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1
The M- and M
c
-Integrals for Multi-Cracked Problems
in Three Dimensions


J. H. CHANG
1
Y. C. KANG
2
L. G. CHUNG
3

Subject headings: Fracture, Elasticity, Strain Energy,
Integrals, Three-dimensional Analysis, Finite Elements

Keywords: multiple cracks, M-integral (M
c
-integral), three dimensions
surface energy, modified surface-independence


ABSTRACT

A problem-invariant M
c
-integral is proposed as an energy parameter for describing
the degradation of structural integrity caused by irreversible evolution of multiple cracks
in 3-D elastic solids. The physical meaning for 3-D M
c
, which is related to the surface
energy corresponding to creation of the cracks, does not hold in a manner as that for 2-D
M
c
and needs to be properly reformulated. Also, the 3-D integration is shown to be
surface-independent in a modified sense. With this property, by choosing a closed
surface remote from the crack fronts, the 3-D M
c
can then be accurately evaluated with
finite element solutions even when the near-front areas are not simulated with very fine
grids.

1
Prof. of Civil Eng., National Central Univ., Chungli, Taiwan
2
Grad. Res. Asst. of Civil Eng., National Central Univ., Chungli, Taiwan
3
Grad. Res. Asst. of Civil Eng., National Central Univ., Chungli, Taiwan

J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Physically, the J
k
-integrals evaluate the energy release rates corresponding to
translation of a singular point and have been extensively used as effective energy
parameters in fracture analysis. In practice, based on the concept of J
k
, various types of
contour integrals (in 2-D) and surface integrals (in 3-D) have been developed for problems
associated with a single crack tip. These integrals include, e.g., the interaction integral
(Stern et al. (1976), Gosz and Moran (2002)), the M
1
-integral (Chen and Shield (1977)). and
the domain integral (Nikishkov and Atluri (1987), Eriksson (2002)), etc.. Nevertheless,
while proper use of energy parameters in describing the 'global' fracture state of 3-D
multi-cracked structure is of practical importance, J
k
and the above integrals are not
feasible for this purpose due to their 'local' nature associated with a single tip.
In addition to J
k
, the energy conservation contour integrals derived from Noether's
theorem in elasticity also include the M-integral (Rice (1968), Eshelby (1970), Knowles and
Sternberg (1972), Budiansky and Rice (1973)). For a 2-D isolated singular point,
evaluation of the M-integral results in the driving work in expanding the singularity.
The M-integral has been used for 2-D problems containing a single defect with various
definitions of integration contour (e.g. Freund (1978), Herrmann and Herrmann (1981),
King and Herrmann (1981). Markenscoff (2006), etc.). Due to such a flexible feature, the
M--integral can therefore be used for multi-cracked problems provided that the
integration contours are suitably chosen.
In the last decade, the M-integral has been successfully applied as an energy
parameter in characterizing the global fracture state for 2-D multi-cracked problems. A
series of studies have been presented to evaluate the material damage level for uniformly -
loaded microcracking infinite elastic solids (Chen (2001), Chen and Lu (2003), Wang and
Chen (2010), etc.). Also, a problem-invariant parameter M
c
is proposed by the authors
and suggested as an energy parameter for describing the degradation of material and/ or
structural integrity caused by evolution of multiple cracks in elastic solids (Chang and
Chien (2002)). An important physical interpretation is illustrated in these works that the
M-/ M
c
-integral evaluates twice the surface energy associated with creation of all the
cracks in the materials/ structures. Therefore, M/ M
c
can be used as an energy fracture
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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3
parameter for assessment of the damage state in the multi-cracked body (Chang and Liu
(2009)).
An energy fracture parameter termed M
c
is proposed in this present study for use in
3-D multi-cracked problems. Based on the concept of the 3-D M-integral, M
c
is defined
by suitably choosing a closed surface and taking the integration with respect to the
geometric center of all the enclosed cracks. The integration is shown to be surface-
independent in a modified sense. The physical meaning of M
c
is illustrated. The
feasibility of using M
c
as a 3-D fracture energy parameter is demonstrated in the
numerical examples.
2. THE M
c
-INTEGRAL IN THREE DIMENSIONS
2.1 A single crack
Consider a crack embedded in a three-dimensional homogeneous elastic body (Figure
1), where the front is of arbitrary curved shape. A coordinate system originating at an
arbitrarily chosen point O is introduced and, with no loss of generality, the crack parallel
to the x
1
-x
3
plane. The geometric center of the crack center C is positioned by o. When
the body is subjected to a system of external loads (but no body forces), the M-integral
with respect to O is defined as
u
k
M

