Lecture 2 - Limits and One-Sided Limits

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Mathematics 53
1 / 40
For today
Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach
Evaluating Limits
One-sided Limits
Mathematics 53
2 / 40
For today
Evaluating Limits
One-sided Limits
Mathematics 53
3 / 40
Introduction
Given a function f ( x ) and a
R,
Mathematics 53
4 / 40
Introduction
Given a function f ( x ) and a
R,
what is the value of f at x near a,
Mathematics 53
4 / 40
Introduction
Given a function f ( x ) and a but not equal to a?
R,
what is the value of f at x near a,
Mathematics 53
4 / 40
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1. What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
f (x)
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0
f (x)
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0
f (x)
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5
f (x)
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5
f (x)
1 0.5
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9
f (x)
1 0.5
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9
f (x)
1 0.5 1.7
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
f (x)
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
x 2
f (x)
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
x 2
f (x) 5
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001
f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001
f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997
Based on the table, as x gets closer and closer to 1,
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001
f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997
Based on the table, as x gets closer and closer to 1, f ( x ) gets closer and closer to 2.
Mathematics 53
5 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997

1
4 3 2 1
Mathematics 53
6 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997

1
4 3 2 1
Mathematics 53
6 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997

1
4 3 2 1
Mathematics 53
6 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997

1
4 3 2 1
Mathematics 53
6 / 40
Illustration 1
x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999
f (x)
1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997

1
4 3 2 1
Mathematics 53
6 / 40
Illustration 1
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001
f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003

1 1
4 3 2 1
Mathematics 53
7 / 40
Illustration 1
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001
f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003

1 1
4 3 2 1
Mathematics 53
7 / 40
Illustration 1
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001
f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003

1 1
4 3 2 1
Mathematics 53
7 / 40
Illustration 1
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001
f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003

1 1
4 3 2 1
Mathematics 53
7 / 40
Illustration 1
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001
f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003

1 1
4 3 2 1
Mathematics 53
7 / 40
Illustration 1
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001
f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003

1 1
4 3 2 1
As x gets closer and closer to 1, f ( x ) gets closer and closer to 2.
Mathematics 53
7 / 40
Illustration 2
Consider: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
Mathematics 53
8 / 40
Illustration 2
Consider: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1 (3x 1)( x 1) = x1
Mathematics 53
8 / 40
Illustration 2
Consider: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1 (3x 1)( x 1) = x1
= 3x 1, x = 1
Mathematics 53
8 / 40
Illustration 2
Consider: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1 (3x 1)( x 1) = x1
4 3 2 1
= 3x 1, x = 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
8 / 40
Illustration 2
Consider: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1 (3x 1)( x 1) = x1
4 3 2 1
= 3x 1, x = 1
1 1
As x gets closer and closer to 1,
Mathematics 53
8 / 40
Illustration 2
Consider: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1 (3x 1)( x 1) = x1
4 3 2 1
= 3x 1, x = 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
8 / 40
Illustration 2
Consider: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1 (3x 1)( x 1) = x1
4 3 2 1
= 3x 1, x = 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
8 / 40
Illustration 2
Consider: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1 (3x 1)( x 1) = x1
4 3 2 1
= 3x 1, x = 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
8 / 40
Illustration 2
Consider: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1 (3x 1)( x 1) = x1
4 3 2 1
= 3x 1, x = 1
1 1
As x gets closer and closer to 1, g( x ) gets closer and closer to 2.
Mathematics 53
8 / 40
Illustration 3
Consider: h( x ) =
3x 1, 0,
x=1 x=1
Mathematics 53
9 / 40
Illustration 3
Consider: h( x ) =
3x 1, 0,
x=1 x=1
4 3 2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
9 / 40
Illustration 3
Consider: h( x ) =
3x 1, 0,
x=1 x=1
4 3 2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
9 / 40
Illustration 3
Consider: h( x ) =
3x 1, 0,
x=1 x=1
4 3 2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
9 / 40
Illustration 3
Consider: h( x ) =
3x 1, 0,
x=1 x=1
4 3 2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
9 / 40
Illustration 3
Consider: h( x ) =
3x 1, 0,
x=1 x=1
4 3 2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
9 / 40
Illustration 3
Consider: h( x ) =
3x 1, 0,
x=1 x=1
4 3 2 1
1 1
As x gets closer and closer to 1, h( x ) gets closer and closer to 2.
Mathematics 53
9 / 40
Limit
Mathematics 53
10 / 40
Limit
Intuitive Notion of a Limit
Mathematics 53
10 / 40
Limit

