2-INTRODUCTION Foundation ENGG PDF

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SYLLABUS of FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Soil Exploration Shallow Foundations Deep Foundations

Earthen Dams
SYLLABUS of FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Soil Exploration Importance of soil exploration and planning of soil exploration program. Soil exploration methods: probing, test pits, auger boring, wash boring, percussion and rotary drilling and geophysical methods. Disturbed and undisturbed soil sampling. Soil samplers. Insitu tests: standard penetration test (SPT), cone penetration test (CPT), plate load test and field vane shear test. Bore hole logs and subsoil exploration report.
Foundations
Definition, purpose and types of and general requirements of foundations. Depth of footings. Selection of foundation type. Shallow Foundations Definition of bearing capacity. Methods of determining bearing capacity. Presumptive values of bearing capacity. Terzaghi and Meyerhofs theories of bearing capacity and design of isolated, combined and strip footings. Settlement of shallow foundations and their remedial measures.
Deep Foundations
Introduction to deep foundations. Types of piles. Load carrying capacity of piles. Group action. Settlement. Negative skin friction. Pile load test. Cassion and well foundations. Earthen Dams Types of earthen dams, components and their functions. General design considerations and typical cross- section. Foundations on difficult soils Intoduction to relevant softwares.
Text Principles of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das

Reference Soil Mechanics & Foundations by Muni Budhu

Reference Foundation Analysis and Design

by Joseph E. Bowles
Reference Foundation Design by Donald P. Coduto
Definition
Foundation is a part of the structure that supports the structural weight and transmits the load to underlying soil or rock.(Foundation includes foundation structure and soil influenced by the structural load.)
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Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundations versus Deep Foundations
Foundations
Shallow Foundations
Deep Foundations
Spread Footings
Mat Foundations
Driven Piles
Drilled Shafts
Auger Cast Piles
Foundations
Shallow Footings
Spread Footing
Mat Footing Combined Footing
Deep Foundation
Shoes, Snow shoes, and stilts are much like the different types of footings of a structure A Shoe make contact with a firm surface (spread footings)
C. Stilts (pile footings) reach firm surface B. Snow shoes spread weight over a large surface (raft footing).
Parts of a Foundation
A foundation (substructure) can be divided into three parts Bearing surface. Footing. Upright supports. The bearing surface is the earth upon which the foundation rests. It may be soil or bedrock. The bearing surface may be far below the surface of a swamp, river, or ocean.
The footing is the flat part of the foundation. It spreads the load of the structure above it. Upright support. They may be walls or piers (masonry column) that rise above the footing. They form the rest of the structure.
Foundation System
This part will be done by the Structural Engineer
Every civil engineering structure such as : Buildings Bridges. Highway pavement ,and Railway track Will have a superstructure and substructure(Foundations)
Super structure transmits the load. Sub structure receives and transmits the load to underlying soil or rock. The foundation engineers aim is that no component of the structure and foundation should experience of any kind of distress. Geotechnical design parameters: - Bearing capacity - Settlement
What is Foundation Engineering?

The art of selecting, designing, and constructing structural support systems based on scientific principles of soils and engineering mechanics incorporating accumulated experience with such applications.
What is the current state-of-the-art?

In spite of the many advances in foundation engineering it is still an art mostly supported by empirical techniques.
Why mostly empirical?

We do not fully understand the behavior of foundations. Knowledge of subsurface conditions are always limited.
What do I have to know to be a good Foundation Engineer?

Geology Geophysics Subsurface Exploration Laboratory Testing Soil Mechanics Structural Engineering Construction Engineering
Uncertainties
Soils: Not a manufactured material High degree of variability Material characterization done based on a small sample Complex behavior (non-linear; anisotropic) Rationalism vs. Empiricism Factors of Safety
Who is responsible for uncertainties?

You (the Foundation Engineer). Always use presence, common sense engineering, and experience first, before blindly following analysis and test results.
What is analysis good for?

It is good to confirm that a precedent solution can be safely applied to your site.
What makes a good foundation?

Safe Reliable Durable Buildable Economical
Is it my job to be concerned of costs?