[Wn
i
x
i
T
k
()x
i
] da (1)
D x
i

where D is a closed surface around the whole crack and consists of three parts as S
1
+S
i
+S
2
,
S
i
is a curved tubular surface around the crack front, S
1
and S
2
are the planar surfaces
parallel to the upper and lower crack surfaces, and a is the area over the surface. Also, W
is the strain energy density, T is the traction vector, n is the outward unit vector normal to
D, s is the arc length, x is the position vector, and u is the displacement vector. Note that,
by definition, the integration is carried out by taking the limiting case wher e S
i
is shrunk
onto the crack front, and S
1
and S
2
are lying on the crack surfaces (this limiting case is not
shown in Figures 1).
As indicated by Eq (1), the value of M appears to vary with the selection of origin O.
Nevertheless, by locating the origin at the center of the crack, i.e. by taking o=(0,0,0), we
then define a problem-invariant parameter M
c
as
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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M
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M| (2)

o=(0,0,0)


Further, it can be shown that the quantities in Eq (1) are independent of the orientation of
the coordinate system. Such a character istic implies that M, and M
c
, remain unchanged
when they are evaluated with respect to an arbitrarily oriented system, e.g. x
1
'-x
2
'-x
3
'
depicted in Figure 1.
2.2 Mult iple cracks
Consider the 3-D homogeneous body containing N distributed cracks, each of
arbitrary shape, orientation, and location, as shown in Figure 2. The geometric center of
the r-th crack is positioned by o
r
. The geometric center of all the cracks, denoted C, is
positioned by o. The M-integral associated with all the cracks is then defined as

N
u
k
M

E

[Wn
i
x
i
T
k
()x
i
] da (3)
r=1 D
r
x
i

where D
r
=S
1r
+S
ir
+S
2r
is the closed surface associated with the r -th crack. Still, by
definition, the integration is conducted by taking the limiting case in which D
r
is shrunk
onto the crack front and lying over the r -th crack surfaces. Note that the value of M
varies with respect to different selections of origin O. Also, by locating the origin at the
geometric center C, a problem-invariant parameter M
c
can be defined.
3. MODIFIED SURFACE-INDEPENDENCE
3.1 A single crack
We first take an outer closed surface S
o
(Figure 1) that can be arbitrarily chosen
(except for the requirements to be inside the body, enclose the whole crack, and contain
no other singularity in it). Then, an arbitrary tubular cutting surface CS connecting S
o

and S
1
is introduced, with its radius vanishing asymptotically. Next, by delimiting the
closed surface D
c
=D+CSS
o
, Eq (1) can thus be rewritten as
u
k
u
k
M

=

[Wn
i
x
i
T
k
()x
i
] da +

[Wn
i
x
i
T
k
()x
i
] da (4)
D
c


x
i
S
o


x
i

We further consider the domain O enclosed by D
c
, where O is simply-connected due
to introduction of the cut surface CS. By applying divergence theorem, the first
integration on the RHS of Eq (4) becomes

J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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W u
k,i
o
kj
u
k




[( o
kj
) x
i
( u
k,i
) x
i
+ (Wo
ii
o
ki
) ] dv (5)
O x
i
x
j
x
j
x
i

where o is the stress tensor, o is the Kronecker delta tensor, and dv is the infinitesimal
integration volume. The first and second integrands of Eq (5) vanish when the material
enclosed in O is uniform in the three x
k
-directions and under the state of equilibrium. As
to the third integrand, while it vanishes in two dimensions (Chang and Chien (2002)), it is
observed that this term is actually equal to W and needs to be taken into account in three
dimensions.
From Eqs (4) and (5), the M-integral then becomes
u
k


M

=

[Wn
i
x
i
T
k
()x
i
] da +

W dv (6)
S
o


x
i
O
As shown in Eq (6), in addition to the surface integrals over S
o
, an extra domain integral in
O must be included for evaluation of M. With this, the idea of surface-independence for
M-integral is thus modified by including this additional domain integral. As a
consequence, the M
c
-integral is also surface-independent in the same modified sense.
With this additional domain integral, the asymptotic singular behavior is thus inevitably
involved in the integration. Cautious investigation is therefore necessary in evaluation
of the M/ M
c
-integral.
3.2 Mult iple cracks
As indicated by Eqs (3) and (6), the M-integral for the N distributed cracks (Figure 2)
can be written as

