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10 lessons
Gerrit Stols
Acknowledgements
GeoGebraisdynamicmathematicsopensource(free)softwareforlearningandteaching
mathematicsinschools.ItwasdevelopedbyMarkusHohenwarterandaninternationalteamof
programmers.Theydidabrilliantjobandweasmathematicsteachersandlecturersmustsalute
them.GeoGebracombinesgeometry,algebra,statisticsandcalculus.Youcandownloaditfor
free.
DownloadGeoGebrafromhttp://www.geogebra.org
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Formoreinformationcontacttheauthor:
GerritStols
UniversityofPretoria
SouthAfrica
gerrit.stols@up.ac.za
+2712824157583
Lastmodified:October05,2009
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C Co on nt te en nt ts s
TheGeoGebraInterface 1
GeoGebramenu.. 2
Constructiontools....... 3
Lesson1:PolygonsandAngles 5
Lesson2:Perpendicularandparallellines. 7
Lesson3:Drawinggraphs... 10
Lesson4:Usingsliderstotransformgraphs.. 15
Lesson5:TransformationGeometry... 17
Lesson6:Userdefinetools(centroidconstruction)... 21
Lesson7:Kitesanparallelograms.... 23
Lesson8:Statistics... 26
Lesson9:Calculus..... 31
Lesson10:Matrices.... 36
1
GeoGebra Interface
TheGeoGebrabasicinterfaceisdividedintothreesections:
Inputbar,AlgebraView,andGraphicView.
Constructiontools:
Menu:
INPUTBAR:Createnewobjects,equationsandfunctions
E.g.Constructthegraphofy = Sx
2
+ 4x + 6
Type:"y=3x^2+4x+6"or"y=3*x^2+4*x+6"and
ALGEBRAVIEW:Showandeditallthe
createdobjectsandfunctions.
Justdoubleclickonequationtoeditit.
GRAPHICVIEW:Showandconstruct
objectsandthegraphsoffunctions.
2
M Me en nu us s
S
C Co on ns st tr ru uc ct ti io on n T To oo ol ls s
OOOOOOOOOOG
O O
O O
O O
O O
O O
4
O O
O O
O O
O O
O O
G G
S
Polygons and Angles
Constructatriangleandmeasurethesumoftheinteriorangles
CLetshidetheaxesbecausewedonotneedthemnow:
IntheViewmenu,clicktheAxesbutton.
CGototheConstructionTools:selectthePolygontool
CIntheGraphicViewarea:createatrianglebyselectingthreepoints
whichwillbetheverticesofthepolygon.(Remembertoclickthe
firstpointagaininordertoclosethepolygon)
CMeasuretheinteriorangles:
GototheConstructionTools&selecttheAngletool
Selectthethreeverticescounterclockwise(themeasuredangle
second)
C Calculatethesumoftheinteriorangles
GototheInputbarandtype:o + [ + y
Becausethereisnoo, [andyonthekeyboardyouhavetoselect
themfromthedropdownlistatthebottom:
Thesumoftheangles(whichis180)willappearintheAlgebrawindow
6
CThequestionthatanymathematicianwillaskisifthisisaspecial
caseorisitalwaystrue?
GototheConstructionToolsandselecttheArrow
Dragthevertices(A,BandC)ofthetriangle.GeoGebrawill
measuretheanglesimediatelyandalsoupdatethesumofthe
interiorangles.
Tosavetheconstruction:selecttheFiletabandclicktheSavebutton
Constructionofaregularpolygon
CHidetheaxes:selectView/ClickAxesbutton
CSelecttheRegularPolygon(clickthesmallarrowinthebottom
righthandcorneroftheicontoseealltheoptions)
CCreateanequilateraltrianglebyselectingthetwobasepoints.A
windowwillopen:typethenumberofvertices(inthecaseofa
triangle3,square4,regularpentagon5)andhittheenterkey.
