Hydrostatics (Part I)

Jan. and Feb. 2013.

Marcela Duhne

Hydrostatics
The

study of water which is not moving or at rest.

Pressure
The

force exerted by water on each square meter of some object submerged in water.

Force

per unit area.

acts in any direction.

Pressure

Pressure
UNITS: kN/m2 Pascals (Pa)

Blaise Pascal (1620 1662) 1 Pa = 1 N/m2

One Pascal is a very small quantity and so kilo-Pascals are often used:
1 kPa = 1 kN/m2

Pressure

Force and pressure are different

Pressure and depth

Pressure and depth

The pressure on some object under water is determined by the depth of water above it. One may calculate pressure using the pressure-head equation:

p = pressure (N/m2) r = mass density (kg/m3) g = gravity constant = 9.81 m/s2 h = depth of water

Pressure-head equation = Ecuacin fundamental de la esttica de fluidos.

Pressure and depth

Pressure is the same in all directions

Pascals Principle: A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid.

Pressure is the same in all directions

Pascals

Principle:

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/WindTunnel/Activities/Pascals_principle.html

Pressure is the same in all directions

Applying Pascals Principle: Balloon under water / Scuba Divers The siphon Principle of the hydraulic jack and hydraulic press Force amplification in the braking system of most motor vehicles. Used in artesian wells, water towers, and dams.

The hydrostatic paradox

The force applied will depend on the area of the base of each container.

The hydrostatic paradox

Is

the pressure the same at the bottom of the three buckets? (yes) How can this be proved? (Sum of forces)

Pressure Head
Engineers

often refer to pressure in terms of metres of water rather than as a pressure in kN/m2. use metres or head measurements?

Why

Differences in ground level can affect the pressure in a pipeline. Having the same dimensions allows engineers to add (or subtract) changes in ground level to pressure values.

Pressure Head

Which

is the pressure in meters of water?

Pressure = 3 m head of water

Pressure Head
Calculating

pressure head in mercury.

1.

Calculate the density of mercury. Use the pressure-head equation to calculate the head of mercury.

2.

Pressure Head
Calculating

Continue:

pressure head in mercury

The

depth of mercury required to create the same pressure as 3 m of water is only 0.22 m.

Why?

Atmospheric Pressure
The

pressure of the atmosphere is all around us pressing on our bodies. At high altitudes atmospheric pressure is less than at the earths surface (ocean level). Examples:

Airplane Deep sea divers the bends.

Atmospheric Pressure
Evangelista

Torricelli (16081647), a pupil of Galileo Galilei (15641642), began to understand about atmospheric pressure and to study the importance of vacuums. What happens with the vacuum in a bottle or bag when opened?

Mercury barometer

One of the instruments used to measure atmospheric pressure.

It was developed by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643.

Fortin barometer - the introduction of a vernier measuring scale to measure accurately.

* Average at sea level

Atmospheric Pressure Units of Measurement

Calculate atmospheric pressure when the reading on a mercury barometer is 760 mm of mercury. What would be the height of the column if the same air pressure was measured using water instead of mercury?

or = 1 atm or = 101,325 Pa

Atmospheric Pressure Units of Measurement

A

pipeline is operating at a pressure of 3.5 bar. Calculate the pressure in metres head of water.