a
R, L R
Mathematics 53
10 / 40
Limit

a
R, L R
f ( x ): function dened on some open interval containing a, except possibly at a
Mathematics 53
10 / 40
Limit

a
R, L R

The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L
Mathematics 53
10 / 40
Limit

a
R, L R

The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as x assumes values getting closer and closer to a but not reaching a.
Mathematics 53
10 / 40
Limit

a
R, L R

The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as x assumes values getting closer and closer to a but not reaching a. Notation:
xa
lim f ( x ) = L
Mathematics 53
10 / 40
Examples
f ( x ) = 3x 1
4 3 2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
11 / 40
Examples
f ( x ) = 3x 1
4 3 2 1
x 1
lim (3x 1)
1 1
Mathematics 53
11 / 40
Examples
f ( x ) = 3x 1
4 3 2 1
x 1
lim (3x 1) = 2
1 1
Mathematics 53
11 / 40
Examples
f ( x ) = 3x 1
4 3 2 1
x 1
lim (3x 1) = 2
Note: In this case, lim f ( x )

x 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
11 / 40
Examples
f ( x ) = 3x 1
4 3 2 1
x 1
lim (3x 1) = 2
Note: In this case, lim f ( x ) = f (1).

x 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
11 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
4 3 2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
12 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
4 3 2 1
3x2 4x + 1 x1 x 1 lim
1 1
Mathematics 53
12 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
4 3 2 1
3x2 4x + 1 =2 x1 x 1 lim
1 1
Mathematics 53
12 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
4 3 2 1
3x2 4x + 1 =2 x1 x 1 lim
Note: Though g(1) is undened,
x 1
lim g( x ) exists.
1 1
Mathematics 53
12 / 40
Examples
3x 1, 0,
h( x ) =
x=1 x=1
4 3 2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
13 / 40
Examples
3x 1, 0,
h( x ) =
x=1 x=1
x 1
lim h( x )
4 3 2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
13 / 40
Examples
3x 1, 0,
h( x ) =
x=1 x=1
x 1
lim h( x ) = 2
4 3 2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
13 / 40
Examples
3x 1, 0,
h( x ) =
x=1 x=1
x 1
lim h( x ) = 2
4 3 2 1
Note: h(1) = lim h( x ).

x 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
13 / 40
Some Remarks
Remark
In nding lim f ( x ):
xa
Mathematics 53
14 / 40
Some Remarks
Remark
xa
We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a.
Mathematics 53
14 / 40
Some Remarks
Remark
xa
We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a. Thus, lim f ( x ) is NOT NECESSARILY the same as f ( a).
xa
Mathematics 53
14 / 40
Some Remarks
Remark
xa
We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a. Thus, lim f ( x ) is NOT NECESSARILY the same as f ( a).
xa
We let x approach a from BOTH SIDES of a.
Mathematics 53
14 / 40
Some Remarks
If f ( x ) does not approach any particular real number as x approaches a, then we say
xa
lim f ( x ) does not exist (dne).
Mathematics 53
15 / 40
Some Remarks
xa
e.g.
H (x) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
(Heaviside Function)
Mathematics 53
15 / 40
Some Remarks
xa
3 2 1

3 2 1
e.g.
H (x) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
Mathematics 53
15 / 40
Some Remarks
xa
3 2 1

3 2 1
e.g.
H (x) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
x 0
lim H ( x ) = 0?
Mathematics 53
15 / 40
Some Remarks
xa
3 2 1

3 2 1
e.g.
H (x) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
x 0
lim H ( x ) = 0? No.
Mathematics 53
15 / 40
Some Remarks
xa
3 2 1