CMeasureaninteriorangle:selecttheAngletool/Selectthethree
verticescounterclockwise(themeasuredanglesecond).
CRepeatthesteps1to5toconstructasquare,regularpolygon,etc.
7
Perpendicular and Parallel lines
Toconstructamedian,altitude,perdendicularbisector,andanglebisectorofatriangleyouneedto
knowthefollowing:
Constructthemidpointofalinesegment
C Constructalinesegment
UsetheSegmentbetweenTwoPointstool
CConstructthemidpointofthelinesegment:
UsetheMidpointorCentretool
Constructalineperpendiculartoagivenlineandthroughagivenpoint
C Constructalinesegmentusingthe
SegmentbetweenTwoPointstool
CConstructapointonthelinesegment:
selecttheNewPointtoolandclickonthelinesegment
C Constructaperpendicularline:selectthePerpendicularLinetool
andclickonthepointandtheline.
2
8
Constructalineparalleltoagivenlineandthroughagivenpoint:
C Constructalinesegmentusingthe
SegmentbetweenTwoPointstool
CConstructanyotherpoint(notonthelinesegment)usingthe
NewPointtool.
C Constructaparallelline:
selecttheParallelLinetoolandclickonthepointandtheline.
Constructtheperpendicularbisectorofalinesegment:
C Constructalinesegmentusingthe
SegmentbetweenTwoPointstool
CConstructtheperpendicularbisectorofthelinesegment:
selectthePerpendicularBisectortoolandclickonthetwoend
pointsofthelinesegment.
9
Constructtheanglebisectorofanangle:
C ConstructananglebyclickingtheSegmentbetweenTwoPoints
tooltwiceinsuccession.
CConstructtheanglebisector:
selecttheAngleBisectortoolandclickonthethreepointsoftheangle.
1u
Drawing graphs
YoucancreateandmodifyalgebraiccoordinatesandequationsbyusingtheInputBaratthebottom
oftheGeoGebrawindow.
Constructionofthegraphsof
a) Sx + 2y = 6
b) y = Sx
2
- 4x - 6
c) x
2
+Sx -2y
2
- Sy = 2S
d) y =
3
x-2
- S
e) y = 2.S
x+2
-1
C ClickontheInputBaronthebottomoftheGeoGebrawindow.
CUsethekeyboardandthedropdownmenus(nexttotheInputBar)
totypetheequation:
Sx + 2y = 6
y = Sx
2
- 4x - 6
x
2
+ Sx - 2y
2
- Sy = 2S
y =
3
x-2
-S
y = 2.S
x+2
- 1
C Presstheenterkeyonthekeyboardaftertypingeachequation.
11
YoucancreateandmodifytrigonometricequationsbyusingtheInputBaratthebottomofthe
GeoGebrawindow.Youcanuseradianmeasureordegrees.Thedefaultmodeisradianmeasure.
Constructionofatrigonometricgraphs(inradianmeasure)
C ClickontheInputBaronthebottomoftheGeoGebrawindow.
CUsethekeyboardandthedropdownmenus(nexttotheInputBar)
totypetheequation:
a) y = sinx
C Presstheenterkeyonthekeyboard.
12
Constructionofatrigonometricgraphsusingdegrees:y = sin x
C Movethecursortothexaxis.Presstherightbuttononthemouse
(rightclick).
C Thefollowingscreenwillappear:
Fromthedropdownlistselectdegrees:
Adjusttheminimumandmaximumxvalues:
Changethedistancebetweenthexvalues:
C ClosethewindowandclickontheInputBaronthebottomofthe
GeoGebrawindow.
CUsethekeyboardandthedropdownmenus(nexttotheInputBar)
totypetheequation:
Usethedropdownlistforthedegreesign:
1S
C Presstheenterkeyonthekeyboard.
Ifyouwanttoyoucanchangetheappearanceofthegraph:
Rightclickonthegraphandselectproperties.
