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A.R.C. Techcal

416
Report &9j\.

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416

A.R.C. Technical Report

MINISTRY
AERONAUTICAL CURRENT

OF

SUPPLY
COUNCIL

RESEARCH PAPERS

Comparative Tension Bolts with

(Revised Version

Strength Tests of UNF and BSF Threads

Note No. Structures 212)

of Technical

R. F. Mousley,

F. Clifton

and D. Le Brocq

LONDON:

HER MAJESTYS STATIONERY

OFFICE

1959 PRICE 2s. 6d. NET

C.P.

No.

I+16

U.D.C.

i-b.

62~.aa2.oa2:62~.aa2.j.o82:5j9.42

Teohniaal

Note No. Struotures September, 1958

248

ROYAL

AIRCRAFT

ESTABLISHMENT

COMPARATIVE STRENGTH TESTS OF TENSION BOLTS WITH UNF AND BSF THREADS (Revised version of Teohnical. by R.F. Mousley, F. Clifton and D. le Brocq Note No. Structures 212)

Results Unified tests Fine

are given

of comparative Standard nuts, with

tests Fine thin

in tension

of bolts

with

(UNF) and British ordinary

(BSF) threads. nuts, and with

Separate a pair of

ware made with The tests

locknuts.

were made early were found

in,1956. to be as strong in tension

The UNF bolts as the BSF bolts, In general, the UiW bolts

on the average stronger. nut, failure

or slightly with a single

ooourred

in the thread

of

but in the core of the BSF bolts.

LIST OF CONTENTS = 1 2 3 4 INTR0DJCT1ON TESTS AND TEST RJWJLTS ANALYSIS OF RESULTS CONCWSIONS 3 3 3. 4 4 4 5 6-11 -

LIST OF SYMBOL!5 LIST OF FEP'EmcES APPENDMI TABI.&? I-6

Appendix I Summary of infomation in this Note on the specifications mentioned 5

LIST OF TABEZS Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean failmg Mean failing Thread strength loads and coefficients stresses efficiencies 7 8 11 of varmtion

Cmparism of tension strength of Unified thread bolt-nut combinations and British Standard Fine bolt-nut combinations Tensmn E'ailmg failmg loads far bolt-nut ccmbinatuxw shear

loads of bolt

shanks in double

LIST OF ILWSTRATIONS m Tension Thread test results fcrms 1 2

-2-

INTRODUCTICN

The use of the Vnified screw thread to Us Specification No.158O is now prescribed for Service aircraft, and tests have been made at the request of the J.A.C. Materials Sub-Committee to compare the tension strength of bolt/nut combinations having Unified threads with similar combinations having British Standard Fine threads. The mroraft standard bolts with Unified threads were,found on the average to be not weaker than the oorresponding British Standard Fine thread bolts. It should be remarked that the tests were made early in 1956 before the results of work by the Mechanical Engineer Researoh Laboxtory had been published'. 2 TESTS AND TEST RESULTS

The tests were made in direct tensjon on high-tensile steel British Standard Fine threaded (BSF) bolts sup ied to BS Specification A.25" bolts supplied to CL.27 nuts) and Unified Fxne Threaded r"LEW) airornft E5i Speoifioation A.102 (A.103 nuts). lrrro diameters of bolt, $ and &" were tested, with ordinary nuts alone thin nuts alone and with both types The -&I diameter bolts had rolled threads of nut lightly lozked together. and the $' diameter bolts had cut threads. The results of the tests are &ivcn in Table 5 and plotted on Fig.1. In addition to these tension tests, tests on the bolt shanks in double shear between hardened steel plates were made, to serve as controls The results are given in Table 6. for the strength of the bolt material. These shear control tests were made in preforonce to tension control tests as they gave a consistent basis for material control and oould be made direotly on the bolt shank wxthout the need for machining of specimenS. &an values and coefficients of variation of the bolt tension falling loads are given in Table 1, and the oorresponding bolt shark tension stresses and the mean control shear stresses in Table 2. The bolts and nuts for each set of tasts were talen at random from single batches obteined from one souroe of supply. 3 ANLYSIS OF RESULTS

Fig.1 and Table &(a) give a comparison of the tensile failing loads of the bolt/nut combinations, and shon the difference in strength due to all causes, including differences in material strength. Tables 3 and 4(b) give a comparison of the strengths of the two types of thread, based on a "thread strength effioiency" which is the failing strength of the nut/bolt combination expressed in terms of the ultimate strength of the unthreaded shank. This shank ultimate strength has been estmted from the oontrol shear test results, by using a shdar-tension relationship2 to convert the mean control ultimate shear stresses znto ultimate tension stresses. Ultimate loads for tho bolt shanks in tension are then obtained by multiplying these stresses by the cross-sectional area of the unthreaded part of tho shank.

