RURAL-URBAN COMPARISON OF MOTHERS MEDIA ACCESS AND INFORMATION NEEDS ON DENGUE PREVENTION AND CONTROL1/ BUEN JOSEF CAINILA

ANDRADE
1/

A thesis manuscript presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Development Communication, major in Development Journalism from the Visayas State University, Visca Baybay, Leyte. Prepared in the Department of Development Communication under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Monina M. Escalada.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Nature and Importance of the Study In an ever changing and challenging world, communication plays a significant, central role in human activity (Hukill, 1994). On the context of health and wellness, communication has been an essential factor in increasing and reinforcing knowledge, influencing perceptions, beliefs and attitudes, as well as in advocating a position on a health issue or policy (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002). Field experiences attest to the significant contributions of communication in addressing health problems. For example, the success in Vietnam and Peru in treating and detecting tuberculosis cases was the result of the development and use of effective communication strategies. Accordingly, the use of communication helped the two countries in detecting at least 70 percent of pulmonary cases and successfully treated 85 percent of these cases (Health Communication Insights, 2004).

Health communication can also be used in addressing air-borne diseases. Among these diseases is dengue. Transmitted through mosquito bite, dengue is a viral disease of humans. In recent years, this disease has become a major international public health concern following malaria. It is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas (WHO, 2008). According to Price (2008), about 100 million cases of acute febrile disease annually are caused by dengue, including more than 500,000 reported cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Currently, dengue is endemic in 112 countries. Globally, about 2.5 billion people live in areas where dengue viruses can be transmitted (WHO, 2008). Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), a potentially lethal complication, was first recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. Today DHF affects most Asian countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in the region (WHO, 2008). In 2007, a total of 45, 350 cases of dengue have been reported which also accounted to 416 fatalities in the Philippines (Parallel Universes, 2008). Correct health practices and knowledge of preventive as well as curative methods, contribute to a sense of security within the family and the community (Health and Family Guide, 1986). Because dengue cases occur mostly among children, the woman of the household appears to be the most critical audience for communication activities against dengue. This role of women has been observed in Indias strategic communication for total sanitation campaign where mothers played a caretakers role in a household and spent majority of their time in tracking and meeting the requirement of each member in

the family. Based on reports, the mother looked after the children and exercised more control on children, especially in their early days of learning and which is also important from the point of view of inculcating right practices/habits in them. Dengue prevention and control have been given due attention by health authorities. Thus, efforts have been exerted and resources provided to prevent and control the illness. The generation of adequate knowledge on the nature and contributory factors of the disease, its preventive measures, and treatment that could reduce the adverse effect on peoples health is considered as a helpful tool in this endeavor (Eurosurveillance, 2007). Mass media campaigns are a tried-and-true communication approach. They have been conducted from topics ranging from general health to specific diseases, from prevention to treatment. Moreover, research has generally demonstrated the effectiveness of mass media approaches by raising awareness, stimulating the intended audiences to seek information and services, increasing knowledge, and even changing attitudes (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002). However, according to the APHA Media Advocacy Manual (2000), the goal of a communication campaign should not only be to teach or influence behavior among the people but also to begin a process of changing a policy to increase health and wellness. This means that change may not only come from the people but to the policy makers and community leaders as well. Stiller (1996) stressed that success in health education can be attained if communication plans and strategies are based on comprehensive situation analysis, which include information on the needs, communication patterns, knowledge, behavior, beliefs

and media usage patterns on the target audience. Likewise, Adhikarya and Posamentier (1987) emphasized that campaign strategies should be planned and developed based on relevant baseline data on the target audiences knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding the suggested campaign idea. Information provided by KAP surveys is very useful for communication planning strategy development in overall campaign. In an effort to contribute data for the design of campaigns against dengue, this study is being proposed. Data on information needs of rural and urban mothers media access and knowledge, attitude and practices on dengue prevention and control could be very useful in the development of a communication campaign strategy on this subject. Also, the results will serve as an input for the Department of Health and communication specialists in identifying an appropriate media or extension approach to use in disseminating information on dengue prevention and control. In addition, such results could be considered as a benchmark and could therefore be used as basis for a subsequent summative evaluation.

Objectives of the Study Generally, this study aimed to compare the rural and urban mothers media and access and information needs on dengue prevention and control. Specifically, it aimed to: 1. Determine respondents socio-demographic characteristics; 2. Find out respondents media access and their exposure to information on dengue; 3. Determine their knowledge, attitude, and practice of dengue prevention and control measures;

4. Find out the relationship between respondents socio-demographic characteristics and their knowledge, attitude and practice of dengue prevention and control; 5. Find out the relationship between respondents media access and information exposure and their knowledge, attitude, and practices on dengue prevention and control, and; 6. Compare respondents media access, exposure to information, and their knowledge, attitude and practice of their dengue prevention and control measures.