Yes. As a professional engineer, it is your obligation to balance costs and uncertainties
The Final Question

In Foundation Engineering, there are if but many ifs and buts. What do I do when I am in doubt? 1. When in doubt go wide. 2. When in doubt go deep. 3. When in doubt grout (ground modify).
Eiffel Tower, Paris, France, built in 1887-1889
Leaning Tower, Pisa, Italy

Built 1173-1350
Palacio de las Bellas Artes, Mexico City Built 1932-1934
Tower of Latino Americana, Mexico City Built in 1956 44 stories; 597-ft
Performance Requirements
Design Loads Allowable Stress Design vs LRFD Performance Requirements Strength Requirements Serviceability Requirements Total Settlement Differential Settlement Constructability Requirements Economic Requirements
Strength Requirements
Foundation soil must be strong enough to support imposed loads ..
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Failure of a Bridge Foundation

Serviceability Requirements
Settlement must be within acceptable limits ..
Total vs. Differential Settlement

Geotechnical Aspects
Determining the type of foundation for the structure, including the depth and dimensions Calculating the potential settlement of the foundation Determining the expansion potential Investigating the stability of slopes and their effect on adjacent foundations Investigating the possibility of foundation movement due to seismic forces, which would also include the possibility of liquefaction
Performing studies and tests to determine the potential for deterioration of the foundations Evaluating possible soil treatment to increase the foundation bearing capacity Determining design parameters for retaining wall foundations Providing recommendations for dewatering and drainage of excavations needed for the construction of the foundation
Investigating ground water and seepage problems and developing mitigation measures during foundation construction Site preparation, including compaction specifications and density testing during grading Underpinning and field testing of foundations
General Requirements for Foundation Engineering Projects

Knowledge of the general topography of the site The location of buried utilities The geology of the proposed site The previous history and use of the site Any special features such as the possibility of earthquakes or climate factors such as flooding , seasonal swelling and shrinkage, permafrost, or soil erosion
The availability and quality of local construction materials For maritime or river structures, information on tidal ranges and river levels, velocity of tidal and river currents, and other hydrographic and meteorological data A detailed record of the soil and rock strata and ground water conditions within the zones affected by foundation bearing pressure and construction operations
Results of laboratory tests on soil and rock samples appropriate to the particular foundation design or construction problems Results of chemical analyses on soil and ground water to determine possible deleterious of foundation structures
Preliminary Information and Planning the Work

Project Location
Basic information on the location of the project is required. The location of the project can be compared with known geological hazards such as active faults, landslides, or deposits prone to liquefaction.
Type of Project
It is important to obtain as much information about the project as possible.
Such information could include the type of structure and use, size of the structure including the number of stories, type of construction and floor systems, preliminary foundation type, and estimated structural loadings.
Scope of work
The scope of the work must be determined, which includes subsurface exploration and laboratory testing to determine the feasibility of the project, the preparation of foundation design parameters, and compaction testing during the grading of the site in order to prepare the building pad for foundation construction.
After the preliminary information is obtained, the next step is to plan the foundation investigation work. For minor project, the planning effort may be minimal, but for large-scale projects, the plan could be quite extensive and could change as the design and construction progresses.
The planning effort could include the following: Budget and scheduling considerations Selection of a team of professionals of relevant fields (such as geotechnical engineer, engineering geologist, structural engineer, hydro geologist and the like)that will work on the project Preliminary subsurface exploration plan, such as number , location, and depth of borings
Document collection Laboratory testing requirements Types of engineering analyses that will be required for the design of the foundation.

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Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Downloaded from : 09ce.blogspot.com

SYLLABUS of FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Soil Exploration Shallow Foundations Deep Foundations

SYLLABUS of FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Text Principles of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Reference Soil Mechanics & Foundations by Muni Budhu

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Reference Foundation Analysis and Design

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Reference Foundation Design by Donald P. Coduto

Auger Cast Piles

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Mat Footing Combined Footing

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This part will be done by the Structural Engineer

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Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Downloaded from : 09ce.blogspot.com

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What is Foundation Engineering?

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

What is the current state-of-the-art?

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Why mostly empirical?

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Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

What do I have to know to be a good Foundation Engineer?

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Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Provided by : Dk Mamonai - 09CE37

Who is responsible for uncertainties?

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What is analysis good for?

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What makes a good foundation?

Safe Reliable Durable Buildable Economical

Is it my job to be concerned of costs?

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The Final Question

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