ClicktheColourtabandselectanycolour.
Clickthestyletabandselectthelinethicknessandstyle.
14
Constructionofatrigonometricgraphsusingdegrees:
(x) = 2cos x + 1and g(x) = -tan (x -Su)indegrees.
Followsteps1to4intheprevioussection,buttype:
Toaddagridasyounoticedinthebackgroundoftheprevioussketchrightclickthexaxis
andmakethefollowingselections:
1S
Use sliders to transform graphs
Youcancreateandusesliderstochangethecoefficientsoftheequationsofgraphs.
Creatingsliders
C SelecttheSlidertoolfromtheConstructionTools:
C Clickwhereyouwanttolocatetheslider.Thefollowingwindowwill
appear:
C ClicktheApplybuttonandasliderwillappear.
C GototheConstructionToolsandselecttheArrow
Usethearrowtodragthepointaontheslider.Youwillnoticethe
valueofpointaonthesliderwillchange.
C Repeatsteps1to4tocreatemoreslidersbutrenamethemk,p
andq.
Usingslidersinequations
ClickontheInputBaronthebottomoftheGeoGebrawindow.
CUsethekeyboardandthedropdownmenus(nexttotheInputBar)
totypetheequation(onseparatepages)andpressenter:
y = o(x + p)
2
+ q:
y = a. 2
x+p
+ q
y =
u
x+p
+ q
4
16
y = a. sin k(x + p) +q
GototheConstructionToolsandselecttheArrow.Usethearrowto
dragthepointsonthesliders.Youwillnoticewhattheeffectofthe
changingcoefficientisonthegraph.
17
Transformation Geometry
YoucandoallthebasictransformationgeometryinGeoGebra.Youwillfindallthetransformation
functionsifyouclickthethirdiconfromtheleftontheToolbox:
Constructingareflectioninthexaxis
Example:DeterminethecoordinatesoftheimageofP(3;2)ifPisreflectedacrossthexaxis.
C SelectView/Gridinordertoshowthegrid.
C Type:(3,2)intheInputbar
C SelecttheReflectObjectinLineoption
C Clickthepoint(3,2)andthexaxis.GeoGebrawillinfactgiveyou
instructionsneededontherighthandsideoftheToolbox.
18
Constructingareflectionofapointintheliney=x
Example:DeterminethecoordinatesoftheimageofP(3;2)ifPisreflectedacrosstheliney=x.
C Type:(3,2)intheInputbar
C Type:y=xintheInputbar
C SelecttheReflectObjectinLineoption
C Clickthepoint(3,2)andtheliney=x.
Rotationofapoint
Example:DeterminethecoordinatesoftheimageofP(3;2)ifPhasbeenrotatedabouttheorigin
through90inananticlockwisedirection.
C Type:(3,2)intheInputbarandpresstheenterkey
C Type:(0,0)intheInputbarandpresstheenterkey
C SelecttheRotateObjectaroundPointbyAngleoption
C ThefollowingmessagewillappearnexttotheConstructionTools:
Followtheinstructions:Selectthepoint(3,2),thenthecentre
(0,0).Thefollowingscreenwillappear:
C Type90andselectthedegreesignfromthedropdownmenu.
Selectanticlockwiseandpresstheenterkey.
19
Translationofapoint
Example:DeterminethecoordinatesoftheimageofP(3;2)ifPhasbeentranslated4units
horizontallytotheleft.
C Type:(3,2)intheInputbarandpresstheenterkey
C SelectVectorbetweentwopointsfromtheToolbox.
Constructanyvectorof4unitshorizontallytotheleft.
C SelecttheTranslateObjectbyVectoroptionfromtheToolbox.
C ThefollowingmessagewillappearnexttotheConstructionTools:
Followtheinstructions:Selectthepoint(3,2),thenthevector.
C Youwillnoticethatthevectordeteminesthetranslation.Youcan
changesthetranslationbydraggingthevector.
