Chapter 9 Outline

Alex Chan Dr. Gonzalez Period 7 November 6, 2012 IX. Christian Societies Emerge in Europe, 600-1200 Charles, king of franks, and Europe waged war on Muslim and German princes for decades. Subdued many enemies, protector of papacy. Charlemagne was first to have title of emperor for over three hundred years. Romes decline, Charlemagnes rise= shift in focus for Europe. Titles Medieval Era. Eastern Roman Empire= Byzantine Empire. Kievan Russia= influenced by Christian church. A. The Byzantine empire, 600-1200 Christianity was official religion. Continuation of Roman rule. A=All-powerful Christian monarchs. Drama shrank, constant military pressure. 1. An Empire Beleaguered a. Arab Invasions Having single ruler prevented breakup of Eastern Empire into principalities. Territorial losses sapped strength. Arab armies destroyed Sasanid Empire and captured Byzantine Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia. Two-thirds of Christians adopted Muslim faith. Succumbed to Muslim conquest. Enemies in N and S. b. Religious Schism Relations with popes and princes worsened. Constantinople challenged popes of Rome, mid ninth century. Schism between Latin Church and Orthodox Church. Formal split between a religious community 2. Society and Urban Life

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a. Urban Decline Authority and prosperity protect Byzantuim from economic reverses and population losses. Sixth century epidemic of bubonic plague, plague of Justinian. Barter replaced money transactions, decline in population and wealth. Urban elite class shrank, importance of higher aristocrats and landowners increased. Family military aristocracy emerged. Women had more freedom. After 7th century, women confined to home. But from 1028-1056 ruled Byzantine Empire with husbands. Economically, emperors set prices, organized grain shipments, and monopolized trade. Govt intervention= slowed techonoligical development. b. Constantinople Pilgrims and visitors from the west saw the reality of slow deterioration. Anna Comnena, daughter of Emperor Alexus Comenus also realized the slow deterioration from Rome. 3. Cultural Achievements Constantinoples Hagia Sophia is greatest Byzantine architectural monument. Dates to reign of Justinian. Artistic creativity in churches and monasteries. Influened painting in W Europe down to 13th century. a. Cyrillic Alphabet Brothers, Cyril and Methodius went on mission to Slavs of Morarvia. Preached in local language and perfected writing system, Cyrillic. Used by Slavic Christians. Beginning of competition between Greek and Latin Christianity for allegiance of Slavs. B. Early Medieval Europe, 600-1000 No imperial framework led to end of W Roman Empire and rise of kings, nobles, and chieftains, changing of landscape of Europe. Fear and insecurity led communities to seek protection. Dependency of weak people on strong people

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1. The Time of Insecurity a. Muslim Invasions 711, raiding party of Arabs and Berbers under Umayyad caliph in Syria, overturned the kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain. Europeans could not hold on to the Iberian Peninsula. Muslims then moved to France. Charles Martel stopped their raiding party in 732 b. The Carolingian Empire Rise of Carolingian family, first as protectors of Frankish (French) kings but then as kings themselves. Then finally as Emperors under Charlemagnes father. At peak of Charlemagnes power, Carolingian Empire controlled all of Gaul. c. Viking Raids

Vikings were a new threat to W Europe. Multi-oared, dragon-prowed boats pillaged monasteries, villages, and towns. Versatile vessels. Although they wanted booty and slaves, some settled in Iceland and Greenland. Settled in Normandy (NW France). William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy, invaded England. Attacked Muslim Sicily. 2. A Self- Sufficient Economy a. Roman Decline Records kept by Christian monasteries revealed economic transformation in Germanic political order. Most cities lost population, becoming villages. Roman roads fell. Trade in Mediterranean did not entirely stop because of Muslim conquests. Decline of literacy and Roman life made room of growth of Germanic culture/traditions. b. Germanic Customs Diet in N= beer, lard/butter, bread, rye, wheat, and pork. Nobles ate better than peasants. Roman diet of wheat, wine, and olive oil stayed in the S. Good diets.