N
u
k
M = E {

[Wn
i
x
i
T
k
()x
i
] da +

W dv} (7)
r=1 S
or
x
i
O
r

where S
or
is an arbitrarily chosen closed surface that encloses the r -th crack and no other
cracks, and O
r
is the region enclosed by S
or
(Figure 3). This implies that, for multiple
cracks, M is surface-independent in a modified sense.
Alternatively, Eq (7) can be rewritten as
u
k
M =

[Wn
i
x
i
T
k
()x
i
] da +

W dv (8)
S
o
x
i
O
where S
o
is an arbitrarily chosen outer surface that enclose the N cracks, and O is the
region enclosed by S
o
, as shown in Figure 3.
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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Eqs (7) and (8) show that, for multiple cracks, the integration surface for M can be
selected either locally (i.e., S
or
, r=1,2,...,N) or globally (i.e., S
o
, as a whole). As a
consequence, the M
c
-integral is also surface-independent in the same modified manner.
4. ORIGIN-INDEPENDENCE (SPECIAL CONDITION)
The value of M in general depends upon the location of origin O. Nevertheless, for
the special condition when the cracks are embedded in an infinite body and subjected to a
far-field uniform loading system, it can be shown that the result of M is independent of
the origin O. To this end, we first rewrite the M-integral in Eq (3) as
u
k
M

= M
c
+ o
i
{

[Wn
i
T
k
() ] da]} (9)
S
o
x
i

The last term of Eq (9) appears to depend upon the components of the position vector o.
This term actually accounts for the origin-dependent feature of the M-integral.
For the special condition when the body is an infinite medium and subjected to a far -
field uniform loading system o

, we further take a remote closed cubic surface S

that is
far from the cracked region. It is thus observed that, over the surface S

, the stresses, the

derivatives of the displacements u
i,j
, and the strain energy density W are uniformly
distributed. This indicates that the last term of Eq (9) vanishes and, in such a case, Eq (9)
becomes
M

= M
c
(10)
Eq (10) shows that, under this special condition, the result of M is equivalent to M
c
and
independent of the origin O.
5. PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION
In this section, the physical meaning of the M
c
-integral is analytically illustrated. We
first consider a penny-shaped crack of radius R subjected to far -field uniform loads and
the crack surfaces are traction-free. By taking Eqs (1) and (2) with o=(0,0,0), we can have
M
c
related to the pointwise J
k
-integrals as

2t

M
c
= R J
m
(u) R du = 2A
R
J
R
(11)

0

where J
m
(u) is the pointwise J
k
-integral along m, J
R
is the averaged value of J
m
(u) over the
whole crack front, and A
R
is the area enclosed by the crack front.
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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7
Further, we consider evolution of the crack as a continuously varying process of 'self-
expansion' starting originally from its geometric center C and an intermediate state with
radius a is selected. At this state, the energy release rate G due to increase of a unit ar ea of
the crack surface is evaluated by averaging the pointwise energy release rate G
m
over the
whole crack front and can be expressed as

2t

G
m
(u) a du dH

0

G(A)

=

=

(12)
2ta dA
The value of G(A) is equal to J
R
at the final state of crack expansion (i.e. A=A
R
).
As an aside, it is noted that G appears to be directly proportional to the radius of the
crack a (e.g Hwang et al, 2001) and can then be expressed as the following separable form
G(A) = u
1
a = u A
1/2
(13)
where u
1
and u are functions of material properties and the applied loads.
By considering Eqs (11), (12) and taking the integration of Eq (13) throughout the
process of crack evolution, with the geometric and loading conditions (except the crack size)
remaining unchanged, we then have
M
c
= 3AH (14)
As illustrated in Eq (14), the M
c
-integral can be interpreted as equal to three times of
the surface energy required for creation of the whole crack, i.e. the energy change due to
creation of the entire crack surfaces. For multiple cracks, the validity of this physical
interpretation will be demonstrated numerically in the next section.
6. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
6.1 Example problems
In the following calculations, quadratic finite elements are used for interpolation of
the displacement field. No particular singular elements are used throughout the study.
Problem 1
Two specimens are considered in this problem. In the first specimen, an inclined
penny-shaped crack of radius R is embedded in a cylindrical solid subjected to uniform
tensile stress o

(Case I, Figure 4(1)). The crack plane is inclined at an angle | to the

horizontal plane. In the second specimen, a horizontal penny-shaped crack is embedded
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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i
p
t

N
o
t

C
o
p
y
e
d
i
t
e
d
8
in a cylindrical solid under a nonuniformly-stressed condition induced by the inclined
boundary load o

(Case II, Figure 4(2)).