This slecifioation

dofincs

the thread

form. mentioned in this

vu A summary of inform&tion Noto is given in Appendix 1.

on the slxoifications

-3-

COXLUSIONS

The bolt/nut comblnztions with Undled threads to the awcrsft Speoxflcatlon A.102 ure on the average not less strong xn tension than the oorrespondlng BSF bolts to arcraft Specifrcatron 8.25, except for th6 $ dlsmeter bolt with sxngle locknut, where the UNF bolts are slightly weaker than the E!SB. It 1s to be noted that =n general, with a single nut, failure occurred lr! the thread of the UN3 bolts, but In the core of the BSF bolts.

LIST t, ft n z v tons/sq toos/sq in. in.

0.1%

OF SyidBOIs in in terslon

proof

stress stress

Ultimate Number Mean of value

tenslon In of a group test for results group of test results

test from of

results group varlatiop

Coeffxient v = 1 ;;

LIST Ref. 1 No. Fleld, Author J.E.

OF REFERENCES _ $ltle, etc. tests on joints. 9th AT@, 1958.

Tightening and tensile The Engmeer, 2nd and

Ripley, Beard,

E.L. A. J.

Shear strength of pins in steel, and alumlnrum mgneslum and copper alloys. R.A.E. Teohnlcd. Note No. Structures JOY, 4953.

120.

-4-

These abbreviated notes are intel?ded only for general guidance and to ldentlfy the particular bolts and nuts used. For precxe data and detailed information, reference should be made to the full specification.
-.._ _ _____.-_. .._ --.-.--I--I--

Ypeclfloation B.S.S. h 25

--

Description

-I__

__

_.___ __-. ^

High tensile steel hexagon-headed bolts for axcr&t with Brltxh Standard Fioe threads as defined by B.S.84. Material: 55 ton alloy steel, hardened, tempered, cold worked and cadmum plated. Kedium tensrle steel hexagon nuts for aircraft with Brrtlsh Standard Fine thread as defired by ~~s.84. Material: 45 ton oarhon steel, hardened, tempered, oold worked and c&dmlum plated. Aircraft bolts w&h Unified hexagon head and Unified thread as defined by B.S.1580. Material: 55 ton carbon or alloy steel, hardened, tempered and cadmium plated. fine

B.S.S. A 27

B .I. S . '3 A 102

B.S.S. A 103

klrcraft Unified hexagon nuts with GtzLYcd fine thread as defined by B.S.1580. &.terul: 45 ton carbon steel, hardeoed, tempered, oold worked and oadrmum plated. Form of BSF thread. Form of 'Jl?ified (See Fig.2,. .-_-

B.S.84 ~3.1580

thread. (See Fig.2). -----.-I

-5-

TABLE

Mean falling

Bolt,

diameter (ins.)

Bolt designation

loads and coefficients Fallmg 1

of I-~ varmtmn

B.S.A25 bolts
with B.S.A27 nuts U.N.F. B.S.hl02 bolts mth B.S.Al03 nuts
n x v% n % n

B.S.F.

F 1
---

Bolt shank II! double shear

3.1+8 7.0 IO 7.;' . IO

load (tons) Tens1 ----Srngle kdmary au4 Single ~rdltl~ry locknut ath loc.kr.ui -se nut 2.27 2.14 1.47

7.0

3.0

2.7

10

IO 2.40
2.6
10

IO

1.71 4.0
10

2.46 2.0 21 .I-

B.S.A25 bolts
with B.S.&?7 nuts U.N.F. B.S.Al02 bolts with B.S.Al03 nuts

B.S.F.

15.11 1.5
10

. 5.;
10

9.85 4.1 IO
10.29 2.4 IO

10.38 3.3
10

2 +,!I
-6.

