formation of face and neck 1. Pharyngeal arch i. Pharyngeal arch artery ii. Cartilaginous rod1. skeleton iii. Muscular component1. head and neck muscles iv. nerves 2. Pharyngeal grooves i. Between arches ii. External o Pharyngeal grooves (ectoderm) 1st pair ear canals others cervical or branchial sinus sinuses may persist and cause problems

o 3. Pharyngeal pouch i. Between arches ii. Internal o Pharyngeal pouch (endoderm) 1st pouch Tympanic membrane and other ear structures 2nd pouch tonsillar sinus lymphatic nodules rd 3 pouch thymus inferior parathyroid glands

4th pouch superior parathyroid glands parafollicular cells release calcitonin (calcium regulation)

What is the clinical significance of the overall structure of these components?

What does the pharyngeal arch apparatus contribute to (general structures, not every bone, muscle, etc.)? o 1st arch- mandibular arch maxilla, zygomyatic bone, vomer mandible, temporal bone Cartilage

Malleus, incus

Muscles Jaw muscles Tympanic membrane nd o 2 arch- hyoid arch hyoid bone cartilage stapes, styloid process of temporal bone Muscles Facial expression muscles o 3rd arch hyoid bone (greater horn) epiglottis th o 4 arch epiglottis muscles cricothyroid laryngeal cartilage o 6th arch larynx intrinsic muscles of larynx

2.)How do the thymus, parathyroid and thyroid glands form? What process do those all have in common and what clinical significance does that have? o Thyroid primordium invaginates o Thyroglossal duct- joins thyroid as it migrates o Thyroid gland- from endoderm Pushed Ventrally Divides into lobes rd 3 pouch o thymus initially bilateral fuse after caudal migration neural crest cells important o inferior parathyroid glands move with the thymes to settle inferior to superior parathyroid gland 4th pouch o superior parathyroid gland parafollicular cells

neural crest cells differentiate and migrate fusing with thyroid chief cells make parathyroid hormone regulate calcium balance in blood

Clinical significance Migrations could result in remnant tissue o Cysts Especially thyroglossal duct 3.)How do the face, tongue and palate form (in general) and what is the clinical significance, especially for the palate? 4.)What germ layers contribute to the respiratory system? 5.)Discuss the formation of the laryngotracheal diverticulum (or respiratory bud) and the relationship between esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. (slide 11) What are the signs/symptoms of TEF with and without esophageal atresia?

6.)Describe the four periods of lung development. Which is/are clinically most significant and why? When is surfactant produced and why is that important? Pseudoglandular stage Canalicular stage Terminal sac stage o Developing alveoli o Surfactant production o Critical fetal stage because surfactant is needed to for survival Alveolar stage o Functional alveoli

7.)What abnormality is most common in the lower respiratory system? Respiratory distress syndrome What are the signs/symptoms? o Rapid, labored breathing o Lungs underinflated o Fluid retention in lungs How can this be prevented and treated? o Corticosteroids administered to mother before birth o Surfactant administered in babys trachea after birth

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