Characteristics of project 1.Specific objectives. 2.life span 3.Constraints. 4.unique. 5.Team work 6.Flexibility. 7.Resource integration. 8.

Planning and control. 9.Contracting and subcontracting. 10. Specific Beneficiaries. Diffe. between Project & program. Project: 1.One time only set of activities. 2.one shot undertaking ; well defined scope and boundaries. 3.specific objectives for each project. 4.Fixed life span; specific beginning and end points; end s with objectives achievement. 5.Specific client and group of beneficiaries; customized. 6.Single entity with one project manager and own budget. 7.Integral part of a programme. 8.Flexible rules and regualations. Programme 1.Grouping of small and big project. 2.Multiple shots undertaking; boundaries and scope differ for various projects. 3.Overall sectoral objectives for the programme as a whole.

4. Flexible

life span; projects begin and projects end ; continuity of programme over plan period. 5.various clients and various groups of beneficiaries. 6.Multiple entities with programme manager with programme budget. 7.Integral part of development plan. 8.Rigid rules and regulations. Classification of project 1.Sponsorship of Project: a) customer b) organization c) contractor d) government e) donor 2. Nature of Project: a) Individual b) staff c) special d) complex 3. Orientation of project: a) Product- oriented b) process- oriented 4. Speed: a) Normal b) crash c) disaster 5. size: a) mega b) major c) medium

d) small 6. Technique of project: a) labor- intensive b) capital- intensive 7. Funding source of project : a) indigenous b) foreign c) joint venture d) bilateral e) multilateral characteristics of project mgt: 1.Objectives- oriented 2.change oriented 3.single responsibility center. 4.team based 5.functional coordination. 6.Planning and control 7.constraints 8.Body of knowledge. Benefits of project mgt: 1.Change management. 2.Environmental adaptation. 3.Results orientation. 4.coordination 5.Team development 6.organizational reengineering. 7.timely correction 8.customer satisfaction. Limitations of project mgt; 1.Lack of long range planning 2.organizational disruption 3.constrained human resource development 4.reluctance for authority delegation 5.organizational restructuring 6.team related problems 7.conflicts 8.unsuitable Differ of Project mgt & product mgt. Project management 1. One time unique set of activities in the organization; produces an new product. 2. Fixed life span with defined start and end; predetermined life cycle of formulation,planning, implementation and termination. all projects end. 3. Separate temporary organization structure for each project. 4. Managed by multidisciplinary project team under the leadership of project manager; total responsibility and accountability of project manager for results; temporary employees.

5. Uses

project management approach for all projects; project manager involved in project development. 6. Flexibility and operational autonomy to manage risks and adaptation to environmental changes. 7. Application to various types of activities including products, construction, services, etc.

Product Management 1. Ongoing operational activities in the organization; produces same product. 2. Life span not fixed; life cycle can be prolonged through differentiation, positioning, and improvements butalll products die. 3. Integral part of non going functional marketing department of the organization. 4. Managed by specialist in marketin under the leadership of functional manager; responsibility of the marketing department for results; permanent employees. 5. Uses project management approach for new product development; product manager not involved in product development 6. Rigidity in rules and standing operating procedures; problems of environmental adaptation. 7. applicable only to product management. Differ of project mgt & Traditional m. Project: 1.Performs functions of planning, implementing, controlling; changing tasks of innovative nature. 2.temporary project structure; disbanded after project termination. 3.Work flows both vertically and horizontally; integration management; unclear lines of authority with very little hierarchy. 4.Time bound system; projects have fixed life span. 5.Single responsibility center for all functions; project manager accountable for results; results oriented. 6.Temporary multi displined employees; team identity to achieve project objective; self management 7.Adapts to changing needs ot the environment; risk management through flexibility 8.Vehicle for planning and managing change. Traditional

1. Performs

functions of planning , organizing, staffing, directing controlling; consistent tasks of maintenance nature. 2. Permanent organizational structure; departmentalized. 3. Clearly defined authority. line authority makes decisions, staff authority advises.

