GROUP 17 ELEMENTS - Also known as halogens.

- Elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine - Exist as diatomic covalent molecule (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, and At2) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 1. Atomic size increases when going down group 17 because the number of F2 shells occupied with electrons increases. Cl2 2. All halogens have low melting and boiling points because halogen attracted to each other by Br2 weak Van der Waals forces. Little heat energy required to overcome it. However, going down the group, the melting points and boiling points I2 increases due to increases in molecular size 3. All halogens have low densities. Going down the group, density increases At2 because increase in atomic mass is bigger than increase in atomic radius. 4. The colour of halogens become darker when going down Group 17. 5. Do not conduct electricity 6. Weak conductors of heat. 7. High electronegativity ( ability to accept electron). Going down the group, electronegativity decreases. This is because, size become bigger, outermost occupied shell further away from nucleus, strength of nucleus to attract electron become weaker. Halogens Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -All group 17 elements have 7 valence electrons, they exhibit similar chemical properties. - Differ in reactivity - Reactivity decreases when going down Group 17 i. Atomic size increases ii. Outermost electrons become further away from nucleus iii. Attraction weaker when going down the group iv. ability to receive one more electron decreases. v. Reactivity decreases. A) Reactivity of halogens with water All halogens react with water to produce acidic solution. X2 + H2O HX + HXO Cl2 + H 2O HCl + HClO (hypochlorus acid) Br2 + H 2O HBr + HBrO (hypobromus acid) I2 + H 2O HI + HIO F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 At2 Physical state Gas Gas Liquid Solid Colour Pale yellow Greenish-yellow Red Purplish black

* Chlorine water and Bromine water are bleaching agents due to presence of hypochlorus acid and hypobromus acid B) Reactivity of halogens with iron All halogens reacts with iron to produce iron(III) halides (brown salt) 2 Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 (iron (III) chloride) 2 Fe + 3Br2 2FeBr3 (iron (III) bromide) 2 Fe + 3I2 2FeI3 (iron (III) iodide) C) Reactivity of halogens with sodium hydroxide solution All halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution to produce two types of sodium salt and water. Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H 2O (sodium chlorate (I)) Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr+ H 2O (sodium bromate (I)) I2 + 2NaOH NaI + NaOI + H 2O (sodium iodate (I)) Safety precautions in handling Group 17 elements - Handle halogens in the fume chamber - Wear safety goggles - Wear gloves ELEMENTS IN PERIOD 3 a) Atomic radius (atomic size) decreases when going across period from left to right. -Going across Period 3, number of electrons increases -The attraction by the nucleus on the electrons becomes stronger -Positive charge also increases b) Electronegativity -Ability of an atom to attract electrons towards its nucleus -Electronegativity increase when going across period from left to right -Due to increasing the ability of nucleus to attract electrons increases c) Physical state - Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S: solid -Cl, Ar: Gas d) Electrical conductivity - Na, Mg Al (metal) : Good conductors of electricity - Si (semi-metal) : Weak conductor of electricity -P, S, Cl (non-metal): Cannot conduct electricity PROPERTIES OF OXIDES OF ELEMENTS IN PERIOD 3 a) Na, Mg : form oxides with basic properties

b) Al : form oxides with amphoteric properties: both basic and acidic properties c) Si, P, S, Cl : form oxides with acidic properties USES OF SEMI-METALS (METALLOIDS) IN INDUSTRY -Silicon : Making diodes, transistors and other electronic components. Also to make microchips. -Microchips are used in the manufacture of computers, calculators, cellphones video cameras, televisions, and others. -Germanium: used in microelectronic industry TRANSITION ELEMENTS -Located in Group 3 to group 12 -Physical properties: Solids with shiny surfaces Ductile and malleable high tensile strength High melting and boiling points High densities Good conductors of electricity and heat -Special characteristics: Form coloured ions/ compounds o e.g: Cobalt (II) ion: pink, copper (II) ion: blue, iron (II) ion: pale green Different oxidation numbers o iron: +2, +3;nickel: +2, +3 ; copper:+1, +2 Form complex ion o e.g: Hexaamine chromium (III) ion, [Cr(NH3)6] Act as catalyst o Nickel: catalyst in hydrogenation of alkene to form alkane o iron: catalyst in Harber process o Platinum: catalyst in Ostwald process o Vanadium (v) oxide: catalyst in Contact process