16.0 I.3
IO

6.95

5.0

11.72 1.9 IO

n -

10

Hean falling -Bolt lii4noter (ins.1

stresses

ilolt deslenatlon I1.S.F.

f * a

B.S. AZ5 I bolts

B.S. A27 II"%.

U.K.F. B.S. Al02 bolts 3.s. Al03 buts

--

9.03 L-l
59.P

I 52.00 I

-6-

TABLE 2. Thread strength efflmencles --thread strength effxlency+

Percentage

Boxed values refer to tests at the thread root. thread strergth

ir? which the nqprrty efflclency

of faxlures

were

+ The percentage

1s taken to be:-

Tension stress, m shank at nut/bolt failure x 100 Derived ultimate controltensIon strength of shank

TABLE 4 mrison of tensIon strerath of Uxlf~d thread bolt-nut_c_ombmatlor. and Britrsh Standard Fine bolt-nut combwatlons --.----_-Tensron strength of Unlfled threa+~~Al02 - A103 bolts !t'er.slo~ strength of B.S. AZ5 - AZ7 bolts

V&UC?S of the ratlo:

-7-

-TAJ3~

-___-

Tensmn

Pallmn --eL--

100.2s for I-____--l_l--_-.

bolt -

- nut

ccmbmntlors

+I Bolts ----spcc1mcn LdcntlIlcatlLxl 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

with

nuts ---___
Tllrond fOrIn --H S.F. Dlt. 3.s.

and
r-

locknuts

10.14 A25 IO.73 10.52 10.60 lO.?.J io.!Yi3 10.24 q 90 9.73 10.73 ----

Mtf !:
I__

__~-----_vnth nuts and loc!:outs

--.--._ ---. Ilt,m.l.i~ h5 ii Of load failorc (VJns) L. __ 2.26 T I 2.29 T 2.25 2.26 2.37 2.18 2.33 2.29 2.33 2.18 , I i T T T T T

-_

$ Bolts -.

lode Of a1 IlliS ---._ I T T

tipCCilWlI ldentlf~mrlon --1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 --F 31 p 32 F 33 F 34 F 35 F 35 1~ 37 F 38 F 39 F 40 F Cl b-42 F 3 F!4 F 45 F 46 F i7 F% F 49 F 50 F 51

If !!

!lt U.S. 1.27

-.__-~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 O.N.F. 11t C.S. it A103 Al02

11.74 11.70 11.8-o il.15 11.81 11.69 :I.89 11.m 11.78 11.59

1 I !1
T T T T T T T -_ T T T T T T T T T T

.-

iI L

2.46 ---I-2.,!5 2.54 2.55 2.42 2.19 2.55 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.45 2.42 2.11 2.46 2.52 2.46 2.38 2.41 2.48 2.50

T T T T i I T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T I-

2.38

-8-

TARIS
Tension f'mlinp, loads

5 (Cont1nue.d:
for bo'tt nut combu?at~ons

I-.
spocincn ,dEtitlri*t.,on - ----1 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 ---1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2' Rolts ~-Thr'cad fOrI3 --U.S.F. Dolt Nut -'.s. as. IL25 A27 with

_-__.
swgle _ nuts

---_

_-

--ode of Ci,l"l-C -T T T T T a T T T T -n n n n a I1 n n II 9

-spccimon dcnt,*,eatlol --1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 9 10 --. F 21 F 22 F 23 F 2t F 25 F 26 F 27 F28 F 29 030

-_ --cr1tim%
land (tom) ---

F-

2.m 2.24 2.14 2.19 2.08 2.18 2.12 2.iG 2.19 2.06

I 1 1
,iode cf !.3ilWC --.-_ B T T a T a T T T T

--U.N.F. uo1t Nut D.S. li 103 Ala

-.-

---.

2.9
2.43 2.37 2.34 2.44 2.41 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.46

I3 B n B 13

; 1 I
b I? n n s -.

T B

Tension Zoth

failure threads

at stripped.

root

of

thread.