4. on going system; no fixed life span. 5. responsibility limited to won function; no clear cut accountability for results; task oriented. 6. permanent specialist employees; conflicts in organizational and personal goals; control oriented. 7. does not respond to changing needs of the environment; risk averted through rigidity. 8. Resistance to change; responsible for managing status quo. Main things rember to create plan 1. Objectives 2. Viability 3. Relevant Priorities 4. Impact of Project on broader concerns Procedure of Development Project Proposal 1.Project brief a) Wants of project b) Importantance of Project c) objective of project d) Probablity cost e) Probablity time 2.Prefeasibility study a)Technical analysis b)Financial ,, c)Economic ,, d)Marketin Analysis e)Management Analysis f)Environmental 3.Preliminary design 4.Proposal Development a) Project objectives and outputs b) Project activites c) Project implementation d) Project schedule e) Project budget f) Project monitoring and evaluation Project specification 1 Statement of work 2. Design 3.Quality of Materials 4.Workmanship 5.Work process Specification for statement of work Description Specification no. Civil 100( index) Concrete 101 Field equipment 102 Soil testing 123 Electrical 200 Electrical testing 201 Motors 209 Mechanical equipment 600 Compressors 602 High speed gears 603 Piping 700 Project management 800 Project planning Process 1.To indentify project objective 2.To formulate deatil program

3.Project organization 4.Determine monitoring,Controlling and directing system 5.Allocate responsibilities Total palnnign process 1 Goal setting 2.Policy formulation 3.Strategy 4.Decision making 5.Working system 6.Managerial process 7.Work schedule development 8.Confict management 9.Leadership style 10.Budget allocation system Project formulation techiniques 1.Feasibility analysis a) Technical analysis Choice of available technology Desinging of requirements Human resources requirements size, location & geology Technical risk b) Economical analysis Cost benefits analysis social benefits ,, benefits ratio ,, comparison of investement & profit c) makerting analysis The capacity & production targets with respect to available raw materials a customer demand Cost forecast & estimated budget potential market share marketing porgram consisting of price, product ,promotion ,distribution aspect project coverage area for marketing quality specification competition level d)Management analysis Instituational relationship project organaization project management stakeholders analysisis e) Environmental analysisi Ecologica impact on flora & fauna Physial impact on qulaity of air & water Aesthetic impact on scenic beauty social impact on society ecological relationship impact on food chains f) Finanacial analysis Assessment of finanacial requirementa both fixed capital & working capital need to e properly made capital requirement Source of funds project cash flow Accounting & reporing

Project profitability 2. Net Work analysis elements a)Identification of each activities to complete the project b)Identification of immediate procedding activites of each acitvity c) Estimates of the activity time PERT helps us to answet the question 1.. when will the project be fisnsihed? 2. When is each individual part of the peoject schedule to start & finsish? 3. Of 100 of thousnad of parts of the project which one must be finished on time ot avod making the entire project late? CPM emphasizes: 1. The cost of the project & project end date. 2.Relationship between appling more men & resources to complete the project earlier than the date specified of the increaded cost of these resoures. 3 Input analysis keys: a) project site b)Size & cost of land c) manpower /human resources d)raw materials & its qulaities e) availability of physical resources f) incentives & convenience g) impact of enviromnent h)technilogical environment i) information system 4 Finanacial analysis clear these question a) how mluch money is needed? b) where ll money came from? c) when does the money need to bae availabe? elements I. cost of project II. available of sources of funds III. estimate of production & sales IV. actual cost of production V. estimating project activites VI. Break even analysis VII. sensitivity analyss VIII. risk analysis IX. B/s analysis X. Income statement analysis XI. Cash flow statement analysis XII. Investment situation analysis XIII. investmetn situation analysis 5. cost benefit analysis procedures forcost benefit analysis i)determine the problem ii) ascertain alternative solution ot prlblems iii)estimate csot & benefits iv) decide on the optiml solution a)Comparision of cost & benefits b)cost benefit analysis c)internal rate of reutrn

d)Net present value

Feasibility analysis factors 1. Technical analyasis 2. Economic ,, 3.Marketing ,, 4.management ,, 5. Environmental ,, 6. Financail ,, Problem of railway transport 1. Poor economic situation 2. Natural situation 3. High cost 4. Poor sustainability Characteristic of system or system approach 1.Goal directed 2.collection & enterrelated part of sub system 3.A system exist on a xontiuous basis 4.Open/close system 5.A system has a boundary that sparates it from the environment 6.system produces synergistic effect. the whole become greater thatn the sum of the parts 7.System operates from human & hon human resources. System view of organization and types of Organization Characteristics of system are seen: 1. Goal directed 2. sub systems 3. open or closed 4. synery system 5. Boundary 6. Resource flow Characteristics os organization sa system 1. Goal oriented 2. Collection of people 3. Organization consists of structure 4. Technology based 5. Environmental situation 6. Feedback Project organization & types features of project organization 1. Designing a structure 2. Pulling together the project team 3. Establishing authority, responsibility & relationship 4. Establishing project office. Types 1. Pure functional organization advantage i) Familiarity of the team ii) Establish administarive system iii) Staff availability iv) scheduling efficiency v) clear authority disadvantage i) Project isolation ii) Limited resources iii) bureaucratic procedure