2u
Enlargementofapoint
Example:DeterminethecoordinatesoftheimageofP(3;2)ifPhasbeenenlargedbyafactor3with
theoriginascentreofenlargement.
C Type:(3,2)intheInputbarandpresstheenterkey
C Type:(0,0)intheInputbarandpresstheenterkey
C SelecttheRotateObjectaroundPointbyAngleoption
C ThefollowingmessagewillappearnexttotheConstructionTools:
Followtheinstructions:Selectthepoint(3,2),thenthecentre
(0,0).Thefollowingscreenwillappear:
C Type3andClickOK.
21
User define tools (centroid)
Constructionofthecentroidofatriangle.
CConstructatriangle
CConstructthemidpointofeachofthesidesofthetriangle:
usetheMidpointorCentreTool
CConstructthemedians:selecttheRaythroughTwoPoints.
Connectthevertexwiththemidpointoftheoppositeside.
CConstructapointontheintersectionofthemedians.
UseIntersectTwoObjectstool
C Hidealltheunwantedinformationandconstructions.
GototheAlgebraView:clickallthedotsexceptforA,B,C
andthecentroidG.
22
GeoGebraallowsyoutocreateyourownconstructiontoolsbasedonyourexistingconstructions.All
thesetoolscreatedbyyouaresavedinyourGeoGebrafile.
CreateyourownCentroidtoolforfutureuse.
UsetheArrowtoolandselectthepointsA,B,CandGby
dragging.SelecttheToolsmenuandCreateNewTool.
ClickNexttwiceandenterthenameforthenewtool.
Ifyouwanttoconstructacentroidinfuture,usethistool.
Toconstructacentroid:selecttheCentroidtooland
selectthethreeverticesofanytriangle.
C IfyouopenGeoGebraagainyourcustomtoolswillnot
appearintheConstructionToolsunlessyousavethe
settings.SelecttheOptionmenuandclickSaveSettings.
2S
Kites and parallelograms
Constructionofaparallelogram
Aparallelogramisaquadrilateralwith2pairsofoppositesidesparallel.
C Constructalinesegmentusingthe
SegmentbetweenTwoPointstool
CConstructanyotherpoint(notonthelinesegment)usingthe
NewPointtool.
C ConnectpointAandCusingthe
SegmentbetweenTwoPointstool
C ConstructaparallellinebyselectingtheParallelLinetoolandclick
onthepointCandthelinesegmentAB.
C ConstructanotherparallellinebyselectingtheParallelLinetool
andclickonthepointBandthelinesegmentAC.
Constructapointontheintersectionofthetwonewly
constructedparallellinesusingtheIntersectTwoObjectstool
24
CSelectthePolygonToolandselectthefourverticesofthe
parrallelogram.
Hidealltheunwantedinformationandconstructions.
RightclickonthelineorobjectandselecteitherShow
ObjectorShowLabel.
2S
Constructionofakite
Akiteisaquadrilateralwithtwopairsofadjacentsidesequal.
C Constructtwointersectingcirclesusingthe
CirclewithCentrethroughPointtool
CConstructthetwopointsofintersectionusingthe
IntersectTwoObjectstool
C SelectthePolygontoolandselectthefourverticesofthekite(the
centreofthetwocirclesandthetwointersectionsofthecircles).
C Hidealltheunwantedinformationandconstructions.
RightclickonthelineorobjectandselecteitherShow
ObjectorShowlabel.
26
Statistics
GeoGebrahasarangeofstatisticaluseswhichcanbeusedwithorwithouttheSpreadsheetView.It
hasanumberofstatisticalfunctionsandgraphingtools.