-V-

TABi Tension

5 (Contmued: r.ut combux~t~o~s -__-

&' Bolts

mth
Thread ronn

locknuts

alone
----__ @ fi 7.10 i) B 5 n J B B U B D -..-

2 Bolts
Specman dent1 f i c8tl -1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9' 10 F 11 Bolt Nut

with
ThPQ2d rcrm B.S.F. 0.8. H.S.

locknuts
--.

alone

clltlmate
load (tons) 1.30 A25 A27 I.39 1.57 1.3 1.45 1.63 l.M 1.45 l.Kl 1.57

on

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Bolt 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 kut . Bolt :at

B.6.F. B.S. n.5. A25 A??

7.65 7.82 6.90 7.77 7.98 7.m 7.15 7.63 7.18

--U.N.F. 1.83 Alo;

U;NsF. D.R. Al03 A102 6.90 7.30 6.95 6.25 6.67 6.70 6.96 n R n n c D n II 0 ll
--I_

F 12 F 13 F 14 F 15 F 16 F 17 F 18

Bolt Nut

3-s. A103

>

1.66 1.66 1.76 1.69

1.71 1.58
1.76 1.69 1.73

1.43
7.13 7.25

F20
I--

F 12

-.

Key to mode of failure B Both threads stripped

- 10 -

TAELZ 6 Falllne. $" Bolts loads of bolt shanks in double she&' z!' -_I Bolts

SpfXlKEIl dent dicat G G 1

mn

Thread form

T; ntmate
load (tons)

-rThread fOJZl

- AL K!tlmate
load (tonsj --

B.S.F. B.S.&5

G3 G4
G G G G

5
6 7 8

G 9 G 10 1

14.83 14.69 15.28 15.17 14.90 15.45 15.04 15.34 15.27 14.90 16.25

Dl D 2
D

B.S.F.
B.S.A.25

3.30 3.a1 3.14 3.55 3.79 3.66 3.14 3.35 3.60 3.43

3 5
6 7 a

D4
D D Jj D

D 9 D 10

2 3 4
5 6

U.N.F. B.S.AlO:

U.N.F.
F F 1 2
B.S.AlOZ

j
3.61

15.93 16.08 15.91 16.31 15.70 16.11

3.72 3.70 3.66 3.60 3.70 3.68 3.68

3.69

F 3 F4 p 5

7
8

9 IO

15.66
16.10

95.99

F F F F F -

6 7 8 9 10 I_

3.67

'.. The shear values are for of 0.67 f'or the 9 bolts Jy B.S.F. AZ5 bolts, for

a ratlo of bolt dra: shear plate thxkness and 0.5 for the +:" bolts, except for the which the ratlo was 1.4,

- 11 -

DIA BOLTS
123 O-

Xlk3 cx x;X
X

I 2

DIA. BOLTS

KEY
XX x XX,& xxx1 Xi x x X 0

0 BSI? WITH X UNF. WITH

A25 A27

NUTS.

II.1 O-

8.5 AI02 Al03 NUTS

00 0 0
10. O0 0

01 01 00 , 4

00

o-

XX: XXI i X0( , o< ooc

3; o( X? Xd

7.c >-

xxx< XJ r

&KNUT LONE

6-c >-

\ \

NUT AND LOCKNUT.

idGLE 3-r

\ LOCKNUT ALONE

FIG. I. TENSION

TEST

RESULTS.

IN PRACTlCE CRESTS MAY BE ROlJNbED lNStDE THE MAXIMUM

OUTLINE

H=O-86603

P
T = O-14434 P

kw-I-=

0.640327 00 137323

P P

UNIFIED

BOLT

THREAD

DESIGN

FORM

B.S. METAL

1580 CONDITION)

B&F.

BASIC

THREAD

FORM

-6.S.84.

(MAXIMUM

FIG. 2. THREAD
i * . -

FORMS.
I .

C.Pi2dj
A.R.C. TechnIcal

416
Report

0 Crown Copyright

1959

Pubhshed by HER MAJESTYS STATIONERY

OFFICE *

To be purchased from York House, Kmgsway, London w c 2 423 Oxford Street, London w.l 13~ Castle Street, Edmburgh 2 109 St. Mary Street, Cardiff 39 Kmg Street, Manchester 2 Tower Lane, Bristol 1 2 Edmund Street, Blrmmgham 3 80 Chxhester Street, Belfast or through any bookseller
Printed in Great Britain

S.O. Code No. 23-901I-16

C.P. No. 416