iv) lack of project focus v) Department orientation 2. Pure project organization advantage i) Clear projcet authority ii) simplified project communication iii) Excess to special experise iv) Project focus & priority Disadvantage i) Unclear loyalities & motivation ii) Intra competition rivalry iii) Uncertain reintegration of resoureds Matrix organization criterai for the project a) A need to share scarce of unique resources that are required in more than one project or funcitional aria. b) A requirement for management to proviede high levels of information processing & communication in order to comlete the project. c) Pressure from the outside by customers or agencies to have one person or group centralized control of the project even the Advantage i) Clear focused project ii) Flexible staffing iii) Adoptability ot management neds & skills iv) Staff development opportunities v) Adoptable ot business change Disadvantage i) Built in conflict ii) Rsistance to termination iii) Complex command & authority relationship iv) Complex employees reorganization system v) Dual bass problem vi) intersonal skill Types of project authority 1.De jure sources (Legal authoriy) Sources a) Organizational charter b) Organizational policies,rules& regulation c) job description d)delegation De jure authority also represents a) Corporate policies b)Dependent policeis c)job description d) departmental policies e) procedure f) superious right to command sob ordinates g) Farmalized delegated authority 2. de facto authority ( real authority) project team building& characteristi Advantages of project team building 1. It harnesses the ability of the team members to manipulate tasks so that project objectives are met. the team is encouraged to find better ways to do things.

2. professionals do not like being micromanaged. participative management does not tell them now to work but, given a goal, allows them to desing their own methods. 3. The team members know they are responsible and accountable for achieving the project deliverables. 4. There is a good chance that synergistic solutions will result from team interaction. 5. Team nembers get timely feedback on their performance. Project team characteristics 1,Performance 2.Training the team members 3. personal qualifies of team members 4. specialist committees and dialy meetings. 5.Functional interface 6. specific responsibility of the teams. 7. Team members authority. 8.Accountability. Barriers to project team developme 1.Differing outlooks,priorities & interests 2. Role conflicts 3. project objectives/ outcomes not clear 4. Dynamic project environments 5. Competition over team leadership 6. Lock ot team definition and structure. 7.Team personnel selection 8. Credibility of project leader 9. Lack of team member commitment 10. communication problems 11 lack of senior management support. Procedures for project implementati 1. Preparation 2. Engaging and supervising consultants 3. contracting for civil works 4. Procurement of goods, services & equipments 5. supervision of equipment installation & civil works 6. Receiving project budget 7. Monitoring and control 8. controlling project changes time management techniques 1. Goal clarity 2. Work schedule 3. Use" daily planner" 4. Daily record 5. Use dead time 6. Avoid time stealers 7. use time saving machanism 8. Organize work life Sources of conflicts a) Individual interest b) Goal diffrences c) Organizational structure d) Personality clash e) unclear relationships f) lack of information g) project environment

Ways of resolving conflict a) Avoidance b) Diffusion c) Containment d) confrontaion Methods of project appraisal 1. Economic analysis 2. Financial analysis 3. Market analysis 4. Technical feasibility 5. Management appraisal Elements of control system 1. Cybernetic control 2. Go/NO-go controls 3. Post control control cycle control cycle process - setting standars - measuring performance -finding deviations -future standards Prerequisites of control system 1. Planning 2. Information system 3. Organization structure 4. Flexibility 5. Participation 6. Timeliness Objectives of project mgt system 1. Project planning 2. Resource management 3. Tracking/ monitaring 4. Report generation 5. Decision aiding Criterai in designing of project mgt syst i) Establish a xomperhensive set of selection critera ii)Set priorities for the critera, separating must have items fraom nice to hae items and not needed items. iii) Conuct a preliminary evaluation of the software packages relative to the criterai using vendor supplied data, product reviews, and software surveys iv) Formulation of project strategies and policies critera. v) Management control criteria etc.