SUEJECT

(Dale

IPage

BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

A beam which is subject to a combination of bending moment, shearing and tension force, will carry out certain deformations, deformation which can be divided in three components.

A -

BENDING -------

0 SHEARING - --------

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BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

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______-__ ELONGATIONJCONTRACTION ____________

1
t
I

!
I

I
1
I

i
I

--N.A
u-

k(l+Eu
Each of this type of deformation, will c r e a t e stresses. Stresses which individually or together will detemine t h e required section. Stresses a r e always proportional against t h e deformation.

?/C---.

--G

= YOUMGS H O b u C

I !

iI
I

I
I
I

C = fhFFtA hoa"L ,

3 = po\~hoNS ~ * O R
= 0,3 F O R 5% Being able to determine t h e forces a c t i n g on a loaded beam is t h e r e f o r e a basic knowledge, not only because a hatch cover can be looked upon a s a beam, also due t o t h e fact t h a t most of t h e details W e design can be analysed by using t h e beam the or^

- E - 2(1+J)

I
I

i1

II

j
!

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BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

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(
I

BASIC BEAM THEORY ----------------

Split t h e Seam at d i s t a n c e Xo

'

For equilibrium, s o m e f o r c e s and m o m e n t s m u s t e x i s t on t h e c u t surface.

If we t h e n rernave a small cube of the beam, a? t h e d i s t a n c e Xo, t h e following stresses will occur.

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BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION
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24 .
No

The following relationships exist:

T"a"

For instance, t h a t means if we replace t h e cube by a part of a beam's webb, i t is easily seen t h a t ;

In order to solve a beam problem t h e applied f o r c e must be separated in accordance with t h e following: TENSION = BENDING = SHEAR = TORSION = Acting through C.O.G. Along (principal) axes round neutral axis (N.A.) Through shear c e n t r e (S.C.) Around torsion c e n t r e

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HES/ID BENDING AND TENSION -----------------

If the bending takes place around principal axes and the tension around C.O.G., resulting stresses, a t point 1, in X-direction can be expressed by:

.erne fibre of the section can therefore be

A*

expressed by:

BENDING AND TENSION ------------------

C = P Sin OL Q = P Cos oi

Q i = Q Sin Q 2 = Q Cos

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BENDING, SHEARING A N D TENSION

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T22-&+y
t
Y
+'
1

i
I

II 'b

.er i IT :I "
JI

el
0

jTs

II
!
hT F o l ~ '

1
I

j
t

I
I

My caused by

Q2 is +

II
I

Mz caused by

0, + is

Tz caused by Q 2

Ty cailsed by Q l

Xo

'6

rzff

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BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

%

2.7
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ASSY MMETRICAL BENDING ..................... Assymetrical bending is when the bending moment is acting around other axes than principal.

Example, showing principal axes for different sections.

Case (D)is of special interest as a bending moment My will create stresses and deformation as seen below.

The section is supposed to move free in y-direction.

,-

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BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

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I
I

SHEARING -------If a s h e a r f o r c e should c r e a t e s h e a r s t r e s s e s only, i t must act through t h e --------- (S.C.). shear c e n t r e If i s i s a c t i o n somewhere e l s e i t will c a u s e a combination of shearing a n d torsion.

S.C. f o r d i f f e r e n t sections.

But e v e n if shear f o r c e is a c t i n g through t h e S.C., s h e a r s t r e s s e s a r e not uniform along t h e section (as s e e n in T a b l e I). C o n n e c t e d t o this is o f t e n mentioned "shear a r e a " , mathematically ------i t is defined as:

I
'

-------S~

Iy x b

moment of i n e r t i a width of section at C.O.G. S t a t i c m o m e n t of t h e p a r t a b o v e o r below C.O.G. (with respect t o C.O.G.) o r in words: An a r e a , if divided by t h e s h e a r f o r c e , gives a s h e a r s t r e s s of t h e s a m e magnitude a s actually occurs.

;
!

