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Submitted to Assistant Professor: Yashodha. Y.A Department of social work Urumu Dhanalakshmi College.Kattur
Introduction to motivation
Motivation is a term that refers to a process that elicits, controls, and sustains certain behaviors. For instance: An individual has not eaten, he or she feels hungry, as a response he or she eats and diminishes feelings of hunger. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in a basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. Conceptually, motivation should not be confused with either volition or optimism. Motivation is related to, but distinct from, emotion.
DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION
According to Ross. "Motivation, in psychology, the intention of achieving a goal, leading to goal-directed behavior. Some human activity seems to be best explained by postulating an inner directing drive. While a drive is often considered to be an innate biological mechanism that determines the organism's activity (see instinct), a motive is defined as an innate mechanism modified by learning."
Nature of Learning
Psychologists define learning as the process by which changes in behaviour result from experience or practice. But not all changes in behaviour are the result of learning (Jayagopa1,1984). Thus, learning is defined as a permanent change in the individual behaviour as a result of new perceptions, practice or other experience. Learning is a process, which brings about change in one's way of responding as a result of practice or other experiences. Conceptually, learning in the scholastic sense - is the process resulting from the interaction between the teacher and the taught. Learning is a process of acquiring new behaviour (attitude, knowledge, skills) through experience. Learning is the modification of behaviour through experiences and training (Dhahama & bBhatnagar, 1980).
relate directly and intimately to the concrete reality of the learner's world. Thus, the informally learned person would seem to be more discoveries -oriented, more an organic, holistic learner operating at a concrete level of cognitive process. Nature of learning according to S.K Mangal in his book General Psychology 1. Learning is a process and not the product. 2. It involves all those experiences and trainings of an individual which helps him to produce change in his behavior. 3. Learning leads to bring changes in the behavior but it does not necessarily mean that these changes always bring improvements or development in the positive direction 4. Learning prepares an individual for the necessary adjustment and adaptation. 5. all learning is propose full and goal oriented. In case there is no purpose, there would definitely be hardly any learning. 6. The scope of learning is too wide to explain in words. It is a very comprehensive process which covers nearly all the domains- conative, cognitive and effective of human behavior. 7. 7. Learning is universal and continuous. Every creatures that lives learns. In human beings it is not limited to any age, sex, race or culture. It is a continuous never ending process that goes from womb to tomb.
8. 8. Learning does not include the changes in behavior on account of maturation, fatigue,
illness or drugs, etc.
Definition of Learning
Learning is a relatively permanent (lasting) change in an organisms behavior that results from experience Some changes in behavior are excluded: illness, drug effects, maturational changes, effects of injuries (these tend to be temporary changes) Changes might not be observed in behavior immediately Changes might not be permanent (forgetting might occur) According to Gardner Murphy: The term learning covers every modification in behavior to meet environmental requirements
According to Woodworth: any activity can be called learning so far as it develops the individual-(in any respect, good or bad) and makes him alter behavior and experiences different from what that would otherwise have been
Bibiliography 1. General psychology by S.K. Mangal 2. Issues in the Psychology of Motivation by Paula R. Zelick.