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c. The Manorial System

Manors= self- sufficient farming estates. Consisted of lords residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. Gave farmers land in return for protection. Warfare and instability made post- Roman centuries vulnerable. Allegiance to landowners. Fields, gardens, grazing lands, fishponds, a ill, church, and workshops, and places to live. Fortification increased. Nobles and families power over serfs= workers belonging to the manor. Could not leave. 3. Early and Medieval Society in the West Limited freedom and potential for most people. Men regularly answer to call to arms to whom they swore allegiance. Warriors also gained shared booty. Who, out of loyalty or adventure, joined horsemen. Central force of army. a. Feudalism Meaning a land awarded for military service. Became common. Gave land to vassals for military support. Differed a lot from one place to another so was not really a system. German foes had helmets, shields, swords, spears, and axes. Stirrups allowed rider to stand and absorb impact when he hit the enemy. b. Knights The knight emerged in medieval warfare. Opened faced helmet, long linen shirt (hauberk), Studded with metal disks. Century later, had a visored helmet and hauberk of chain mail. Knights needed financial support from land revenues. Kings rewarded armies with own land.\ c. Fiefs, Nobles, and Vassals

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Fief= grand of land in return for military service. Kings granted fiefs to noble followers, vassals. Fiefs could be inherited if military service continued to be provided. Differed from Islamic world. Vassals could also have their own vassals. d. Noblewomen Fought for heiresses and candidates for marriage. Man who married daughter of a lord with no sons could gain control of his property. Marriages could affect entire kingdoms. Daughters and sons had little say. Women could own land. Nonnoble women worked along men. C. The Western Church Pope commanded authority over church affairs. Christian society emerging and changing. 1. The Papacy Papacy was the central administration of Roman Catholic Church, which the pope led. Councils of bishops. Regional disagreements, shortage of educated, difficult communications, disorder posed as obstacles for unification and practice. 2. Politics and the Church a. The Holy Roman Empire Pope needed allies and he supported papacy. Relations between kings and popes were tense because they both called themselves ultimate authorities. 962 pope crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor. Holy Roman Empire= loose federation of German states headed by an empire, elected by princes. Did not have much power, the pope did. b. The Investiture Controversy Pope Gregory VII made an extreme position which lords and monarchs hated. Investiture controversy= dispute between popes and Holy Roman Emperors over who had power over

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bishops. Struggle continued until 1122. Pope permitted emperor to appoint bishops. Reduced tensions. c. Henry II of England and Thomas a Becket

Henry had harder time controlling church. Got his friend, Becket, to become archbishop of Canterbury, highest church office in England. Disagreements occured and four of Henrys knights knowing that he wanted Beckets death murdered him. Backfired, caused Canterbury to become a major pilgrimage center. Pope declared Becket a saint. 3. Monasticism Monasticism= living in a religious community apart for society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. a. The Benedictine Rule Most important form of monastic involved monks or nuns in organized communities. Benedict of Nursia introduced the practice. Lived as hermit in cabe. Wanted balanced life of devotion and work. Starting of monastic life. b. Preservation of Knowledge Monasteries had books and some rulers encouraged education. Monks saw that copying manuscripts as a religious calling. They also help preserve Greek works. Provide refuge for women who didnt have male protection. c. Cluny

Failure for an abbot to maintain monastic discipline led to a reform movement which was on the Benedictine abbey of Cluny in E France. Founded by William the Pious. Abbots campaigned to improve monastic discipline and administration. Became largest church in

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world. Clunys Benedictine abbeys and priories (lower monastic houses) accepted authority of its abbot. Each monastery to be independent. Prior (head of a priory). D. Kievan Russia, 900-1200 Poles and Slavic people in N accepted Christianity taught by German priests. Conversion to Kievan Russia is an example of how economics, politics, and religious life are closely intertwined. 1. The rise of the Kievan Empire Territory between Black and Caspian seas in s and Baltic and White Seas in N are divided. Different climates and navigable rivers. a. The Culture of the Steppes Change in languages and territory. Germanic People migrated from E Europe . People who remained behind spoke Slavic Languages. Nomads traded with farmers, traders could travel E and W by caravan. b. Varangian Traders Varangians (Swedish Vikings) traded across the Baltic Sea. Traded forest products and slaves for goods and coins. Used coins for jewelry. Markets were controlled by Khazar Turks. Princes traded and fought off enemies. Druzhina=military retainers. Referred to Slavic speaker as Rus. c. Vladimir I of Kiev