Scope and Limitation of the Study This study focused on the media access, information needs and KAP on dengue prevention and control among rural and urban mothers. Results of this study would only be applicable to the rural residents of Albuera, Leyte and the urban residents of Ormoc City. The interview was limited to 100 respondents only.

Time and Place of the Study This study was conducted in Barangay Linao, Ormoc City and Barangay Seguinon, Albuera, Leyte. These study sites were chosen because of the prevalence of dengue in both locations and their accessibility. Ormoc City is an urban area while Albuera, Leyte is rural. This study was conducted on February 6 to 18, 2009.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The Dengue Disease Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease of humans that in recent years has become a major international public health concern. Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semiurban areas (WHO, 2008). Considering this, dengue prevention and control have been given due attention by authorities. In the Philippines, for instance, the Department of Health has established a Dengue Control Program. This is in response to the record high of 35,000 dengue cases in 2006. Crucial to this is the Four OClock Habit, a continuous and concerted effort to eliminate the breeding places of Aedes aegypti: people across the country are encouraged to clean their surroundings and drain water at 4 pm every day (Eurosurveillance, 2007). The priorities of public health planners are often at variance with the community's own environmental sanitation priorities and perspectives. Public opinion about individual, collective, and governmental responsibilities in addressing these issues and priorities is of particular importance when designing community-based programs (Rosenbaum, et. al, 1995). According to Robertson (1971), for attitudinal change to occur, it is necessary to know what type of attitude the individual holds first. This implies, according to him, gaining some insights into the needs or functions that attitudes serve. In a study conducted in Trinidad and Tobago on the knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding dengue and its prevention and control among the residents, a high level of awareness about dengue and its etiology was evident. But there was a poor

understanding of the symptoms. Hence, there was generally little concern about the health risks associated with it. The study gave a clear indication of the need for broad-based environmental sanitation strategies when planning community-based vector control initiatives for the prevention and control of dengue in Trinidad and Tobago (Rosenbaum, et. al, 1995).

Information Needs Assessment Knowledge gives people the capability to do things and take advantage of opportunities for change and development (Severin & Tankard, 2001). In

communication, KAP is given due consideration as these data guide the development of strategies to disseminate the information effectively (e.g., Paisley, 1008). Adhikarya and Posamentier (1987) explained clearly the value of determining KAP before designing a communication intervention. According to them, to plan an effective communication campaign strategy, baseline data of the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the intended audiences should first be looked into. This is clearly supported by the audience analysis by Escalada, et al (2006) on Vietnam rice farmers knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding environmental issues/problems that result in wrong farming practices. The study showed that although majority of the farmers are aware of the environmental issues many still exhibited knowledge gaps. These knowledge gaps became a basis for the improvement of the environmental radio soap opera in Vietnam. In Bangladesh, Adhikarya and Posamentier (1987) attribute the success in addressing the rodent problem of farmers to utilization of baseline data surveys and information needs assessment. These studies were conducted and the results were used as

inputs for campaign planning and strategy development, message design, development and pretesting, media-mix selection and evaluation.

Socio-demographic Characteristics and KAP Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) survey can be utilized to analyze which specific elements of the technology package are not known to the target beneficiaries (Adhikarya, 1994). KAP survey also measures the effectiveness of communication approaches in bringing about some changes in the life of the people who are supposed to benefit from introduced innovations. In the process of determining the effects, there are other elements or factors which have to be looked into, such as the socio-demographic characteristics. Many studies have shown a direct relationship between age and attitude. An example is the study of Virtudazo (1997) and Balaba (2000). Virtudazo (1997) found that older farmers had high perception and positive attitude towards iodized salt. In the area of forest conservation, Balaba (2000) found that older people tend to have positive attitude towards forest conservation especially the stopping of kaingin practice. In cancer prevention, Pesquera (2001) also found that age was significantly related to respondents practice of cancer preventive measures. That is, middle-aged women were the ones who practiced breast self-examination. As regards to educational attainment, Soliveres (2000) observed that only educational attainment was significantly related to the respondents attitude towards coconut-based farming system. Those with very low educational attainment had negative attitude towards coconut-based farming system, while relatively higher educational