The convergence study is performed by using two FE meshes, where four and eight
layers of elements are used in the radial direction within 0.1R of the local near -front area
respectively. In Table I, the results of M evaluated from the two meshes, along with the
analytical solution (by considering the results of J
k
given by Hwang et al, 2001) for a
special condition of Case I, show very good convergency and consistent well with the
analytic solution, with deviation less than 1%.
Three integration surfaces are used to verify the property of modified surface-
independence. The results of M shown in Table II appear to be very similar. The
domain integral over O makes rather significant contribution to the computation and thus
accounts for the 'modified' sense of surface-independence.
Further, we consider the specimen at its uncracked state under the same loading
condition. The surface energy due to creation of the crack is obtained by evaluating the
difference of potential energy AH. The values of M
c
, along with three times of the surface
energy -3AH, are shown in Table III. The validity of the physical meaning of M
c
as
associated with the surface energy is thus well verified.
Figure 5 shows the variation of the normalized results of M
c
versus | for both cases,
where M
c,max
corresponds to the conditions of |=0
o
(Case I) and, approximately, 45
o
(Case
II) respectively. For Case I, it is observed that the su rface energy is maximum when the
crack plane is perpendicular to the loading direction, then decreases gradually as |
increases, and finally vanishes when the crack plane becomes parallel to the loading
direction, as anticipated. As to Case II, the surface energy reaches its maximum at | 45
o

and then decreases when the loading direction moves toward either perpendicular or
parallel to the crack plane.
Problem 2
We consider two collinear penny-shaped cracks, both of radius R and separated by a
distance 1.5R, embedded in a large cylindrical specimen and subjected to nonuniform
loads (|o

, (1-|)o

) on its top, as shown in Figure 6.

J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
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9
The surface energy due to creation of the cracks is obtained by evaluating the
difference of potential energy associated with the cracked and uncracked configurations.
With the values of M
c
shown in Table IV, along with three times of the surface energy
-3AH, the validity of the physical meaning of M
c
is well evident.
Figure 7 shows the variation of the normalized results of M
c
versus the loading ratio |,
where M
c,ref
corresponds to the condition of |=0. It is observed that the surface energy is
minimum when |=0, and increases gradually as | increases. When the loads are
uniformly distributed (i.e. |=0.5), the surface energy reaches its maximum.
Problem 3
We consider a specimen containing N parallel elliptic cracks of equal size and
separated by a constant distance d from each other (Figure 8). The specimen is relatively
large compared with the size of the cracks and subjected to uniform far-field tensile stress
in the x
2
-direction.
By comparing the results of M
c
(Figures 9(1)) and 3AH/M
ref
(Figure 9(2)) versus the
number of cracks N (for d/ a=0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2), the validity of the physical meaning of M
c