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BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

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EFFECTIVE STRESS -------------In t h e normal design it is always wise t o include in t h e design safety against plastic deformation, therefore, t h e question of t h e total stress situation is always important. As long as t h e stresses a r e acting i n only o n e direction i t is easy t o calculate t h e t o t a l stresses (or ------e stresses). effectiv

But as soon as t h e stresses occur in many directions it is more difficult. The most commonly used theory for this situation is called -------VON MISES. For a situation with two directional s t r e s s e s ( r a n d y ) it reads:

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NO

FORMULAS FOR BEAMS

~ ~ g n

HES/ID
The attached pages a r e very useful for determining forces, moments and deflections for different types of beams.

In order t o take full advantage of their potential i t is important t o remember:

I
I
I

a. b .
c.

Loads can always be added t o each other.

The rotation is 0 at a clamped support. For a beam which extends beyond a simply supported point, the rotation is equal on both sides of t h e support. For small angles: tan d = o (

/
I

c.

Units used in the tabIe:

PI.
'

n = force

= force(1engt h
i

I i n

= radians

2.5!~?~yS!j=:OPTED -

FIT

BOTH ENDS

*
LO

SUBJECT

1 Date
DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR STRESSES
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1 Page
TABLE
I NO

T = Shear Force
1

e = Sc :51 (2)

f (br, + hr,) h
/(at,

+ 2/11, + b f l )
T*

7,

= b(h - f ) 1,!2I,

rh

(br6+fth),/24,

I,,

=c;,;

J+7
I

]E-,
lZ
'=

I t !

J-7pnr

- --

SUBJECT

BENDING MOMENT A N D REACTION FORCES FOR A CONTINUOUS BEAM U'ITH EQUAL LENGTH AND SECTION MODULES IN ALL SPAN
Point Load

r
1

Date
Sign.

LP P
No.

bEc

II

U D L M = constant x q x ~2 R = constant x q x L

I
5P,4~

73mIHDt7-8w ~ a \ Co*-uG?& he-k M a Mac M MC MD

I
\

R E R L ~ I O N FORLE
A

M = constant x P x L R = constapxx P
RC

RD

RE
I

1 2

SUBJECT

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BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

2.10
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HESIID

A hatchcover beam looks like the sketch, exposed t o a UDL OF 4,O TIM*, L = l o r n

What s i z e o f weld i s required between topplate and web, allowable shear stress is 50 ~ / r n r n ~

goo. t o
b

! SOLUTION

--------

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BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

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EXAMPLE 2 --------Find maximum bending moment and shear force for this beam.

SOLUTION --------

~ R ~ L F

Table for continuous beam, 2 span

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2.12
BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

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~

1S

NO

'

EXAMPLE ------ 3

What is the minimum ?. we can allow on this ramp cover, if we + would like to keep the deflection t o maximum 100 mm during hoisting.

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Page
I

2.13

BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

i
1
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NO.

HES/ID

EXAMPLE 4 ---------

What will m a x i m u m r e be a t Ex. 1.

SOLUTION --------

1 span, on the 4

hatchcover beam in

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2.14

BENDING, SHEARING AND TENSION

S~gn HES/ID

EXAMPLE 5 --------C u t o u t is needed f o r a link mechanism in t h e hatchcover beam in Ex. 1. Calculate required web thickness. The c u t out is 250 mrn high and 300 mm long.

NOTE

What about stress concentration a n d secondary moment. SOLUTION: -------- (The c u t out i s assumed t o b e close t o t h e support)

a.

Due t o decreased a r e a

b.

Stress concentration factor:

Extrapolation from a t t a c h e d graph, gives:

c.

Secondary moment
,F

T >I
f

SUBJECT

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BENDING, SHEARING A N D TENSION

2.15

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EXAMPLE 5 --------- (continued)

- .& = g

~ kp. 3

- 6 3 6/ E 6
D

f f @ r f E $-+ 2 1 , 2 3 F 6

f'
I

f '
=

1 5 L

66

cm

27

tnm