3 2 1
e.g.
H (x) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
x 0
lim H ( x ) = 0? No. lim H ( x ) = 1?
x 0
Mathematics 53
15 / 40
Some Remarks
xa
3 2 1

3 2 1
e.g.
H (x) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
x 0
lim H ( x ) = 0? No. lim H ( x ) = 1? No.
x 0
Mathematics 53
15 / 40
Some Remarks
xa
3 2 1

3 2 1
e.g.
H (x) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
x 0
lim H ( x ) = 0? No. lim H ( x ) = 1? No. lim H ( x ) dne
x 0 x 0
Mathematics 53
15 / 40
For today
Evaluating Limits
One-sided Limits
Mathematics 53
16 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Mathematics 53
17 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa
Mathematics 53
17 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa
If c
R, then xlima c
Mathematics 53
17 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa
If c
R, then xlima c = c.
Mathematics 53
17 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa
If c
xa
lim x
Mathematics 53
17 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa
If c
xa
lim x = a
Mathematics 53
17 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )
xa
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x )

xa xa
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2 lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]
xa
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2 lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
xa
lim [c f ( x )] =
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x )
xa
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa
xa
lim
f (x) g( x )
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa
xa
lim
f (x) = xa g( x ) lim g( x )
xa
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa
xa
lim
f (x) L = xa = 1 g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa
xa
lim
f (x) L = xa = 1 , provided L2 = 0 g( x ) lim g( x ) L2

xa
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa
xa
lim

xa n
lim f ( x )
xa
lim ( f ( x ))
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa
xa
lim

xa n n xa
lim f ( x )
xa
lim ( f ( x )) = lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Limit Theorems
Theorem
xa xa xa xa xa
R, n N.

xa xa
xa
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

xa
xa
lim

xa n n xa
lim f ( x )
xa
lim ( f ( x )) = lim f ( x )
= ( L1 ) n
Mathematics 53
18 / 40
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)

x 1
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1
lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1
lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2

x 1
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1
lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 +

x 1
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1
lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x

x 1 x 1
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1
lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x

x 1 x 1
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1
lim (2x2 + 3x 4) = lim 2x2 + lim 3x lim 4

x 1 x 1 x 1
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2
x 1
lim x2
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2
x 1
lim x2
+3
x 1
lim x
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2
x 1
lim x2
+3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2 =2
x 1
lim x2
2
+3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
x 1
lim x
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2 =2
x 1
lim x2
2
+3 +3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
x 1
lim x
x 1
lim x lim 4
x 1
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2 =2 =2
x 1
lim x2
2
+3 +3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
x 1
lim x
x 1
lim x lim 4
x 1
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2 =2
x 1
lim x2
2
+3 +3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
x 1 2
lim x
x 1
lim x lim 4
x 1
= 2(1)
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2 =2
x 1
lim x2
2
+3 +3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
x 1 2
lim x
x 1
lim x lim 4
x 1
= 2(1) + 3
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2 =2
x 1
lim x2
2
+3 +3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
x 1 2
lim x
x 1
lim x lim 4
x 1
= 2(1) + 3(1)
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2 =2
x 1
lim x2
2
+3 +3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
x 1 2
lim x
x 1
lim x lim 4
x 1
= 2(1) + 3(1) 4
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2 =2
x 1
lim x2
2
+3 +3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
x 1 2
lim x
x 1
lim x lim 4
x 1
= 2(1) + 3(1) 4 = 5
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2 =2
x 1
lim x2
2
+3 +3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
x 1 2
lim x
x 1
lim x lim 4
x 1
= 2(1) + 3(1) 4 = 5
In general:
Remark
If f is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x )
xa
Mathematics 53
19 / 40