Findingthemean,medianandmode
Themarksforamathtest,outof60,aregivenbelow.UseGeoGebratofindthemean,medianand
mode:483842544034584452362646602026
Method1:UsetheInputbar:
C TypethefollowingintheInputbar
C GeoGebrawilllisttheresultsintheAlgebraWindow:
Mean=42.67
Median=42
Mode=26
Method2:UsetheInputbarandSpreadsheetView:
C OpentheSpreadsheetView:
clicktheViewmenu/SpreadsheetView
CTypethedatainthefirstcolumnofthespreadsheet.
C Selectthedatabydraggingthemouse.
C RightclickontheselectedblockandselectCreateList.
ThefollowinglistwillappearintheAlgebrawindow:
C TypethefollowingintheInputbar
27
Drawingahistogram
Example:Themarksforamathtest,outof60,aregivenbelow.UseGeoGebratodrawahistogram
forthemarks:483842544034584452362646602026
Method1:UsetheInputbar:
C TypethefollowingintheInputbartocreatesahistogramusingthe
rawdata:Histogram[{ListofClassBoundaries},{ListofRawData}]
Theclassboundariesdeterminethewidthandpositionofeachbar
ofthehistogram.
C GeoGebrawillconstructthefollowinghistogram:
Method2:UsetheInputbarandSpreadsheetView:
C OpentheSpreadsheetView:
clicktheViewmenu/SpreadsheetView
CTypethedatainthefirstcolumnofthespreadsheet.
C Selectthedatabydraggingthemouse.
C RightclickontheselectedblockandselectCreateList.
ThefollowinglistwillappearintheAlgebrawindow:
C TypethefollowingintheInputbar
28
Drawingaboxandwhiskerdiagram
Example:Themarksforamathtest,outof60,aregivenbelow.UseGeoGebratodrawaboxand
whiskerdiagramforthemarks:483842544034584452362646602026
C OpentheSpreadsheetView:
clicktheViewmenu/SpreadsheetView
CTypethedatainthefirstcolumnofthespreadsheet.
C Selectthedatabydraggingthemouse.
C RightclickontheselectedblockandselectCreateList.
ThefollowinglistwillappearintheAlgebrawindow:
C TypethefollowingintheInputbartocreatesaBoxandwhisker
plot:BoxPlot[a,b,L_1]where
aistheverticalpositiononthecoordinatesystem
bistherelativeheightoftheboxandwhiskerdiagram
GeoGebrawillconstructthefollowingBoxandwhiskerplot:
C Changingthefirsttwovaluestoa=1andb=0.2willresultin:
bvalue
a
29
Findingthequartiles,standarddeviationandvariance
Themarksforamathtest,outof60,aregivenbelow.UseGeoGebratofindthequartiles,standard
deviationandvariance:483842544034584452362646602026
C OpentheSpreadsheetView:
clicktheViewmenu/SpreadsheetView
CTypethedatainthefirstcolumnofthespreadsheet.
C Selectthedatabydraggingthemouse.
C RightclickontheselectedblockandselectCreateList.
ThefollowinglistwillappearintheAlgebrawindow:
C TypethefollowingintheInputbar:
ForcalculatingtheLowerQuartile(Q1):
ForcalculatingtheUpperQuartile(Q3):
ForcalculatingtheStandardDeviation(SD):
ForcalculatingtheVariance():
GeoGebrawilllisttheresultsinthesameorderasitwascreatedin
theAlgebraWindow:
Su
DrawingScatterplotsandlinesofbestfit
Example:ThetablebelowrepresentsthenumberofnewbusinessesthatwerestartedinPretoria
between2003and2008.
Year Numberofbusinesses
2002 754
2003 881
2004 943
2005 1083
2006 1182
2007 1304
2008 1402
Sketchascatterplotwhichrepresentstheinformationaboveanddrawthelineofbestfit.
C OpentheSpreadsheetView:
clicktheViewmenu/SpreadsheetView
CTypethedatainthefirstandsecondcolumnsofthe
spreadsheet.