as associated with the surface energy is well evident. It is also observed that the value of
M
c
decrease as the spacing distance d decreases. This is anticipated because the
asymptotic near-front stresses appear to decrease as d decreases due to interaction among
the cracks (Chen, Y. Z., et al. (2009)). In particular, for d/ a=2, the values of M
c
turn out to
be almost equivalent to the sum of those from each individual crack. This means that,
under this spacing distance, these cracks are apart enough so that the effect of interaction
can be neglected.
6.2 Discussions
The unique nature of the 3-D M
c
-integral is well demonstrated and verified in the
above calculations. First, the property of modified surface-independence is evident
(Table II) so that it is not necessary to have a very fine near -front mesh to achieve good
accuracy (Table I). Further, the validity of the correspondence between M
c
and the
surface energy is numerically supported by the results (Tables III and IV, Figure 9). It is
observed that M
c
essentially characterizes the effect due to different crack orientation,
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
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10
loading direction, and loading distribution (Figures 5,7). This physical meaning holds for
problems containing strongly interacting cracks (Figure 9).
In order to numerically verify the physical meaning of M
c
, the surface energy due to
creation of the cracks was also alternatively determined by calculating the difference of
potential energy AH in the above numerical examples. Indeed, M
c
can be easily
implemented in the post processor of finite element codes and then be accurately
calculated with almost no extra computational cost. On the other hand, direct calculation
of AH requires finite element solutions of both the uncracked and cracked configurations
and so double computational costs will be in need. Further, AH can only be roughly
approximated because it is extracted from the numerical solutions of potential energy that
are relatively large in magnitude than AH itself. By comparing the above numerical
aspects of these two approaches, M
c
appears to be more efficient as a computational
device and thus more straightforward for use in practice.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The analytic procedure in formulation of 3-D M
c
is in general more complicated than
its 2-D counterpart. In order to extend to 3-D applications, all the associated geometric
and state variables need to be deliberately reinterpreted and generalized. Also, it is
important to note that two of the main features for 2-D and 3-D M
c
-integrals are different.
First, while 2-D M
c
evaluates twice the surface energy associated with creation of the
cracks, it is illustrated in the present study that the result of 3-D M
c
is equivalent to three
times of the surface energy required for creation of the cracks. Secondly, while 2-D M
c
-
integral is path-independent, 3-D M
c
is shown to be surface-independent in a modified
sense. This indicates that, for 3-D M
c
, in addition to the surface integral over an
arbitrarily chosen outer closed surface that encloses all the cracks, an extra domain
integral must also be included in the calculation.
The computation procedure for 3-D finite element calculations for multi-cracked
problems is generally far more complicated than 2-D analysis. Nevertheless, since the
integration is surface-independent in a modified sense, the closed surface can always be
chosen to be remote from the crack tips. In this regard, the calculation thus appears to be
very insensitive to the local finite element models in the crack front region so that it is not
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
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11
necessary to have very fine near-front grids in order to achieve an acceptable value of 3-D
M
c
.
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
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12
REFERENCES
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Mech., 40, 201-203.
Chang, J. H., Chien, A. J. (2002). Evaluation of M-Integral for Anisotropic Elastic Media
with Multiple Defects. Int. J. Fract., 114, 267-289.
Chang, J. H., Liu, D. Y. (2009). Damage Assessment for 2-D Multi-Cracked
Materials/ Structures by Using Mc-integral. ASCE J. Eng. Mech., 135, 1100-1108
Chen, F. H. K., Shield, R. T. (1977). Conservation laws in elasticity of the J-integral type. J.
Appl. Math. Phys. (ZAMP), 28, 1-22.
Chen, Y. H. (2001). M-integral analysis for two-dimensional solids with strongly
interacting microcracks. Part I: in an infinite brittle solid. Int. J. Sol. Struct., 38, 3193-
3212.
Chen, Y. H., Lu, T. J. (2003). Recent developments and applications of invariant integrals.
Appl. Mech. Rev., 56, 515-552.
Chen, Y. Z., Lin, X. Y., Wang, Z. X. (2009). Evaluation of the stress intensity factors and
the T-stress in periodic crack problem. Int. J. Fract., 156, 203-216.
Eriksson, K. (2002). A domain independent integral expression for the crack extension
force of a curved crack in three dimensions, J. Mech. Phys. Sol., 50, 381-403.
Eshelby, J. D. (1970) The Energy Momentum Tensor in Continuum Mechanics, Inelastic
Behavior of Solids. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Freund, L.B. (1978). Stress intensity factor calculations based on a conservation integral.
Int. J. Solids Struct., 14, 241-250.
Gosz, M., Moran, B. (2002). An interaction energy integral method for computation of
mixed-mode stress intensity factors along non-planar crack fronts in three
dimensions, Eng. Fract. Mech., 69, 299-319.
Herrmann, A. G., Herrmann, G. (1981). On energy release rates for a plane crack. ASME J.
Appl. Mech., 48, 525-528.
Hwang, C. G., Wawrzynek, P.A., Ingraffea, A.R. (2001). On the virtual crack extension
method for calculating the derivatives of energy release rates for a 3D planar crack of
arbitrary shape under mode-I loading. Eng. Fract. Mech., 68, 925-947.
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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T
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King, R.B., Herrmann, G. (1981). Nondestructive evaluation of the J -and M-integrals.
ASME J. Appl. Mech. 48, 83-87.
Knowles, J. K., Sternberg, E. (1972). On a class of conservation laws in linearized and
finite elastostatics. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal., 44, 187-211.
Markenscoff, X. (2006). Eshelby generalization for the dynamic J, L, M integrals. C. R.
Mecaniq., 334, 701-706.
Nikishkov, G. P., Atluri, S. N. (1987). Calculation of fracture mechanics parameters for an
arbitrary three-dimensional crack, by the equivalent domain integral method, Int. J.
Num. Meth. Eng., 24, 1801-1821.
Rice, J. R. (1968). A path-independent integral and the approximation analysis of strain
concentration by notches and cracks. ASME J Appl Mech 35, 297-320.
Stern, M., Becker, E. B., Dunham, R. S. (1976). A contour integral computation of mixed -
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J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
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b
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T