x 1
x 1

x 1 x 1 x 1
=2 =2
x 1
lim x2
2
+3 +3
x 1
lim x
lim 4
x 1
x 1 2
lim x
x 1
lim x lim 4
x 1
= 2(1) + 3(1) 4 = 5
In general:
Remark
If f is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x ) = f ( a).
xa
Mathematics 53
19 / 40
Evaluate: lim
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2 x2 + 2
Mathematics 53
20 / 40
Evaluate: lim
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2 x2 + 2 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2 x2 + 2 lim
Mathematics 53
20 / 40
Evaluate: lim
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 x 2 x2 + 2 4x3 + 3x2 x + 1 = lim x 2 x2 + 2 lim (4x3 + 3x2 x + 1)

x 2
x 2
lim ( x2 + 2)
Mathematics 53
20 / 40
Evaluate: lim

x 2
x 2
lim ( x2 + 2)
4(8)
Mathematics 53
20 / 40
Evaluate: lim

x 2
x 2
lim ( x2 + 2)
4(8) + 3(4)
Mathematics 53
20 / 40
Evaluate: lim

x 2
x 2
lim ( x2 + 2)
4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1
Mathematics 53
20 / 40
Evaluate: lim

x 2
x 2
lim ( x2 + 2)
4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1 4+2
Mathematics 53
20 / 40
Evaluate: lim

x 2
x 2
lim ( x2 + 2)
4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1 4+2 17 = 6
Mathematics 53
20 / 40
Evaluate: lim

x 2
x 2
lim ( x2 + 2)
4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1 4+2 17 = 6
Remark
If f is a rational function and f ( a) is dened,
Mathematics 53
20 / 40
Evaluate: lim

x 2
x 2
lim ( x2 + 2)
4(8) + 3(4) (2) + 1 4+2 17 = 6
Remark
If f is a rational function and f ( a) is dened, then lim f ( x ) = f ( a).
xa
Mathematics 53
20 / 40
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
provided lim f ( x ) > 0 when n is even.
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
x 3
lim (3x 1)
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
x 3
lim (3x 1) =
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
x 3
lim (3x 1) =
8=2 2
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
3
x 3
lim (3x 1) =
8=2 2
x 1
lim
x+4 x2
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
3
x 3
3
lim (3x 1) =
8=2 2
x 1
lim
x+4 = x2
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
3
x 3
3
lim (3x 1) =
8=2 2
x 1
lim
x+4 = x2
1 + 4 1 2
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
3
x 3
3
lim (3x 1) =
8=2 2
x 1
lim
x+4 = x2
1 + 4 = 1 1 2
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
3
x 3
3
lim (3x 1) =
8=2 2
x 1 x 7/2
lim
lim
x+4 = x2 3 2x
1 + 4 = 1 1 2
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
3
x 3
3
lim (3x 1) =
8=2 2
x 1 x 7/2
lim
lim
x+4 = x2
1 + 4 = 1 1 2
3 2x dne
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
3
x 3
3
lim (3x 1) =
8=2 2
x 1 x 7/2 x 2
lim
lim
x+4 = x2
1 + 4 = 1 1 2
3 2x dne
lim
x2 4
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
3
x 3
3
lim (3x 1) =
8=2 2
x 1 x 7/2 x 2
lim
lim
x+4 = x2
1 + 4 = 1 1 2
3 2x dne
lim
x2 4 =??
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
Theorem
xa
N. Then,
f (x) =
n
xa xa
lim
xa
lim f ( x ),
x 3
lim
3x 1 =
3
x 3
3
lim (3x 1) =
8=2 2
x 1 x 7/2 x 2
lim
lim
x+4 = x2
1 + 4 = 1 1 2
3 2x dne
lim
x2 4 =?? (for now)
Mathematics 53
21 / 40
2x2 5x + 1 Evaluate: lim x 3 x3 4x 1 2x2 5x + 1 lim x 3 x3 4x 1
Mathematics 53
22 / 40
2x2 5x + 1 lim x 3 x3 x + 4
Mathematics 53
22 / 40
2x2 5x + 1 = lim x 3 x3 x + 4 =
Mathematics 53
22 / 40
2x2 5x + 1 = lim x 3 x3 x + 4 lim 2x2 x 3 =
Mathematics 53
22 / 40
2x2 5x + 1 = lim x 3 x3 x + 4 lim 2x2 x 3 =
Mathematics 53
22 / 40
3 2x2 5x + 1 = lim x 3 x3 x + 4 lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1) x 3 x 3 =
Mathematics 53
22 / 40
3 2x2 5x + 1 = lim x 3 x3 x + 4 3 lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1) x 3 = x 3 lim ( x3 x + 4)

x 3
Mathematics 53
22 / 40

x 3
18
Mathematics 53
22 / 40

x 3
18 4
Mathematics 53
22 / 40
3 2x2 5x + 1 = lim x 3 x3 x + 4 3 lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1) x 3 = x 3 lim ( x3 x + 4) =