In 980, made self price of Kievan Russia. Chose Orthodox Christianity over Islam because it banded alchohol. Why not Latin version is unknown. Not jedaism because Khazars had it. d. Christianity Spreads

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Patriarch of Constantinople appointed a metropolitan, or a chief bishop, to govern Kiev. Churches arose. Cyrillic alphabet used. Left Muslim world and traded with Byzantium. Served as instrument for coverting Eastern Slavs to Christianity. 1. Society and Culture Power from trade. Manoporial agricultural system from W Europe could not develop. Shifting cultivation. Horse breeding. a. Urban Life Many people, 30-50,000. But smaller than Constantinople. Still had development of crafts. Christianity penetrated slowly, but eventually triumphed. Became very involved and taxed. E. Western Europe Revives, 1000-1200 W Europe slowly emerges from subsistence farming. Technology played significant role, food surplus. Spurred population, changes improved administration for monarchs. 1. The Role of Techonology a. Population Growth Technology nearly doubled population. 1.1 million to 1.9. In France 5.2 to 9.2 b. Horses and Plows New type of plow cut deeper in the soil more efficiently and could move heavy wet clays. Horses plowed faster and iron horseshoes were adopted. Horse collar made for shoulders so it wouldnt strangle the horse. Increased productivity but costed for to feed. Agricultural surpluses still grew. 2. Cities and the Rebirth of the Trade a. Independent Cities in Italy

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Independent cities appeared in Italy and Flanders. Communes= Groups of leading citizens who banded together to defend their cities. They demanded self-government from lords. Lacked farmland so turned to trade. Shrunk in walls built by Romans. Group of islands organized selves into city of Venice. 11th century became power of Adriatic. Lot of trade, many spices. Commerce depended on ships from Venice, Genoa, and Pisa. F. The Crusades, 1095- 1204 Crusades= Christian military campaigns against Muslims in E Mediterranean which dominated politics of Europe. Four expeditions. Last one Latin captured Byzantines Constantinople. Cultural mixing with lands of Islam. 1. The Roots of the Crusades a. The Truce of God Many reasons for Crusades. Leaders of Latin Church popularized the Truce of God, which limited fighting between Christian lords. Ambitious rulers were looking for lands to conquer. Italian merchants wanted to increase trade by taking trading posts in Muslim territory. Without rivalry between popes and kings and church wanting to establish authority, Crusades may have never happened. b. Pilgrimages Pilgrimage= Journey to sacred shrine by Christians. Safe way of traveling for thieves, beggars, merchants. Genuine pilgrims visited churches. Knights also went to pray. Since Umayyad Caliphate broke up, they were vulnerable. Stories of returning pilgrims further induced the church and nobles. But a Seljuk army defeated the Byzantine emperor (Battle of Manzikert), Turkish nomads penetrated the region. Decline of Byzantine. c. Pope Urban II

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Emperor Alexius(Byzantine, Orthodox) asked western pope and rulers to help him confront the Muslim threats. Pope Urban II responded with a positive attitude. First Crusade captured Jerusalem, established 4 principalities, Latin Kingdom Jerusalem was one. Muslim retook Jerusalem in 1187. In 4th Crusade, attacked Constantinople 2. The Impact of the Crusades Muslim exposure in Spain and Sicily led to a mixing of Culture. Pasta, paper, refined sugar, colored glass. Stimulus for European thought. a. Translations from Arabic to Latin Some works brought to Latin world. They were studied and transformed intellectual world for the W Europeans. Exposure to Greek writings. Importance in Medicine. b. Eleanor of Aquitaine Changing lifestyle. Eleanor of Aquitaine influential women of crusading era. Went on 2nd Crusade. Married Henry of Anjou who inherited the throne. Maintained her own court Troubadours (poet-singers) made her court a center for new music. Influenced European ideas for romance.