O
F

T
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N
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14
Figure 1 An arbitrarily shaped crack in a 3-D homogeneous elastic body.
Figure 2 A homogeneous 3-D elastic body containing N distributed cracks
(N=4 in this figure).
Figure 3 Closed surfaces for multiple cracks.
Figure 4 A penny-shaped crack of radius R in a cylindrical solid (Problem 1).
(1) The crack is inclined and the solid is uniformly-stressed (Case I).
(2) The crack is horizontal and the solid is nonuniformly-stressed (Case II).
Figure 5 The normalized results of M
c
versus | for both cases (Problem 1).
Figure 6 Two collinear penny-shaped cracks in a large cylinder and
subjected to nonuniform loads (|o

, (1-|)o

) on its top (Problem 2).

Figure 7 The normalized results of M
c
versus the loading ratio | (Problem 2),
Figure 8 N parallel elliptic cracks (Problem 3).
Figure 9 The values of M

and 3AH versus the number of cracks under various
spacing distance d (b/ a=0.5, Problem 3).
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
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.
15
Table I The results of M from two FE models for Problem 1.

Case I Case II(10
2
)
(|=0
o
) (|=45
o
)

mesh 1 (4 layers) 7.210 3.956
mesh 2 (8 layers) 7.230 3.954
Analytic 7.280

(Note: R/ w=1/ 20, E=1, v=0.3, o

= 1, o=(0.0,0))



Table II Modified surface-independence for Problem 1.

Eq(6)

+



=

M

+



=

M
S
o
O

S
o
O
(Case I, |=0
o
) (Case II, |=45
o
) 10
2


surface 1 485.594 478.384 7.210 51.302 47.346 3.956
surface 2 68.551 61.351 7.200 29.974 26.006 3.968
surface 3 35.245 28.048 7.197 7.258 3.331 3.927

(Note: R/ w=1/ 20, E=1, v=0.3, o

= 1, o=(0.0,0))



Table III The results for Problem 1.

Case I Case II (10
2
)
(|=0
o
) (|=45
o
)

M
c
7.210 3.956
3(AH) 7.168 3.968

(Note: R/ w=1/ 20, E=1, v=0.3, o

= 1, o=(0.0,0))



Table IV The results for Problem 2.

| 0.25 0.4 0.5

M
c
2.972 3.245 3.423
3(AH) 3.001 3.290 3.388

(Note: R/ w=1/ 20, E=1, v=0.3, o=(0.0,0))
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d

M
a
n
u
s
c
r
i
p
t

N
o
t

C
o
p
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d
i
t
e
d
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
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Y

-

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E
N
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/
1
5
/
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.

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r
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.
x
1
O
x
2
crack front
n
x
3
S
o
!
.C
CS
"
x'
1
x'
3
x'
2
S
1
upper crack surface ( )
S
2
lower crack surface ( )
S
i

fig1.pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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-

C
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N
N
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. C
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2
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D (=S +S +S )
i1
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21
D (=S +S +S )
i2
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12
22
D
3
D
4

fig2.pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
D
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crack fronts
n
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fig3.pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
D
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penny-shaped crack
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x
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#
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inclined

fig4(1).pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
D
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penny-shaped crack
B
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x
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x
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!
"
#
$
horizontal

fig4(2).pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
D
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80 60 40 20 0
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Case I
Case II
!
( )
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fig5.pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
D
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f
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x
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"
#
$
"
#
$ (1- )

fig6.pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
D
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fig7.pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
D
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fig8.pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
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fig9(1).pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
D
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fig9(2).pdf
Accepted Manuscript
Not Copyedited
J ournal of Engineering Mechanics. Submitted J une 22, 2011; accepted February 13, 2013;
posted ahead of print February 15, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000605
Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers
J. Eng. Mech.
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