18 4 28
x 3 3
Mathematics 53
22 / 40
3 2x2 5x + 1 = lim x 3 x3 x + 4 3 lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1) x 3 = x 3 lim ( x3 x + 4) = =

1 8 18 4 28
x 3 3
Mathematics 53
22 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2. x1 x 1
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =
Can we arrive at this conclusion computationally?
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1

x 1
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =

x 1
=0
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =

x 1
= 0 and lim ( x 1)
x 1
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =

x 1
= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =

x 1
= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1
But when x = 1,
(3x 1)( x 1) 3x2 4x + 1 = = 3x 1. x1 x1
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =

x 1
= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1
But when x = 1,
(3x 1)( x 1) 3x2 4x + 1 = = 3x 1. x1 x1
Since we are just taking the limit as x 1,
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =

x 1
= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1
But when x = 1,
(3x 1)( x 1) 3x2 4x + 1 = = 3x 1. x1 x1
3x2 4x + 1 x1 x 1 lim
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =

x 1
= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1
But when x = 1,
(3x 1)( x 1) 3x2 4x + 1 = = 3x 1. x1 x1
3x2 4x + 1 = lim (3x 1) x1 x 1 x 1 lim
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Consider: g( x ) =

x 1
= 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1
But when x = 1,
(3x 1)( x 1) 3x2 4x + 1 = = 3x 1. x1 x1
3x2 4x + 1 = lim (3x 1) = 2. x1 x 1 x 1 lim
Mathematics 53
23 / 40
Denition
Mathematics 53
24 / 40
Denition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0
xa xa
Mathematics 53
24 / 40
Denition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa
xa
lim
f (x) g( x ) 0 . 0
is called an indeterminate form of type
Mathematics 53
24 / 40
Denition
xa xa
xa
lim
f (x) g( x ) 0 . 0
is called an indeterminate form of type Remarks:
Mathematics 53
24 / 40
Denition
xa xa
xa
lim
f (x) g( x ) 0 . 0

1
If f ( a) = 0 and g( a) = 0, then
f ( a) is undened! g( a)
Mathematics 53
24 / 40
Denition
xa xa
xa
lim
f (x) g( x ) 0 . 0

1
If f ( a) = 0 and g( a) = 0, then
f ( a) is undened! g( a) The limit above MAY or MAY NOT exist.
Mathematics 53
24 / 40
Denition
xa xa
xa
lim
f (x) g( x ) 0 . 0

1
If f ( a) = 0 and g( a) = 0, then
Some techniques used in evaluating such limits are:
Mathematics 53
24 / 40
Denition
xa xa
xa
lim
f (x) g( x ) 0 . 0