C SelecttheBestFitLinefromtheConstructionTools
C TheequationofthelinewillappearintheAlgebrawindow
S1
Calculus
Constructatangentatapoint(mustbeabletodragthepointofcontact)toanycurveofafunctionf
Example:Constructatangenttothegraphof(x) = 2x
3
+ Sx - 2
C TypetheequationintheInputBarandpressenter.
CSelecttheNewPointfromtheConstructionToolsand
clickonthegraph.
CSelecttheTangentsfromtheToolboxandclickonthepointand
onthegraph.
C Dragthepointonthegraph
S2
Differentiationandconstructionofthecurveoff'(x)
Example:Findthederivateof(x) = Sx
3
+ 2x
2
-6x +S
C TypetheequationintheInputBarandpressenter.
C Typethefollowingcommand(orselectitfromthedropdownlist)
intheInputBarandpressenter.
or
GeoGebrawillcalculatethederivativeinthealgebraviewand
constructthecurveoff'(x).
SS
Findingtheapproximatingthetotalareaunderneathacurveonagraph(integral)usingtheRiemann
summethod.
Example:EvaluateanddemonstratetheRiemannsumfor(x) = 2x
3
+ 8x
2
+ 4x - 2takingthe
samplepointstobeunderthecurveando = -S,b = -1,andn = 8.Sketchagraphofthefunction
andtheRiemannrectanglesandusetheGeoGebratodeterminetheseareas.
C TypetheequationintheInputBarandpressenter.
C Typethefollowingcommand(orselectitfromthedropdownlist)
intheInputBarandpressenter.
Thiscommandwillyieldsthelowersumofthefunctionfonthe
interval[3,1]with8rectangles.
Asimilarcommandisavailablefortheuppersum.Ifyouwanttoincreasethenumberofrectangles
youcanalsocreateaslider.
S4
Calculatingtheareaundercurve:Findingdefiniteintegrals
Example:Calculatetheareaunderthegraphof(x) = 2x
3
+ Sx - 2
betweenx = -Sandx = -2.
C TypetheequationintheInputBarandpressenter.
C Typethefollowingcommand(orselectitfromthedropdownlist)
intheInputBarandpressenter.
C InthealgebraviewGeoGebrawillreturnsthedefiniteintegralof
thefunctionfintheinterval[3,1].
SS
Youcanalsocalculatetheareabetweentwocurves
Thefollowingcommandwillyieldsthedefiniteintegralofthedifferencef(x)g(x)
intheinterval[a,b]:Integral[f,g,a,b]
Examplefindtheareabetweenthecurvesof(x) = Sx
3
+2x
2
- 6x + Sand
g(x) = 18x
2
-6x -8betweentheirpointsofintersection.
C TypetheequationintheInputBarandpressenter.
C FromtheConstructionToolsselectIntersectTwoObjectsandclick
onthetwographs.
GeoGebrawillconstructsthepointsofintersectionAandB.
C Typethefollowingcommand(orselectitfromthedropdownlist)
intheInputBarandpressenter.
GeoGebrawillconstructandmeasuretheareabetweenthecurvesoffandgbetweenthe
xvalueofpointAandthexvalueofpointB.
S6
Matrices
YoucanuseGeoGebratodomatrixoperations.Forexample:calculate:_
1 2 S
4 S 6
7 8 9
_ + _
S 4 S
1 9 S
4 7 9
_
C OpentheSpreadsheetView:
clicktheViewmenu/SpreadsheetView
CTypethedatainthesameorderasthematrixinthe
spreadsheet.
C Highlightthecellsanrightclick.SelectCreateMatrix.
AnewmatrixwillbecreatedintheAlgebraViewarea
CRepeatsteps1to4andcreateanothermatrix.
C Typethefollowingcommand(orselectitfromthedropdownlist)
intheInputBarandpressenter.
TheresultwillappearintheAlgebraViewundermatrix3:
Itisalsopossibletocalculatethedeterminant,ortoinvertortransposematricesusingthe
followingcommands:
10