1
If f ( a) = 0 and g( a) = 0, then

Factoring Rationalization
Some techniques used in evaluating such limits are:
Mathematics 53
24 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1
Mathematics 53
25 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1
0 0
Mathematics 53
25 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1 lim
0 0
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1
Mathematics 53
25 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1 lim
0 0
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1
x 1
lim
Mathematics 53
25 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1 lim
0 0
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1
x 1
lim
( x + 1)2
Mathematics 53
25 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1 lim
0 0
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1
( x + 1)2 x 1 x + 1
lim
Mathematics 53
25 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1 lim
0 0
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1
= =
( x + 1)2 x 1 x + 1
lim
x 1
lim ( x + 1)
Mathematics 53
25 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1 lim
0 0
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1
= =
( x + 1)2 x 1 x + 1
lim
x 1
lim ( x + 1)
= (1 + 1)
Mathematics 53
25 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1 lim
0 0
x 1
x2 + 2x + 1 x+1
= =
( x + 1)2 x 1 x + 1
lim
x 1
lim ( x + 1)
= (1 + 1) = 0
Mathematics 53
25 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 2
x3 + 8 x2 4
Mathematics 53
26 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 2
x3 + 8 x2 4
0 0
Mathematics 53
26 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 2
x3 + 8 x2 4 lim x3 + 8 x2 4
0 0
x 2
Mathematics 53
26 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 2
x3 + 8 x2 4 lim x3 + 8 x2 4
0 0
x 2
x 2
lim
Mathematics 53
26 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 2
x3 + 8 x2 4 lim x3 + 8 x2 4
0 0
x 2
x 2
lim
( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
Mathematics 53
26 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 2
x3 + 8 x2 4 lim x3 + 8 x2 4
0 0
x 2
( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4) ( x + 2)( x 2) x 2
lim
Mathematics 53
26 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 2
x3 + 8 x2 4 lim x3 + 8 x2 4
0 0
x 2
= =
( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4) ( x + 2)( x 2) x 2
lim lim
x 2
x2 2x + 4 x2
Mathematics 53
26 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 2
x3 + 8 x2 4 lim x3 + 8 x2 4
0 0
x 2
= = =
( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4) ( x + 2)( x 2) x 2
lim lim x2 2x + 4 x2 x 2 4+4+4 2 2
Mathematics 53
26 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 2
x3 + 8 x2 4 lim x3 + 8 x2 4
0 0
x 2
= = =
( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4) ( x + 2)( x 2) x 2
lim lim x2 2x + 4 x2 x 2 4+4+4 2 2
= 3
Mathematics 53
26 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x
0 0
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x lim x2 16 2 x
0 0
x 4
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x lim x2 16 2 x
0 0
x 4
x 4
lim
x2 16 2 x
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x x2 16 lim x 4 2 x
0 0
x2 16 2 + x lim x 4 2 x 2 + x
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x x2 16 lim x 4 2 x
0 0
= =
x 4
x2 16 2 + x lim x 4 2 x 2 + x ( x2 16)(2 + x ) lim
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x x2 16 lim x 4 2 x
0 0
= =
x2 16 2 + x lim x 4 2 x 2 + x ( x2 16)(2 + x ) lim 4x x 4
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x x2 16 lim x 4 2 x
0 0
= =
( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + = lim 4x x 4
x)
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x x2 16 lim x 4 2 x
0 0
= =
( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x ) = lim 4x x 4 = lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]

x 4
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x x2 16 lim x 4 2 x
0 0
= =
( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x ) = lim 4x x 4 = lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]

x 4
= (8)(4)
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
Evaluate: lim
x 4
x2 16 2 x x2 16 lim x 4 2 x
0 0
= =
( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x ) = lim 4x x 4 = lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]

x 4
= (8)(4) = 32
Mathematics 53
27 / 40
Examples
3
Evaluate: lim 2 x 8 x 7x 8
x2
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3
x2
0 0
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x 8
lim
x2 x2 7x 8
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
x 8
lim
x2 x2 7x 8
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
x2
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
x2 + 2 3 x
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
x2 + 2 3 x + 4
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
3 2 x2 x +2 3 x+4 lim 3 2 x 8 x2 7x 8 x +2 3 x+4 3
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
= =
3 2 x2 x +2 3 x+4 lim 3 2 x 8 x2 7x 8 x +2 3 x+4 x8 lim 3

x 8
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
= =
3 2 x2 x +2 3 x+4 lim 3 2 x 8 x2 7x 8 x +2 3 x+4 x8 lim x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1) 3
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
= =
3 2 x2 x +2 3 x+4 lim 3 2 x 8 x2 7x 8 x +2 3 x+4 x8 lim x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4) 3
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
= = =
3 2 x2 x +2 3 x+4 lim 3 2 x 8 x2 7x 8 x +2 3 x+4 x8 lim x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4) 1 lim x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4) 3
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
= = = =
3 2 x2 x +2 3 x+4 lim 3 2 x 8 x2 7x 8 x +2 3 x+4 x8 lim x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4) 1 lim x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4) 1 9(4 + 4 + 4) 3
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
Examples
3 3
x2
0 0
x2 lim x 8 x2 7x 8
= = = = =
3 2 x2 x +2 3 x+4 lim 3 2 x 8 x2 7x 8 x +2 3 x+4 x8 lim x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4) 1 lim x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4) 1 9(4 + 4 + 4) 1 108 3
Mathematics 53
28 / 40
For today
Evaluating Limits
One-sided Limits
Mathematics 53
29 / 40
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3, x1
Consider: f ( x ) =
Mathematics 53
30 / 40
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3, x1
Consider: f ( x ) =
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends on whether x < 1 or x > 1.
Mathematics 53
30 / 40
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3, x1
Consider: f ( x ) =
4 3 2

4 3 2
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
30 / 40
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3, x1
Consider: f ( x ) =
4 3 2

4 3 2
1 1 2 3
As x approaches 1 through values less than 1,
Mathematics 53
30 / 40
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3, x1
Consider: f ( x ) =
4 3 2

4 3 2
1 1 2 3
As x approaches 1 through values less than 1, f ( x ) approaches 2.
Mathematics 53
30 / 40
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3, x1
Consider: f ( x ) =
4 3 2

4 3 2
1 1 2 3
As x approaches 1 through values less than 1, f ( x ) approaches 2. As x approaches 1 through values greater than 1,
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 40
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3, x1
Consider: f ( x ) =
4 3 2

4 3 2
1 1 2 3
As x approaches 1 through values less than 1, f ( x ) approaches 2. As x approaches 1 through values greater than 1, f ( x ) approaches 1.
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =
2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
31 / 40
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =
2 1
( ) 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
31 / 40
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =
2 1
( )
1 1
Mathematics 53
31 / 40
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =
2 1
( ) 0
1 1
Mathematics 53
31 / 40
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =
2 1
()
1 1
Mathematics 53
31 / 40
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =
2 1
()
1 1
Since there is no open interval I containing 0 such that g( x ) is dened on I ,
Mathematics 53
31 / 40
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =
2 1
()
1 1
Since there is no open interval I containing 0 such that g( x ) is dened on I , we cannot let x approach 0 from both sides.
Mathematics 53
31 / 40
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) =
2 1
()
1 1
Since there is no open interval I containing 0 such that g( x ) is dened on I , we cannot let x approach 0 from both sides. But we can say something about the values of g( x ) as x gets closer and closer to
0 from the right of 0.

One-sided Limits
Intuitive Denition
The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L
Mathematics 53
32 / 40
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Denition
The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and closer to a, but are less than a.
Mathematics 53
32 / 40
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Denition
The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the left is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and closer to a, but are less than a. Notation:
x a
lim f ( x ) = L
Mathematics 53
32 / 40
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Denition
The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L
Mathematics 53
33 / 40
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Denition
The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and closer to a, but are greater than a
Mathematics 53
33 / 40
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Denition
The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from the right is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and closer to a, but are greater than a Notation:
x a+
lim f ( x ) = L
Mathematics 53
33 / 40
Theorem
xa
lim f ( x ) = L if and only if lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = L

x a x a+
Mathematics 53
34 / 40
f (x) =
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3,
4 3 2 1
x1
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
35 / 40
f (x) =
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3,
4 3 2 1
x1 lim f ( x )
x 1
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
35 / 40
f (x) =
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3,
4 3 2 1
x1 lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 )

x 1
x 1
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
35 / 40
f (x) =
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3,
4 3 2 1
x1 lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2

x 1
x 1
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
35 / 40
f (x) =
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3,
4 3 2 1
x1 lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2

x 1
x 1 x 1+
lim f ( x )
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
35 / 40
f (x) =
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3,
4 3 2 1
x1 lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2

x 1 x 1+
x 1 x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3)
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
35 / 40
f (x) =
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3,
4 3 2 1
x1 lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2

x 1 x 1+
x 1 x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 1
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
35 / 40
f (x) =
3 5x2 , x < 1 4x 3,
4 3 2 1
x1 lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2

x 1 x 1+
x 1 x 1+ x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 1
lim f ( x ) dne
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
35 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
2 1
1 1
Mathematics 53
36 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
2 1
1 1
Based on the graph,

x 0+
lim
Mathematics 53
36 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
2 1
1 1
Based on the graph,

x 0+
lim
x=0
Mathematics 53
36 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
2 1
1 1
Based on the graph,

x 0+ x 0
lim
x=0 x
lim
Mathematics 53
36 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
2 1
1 1
Based on the graph,

x 0+ x 0
lim
x=0 x dne
lim
Mathematics 53
36 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
2 1
1 1
Based on the graph,

x 0+ x 0 x 0
lim
x=0
lim x dne lim x

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 40
Examples
g( x ) =
2 1
1 1
Based on the graph,

x 0+ x 0 x 0
lim
x=0
lim x dne lim x dne

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1
(The Heaviside Function)

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0
lim H ( x )
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 0
x 0
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0 x 0+
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0
lim H ( x )
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0 x 0+
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0+
lim H ( x ) = lim 1
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0 x 0+
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0+
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0 x 0+ x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0+
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
lim H ( x )
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0 x 0+ x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0+
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
lim H ( x ) dne
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0 x 0+ x 0 x 2
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0+
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
lim H ( x ) dne
lim H ( x )
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0 x 0+ x 0 x 2
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0+
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
lim H ( x ) dne
x 2
lim H ( x ) = lim 1
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
Let H ( x ) =
1, x 0 0, x < 0
3 2 1

3 2 1
0 1 2 3
x 0 x 0+ x 0 x 2
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0+
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
lim H ( x ) dne
x 2
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
Mathematics 53
37 / 40
Examples
5 2x, x2 2x , 2x 4
x2 x>2
Let p( x ) =
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x, x2 2x , 2x 4
x2 x>2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
lim p( x )
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x

x 2
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+
lim p( x )
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+
x2 2x 2x 4
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+
x2 2x x ( x 2) = lim 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+
x2 2x x ( x 2) x = lim = lim 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+
x2 2x x ( x 2) x = lim = lim =1 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+ x 2
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+
lim p( x )
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+ x 2
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+
lim p( x ) = 1
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+ x 2
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+
lim p( x ) = 1 lim p( x )
x 3
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+ x 2
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+
lim p( x ) = 1 lim p( x ) = lim x2 2x 2x 4
x 3
x 3
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+ x 2
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+
lim p( x ) = 1 lim p( x ) = lim x2 2x 96 = 2x 4 64
x 3
x 3
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Examples
5 2x,
x2
Let p( x ) =
x 2
x2 2x , x>2 2x 4 lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1

x 2
x 2+ x 2
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+
lim p( x ) = 1 lim p( x ) = lim x2 2x 96 3 = = 2x 4 64 2
x 3
x 3
Mathematics 53
38 / 40
Announcements
Schedule of First Exam: 5 December 2012, Wednesday
Mathematics 53
39 / 40
Exercises
Evaluate: lim
x 4
3x 12 3 2x + 1
if x < 1 if x 1
x2 + 1 , x1 Find lim f ( x ) given: f ( x ) = x 1 1 x + 5,

Evaluate: lim
x 2/3
6x 4 1 + 3x2 + 4x 4 3x + 2
Mathematics 53
40 / 40

Lecture 2 - Limits and One-Sided Limits

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Lecture 2 - Limits and One-Sided Limits

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Limit of a Function: An intuitive approach

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Given a function f ( x ) and a

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Given a function f ( x ) and a

what is the value of f at x near a,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Given a function f ( x ) and a but not equal to a?

what is the value of f at x near a,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999

1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999

1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999

1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999

1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999

x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001

f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003

1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limit of a Function and One-sided limits

x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.99999

x 2 1.5 1.1 1.001 1.00001

f (x) 5 3.5 2.3 2.003 2.00003

1 0.5 1.7 1.97 1.99997