attainment had positive attitude towards it. On abaca, Pala (1995) found that in the use of recommended varieties and planting method, respondents who had an elementary education tended to practice more. With regard to the type of community, the studies of Panilag (2003) and Udtuhan (2004) did not show much difference between rural and urban residents in terms of media access and KAP levels. More specifically, Panilag (2003) found out that in Ormoc City (an urban area), food consumers socio-demographic characteristics were not significantly related to their perceptions of genetically modified (GM) foods. The respondents were highly exposed to broadcast media, but many were not exposed to information regarding GM foods. Only their exposure to printed materials, internet, and group media like seminars were related to their exposure to information on GM foods. Those who were exposed had positive perceptions of GM foods. Udtuhan (2004) also found that rural residents in Julita and Palo, Leyte were highly exposed to media sources. However, they had little exposure on information regarding Schistosomiasis. Although they had low knowledge and practice level regarding Schistosomiasis preventive measures, they have positive attitude towards these practices.

CHAPTER III THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Albert Banduras Social Cognitive Theory (1977) explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral and environmental influences. Bandura describes humans as dynamic, information processing, problem solving, and above all, social organisms (Hergenhahn & Olson, 1997). In this theory, he recognizes that human beings are capable of cognition or thinking and that they can benefit from observation and experience (Severin & Tankard, 2001). However, learning could be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effect of their own actions to inform them what to do. Thus, from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action (Bandura, 1977). Banduras social cognitive theory also points out that human learning takes place through watching other people model various behaviors (Severin & Tankard, 2001). In his theory a model could be anything that conveys information, such as a person, film, television, picture, or instructions (Hergenhahn & Olson, 1997). Thus, his environment influences a persons perception, knowledge, attitude and practice. Four sub processes govern observational learning: attention, retention, production and motivation. The attention sub process is influenced both by characteristics of the modeled activities such as functional value, uniqueness, and complexity and by characteristics of the models, such as similarity to the viewer, physical attractiveness, and other personal qualities. Memory formation, as described by the retention sub process, is

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the next important step in the learning process. People retain complex information only if they are able to organize it into easily remembered forms. Retention is in part a function of the modeled event and in part a function of the observers, information processing strategies. Modeling that divides complex behavior into its component parts facilitates the processing, organization, and retention of the information. Observers who actively process modeled information into either verbal representations or vivid visual images retain more information than observers who fail to engage in active processing. Cognitive or behavioral rehearsal of modeled information further enhances its retention and promotes ability to reproduce the behavior (Maibach & Flora, 1993).

Radio

Television

INDIVIDUAL

Influence on the Individuals Cognition and Behavior

Printed Materials

Contact with Health Workers

Figure 1. Theorized relationship among variables of Albert Banduras Social Cognitive Theory

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This research addressed the relationship between media access and information needs on dengue prevention and control among rural and urban mothers. Data on mothers risk perception, knowledge, attitude and practice of dengue prevention and treatment was gathered and analyzed. It was hypothesized that the respondents information needs on dengue prevention and treatment as indicated by their KAP levels, will be influenced by their background characteristics and communication environment. The background characteristics considered in this study were age, educational attainment and location. The communication environment pertains to respondents access and exposure to radio, television, printed materials, and contact with health workers. The conceptualized relationships among the variables in this study are shown in Figure 2.

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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Background Characteristics 1. Age 2. Educational Attainment 3. Type of community Media Access and Exposure to Information on Dengue Prevention and Control 1. Radio listenership 2. TV viewership 3. Print readership 4. Contact with health workers KAP on Dengue Prevention and Control

Figure 2. Conceptualized relationship between independent and dependent variables

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Statement of Hypotheses The hypotheses tested were: 1. There is no relationship between respondents socio-demographic characteristics and their knowledge, attitude, and practice of dengue prevention and control measures. 2. There is no relationship between respondents media access and exposure and knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue prevention and control measures. 3. There is no relationship between respondents information exposure and their knowledge, attitude and practice of dengue prevention and control measures. 4. There are no differences between rural and urban mothers media access and information exposure, and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices on dengue prevention and control measures.

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OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS The terms used in this study were operationally defined as follows: 1. Knowledge referred to knowledge on dengue retained, known and understood by the respondents. This was determined through the respondents answer to 6 knowledge questions. Every correct answer was given a score of 1. Based on their scores, respondents were classified as having high (23 and above), average (17-22 points) and low (11-16 points) knowledge of dengue prevention and control. 2. Attitude towards dengue prevention and control referred to respondents responses to a set of attitude statements regarding dengue prevention and control. Responses could be strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree and undecided. This variable was measured using a Likert-type scale with the following equivalents: 5 for strongly agree, 4 for agree, 3 for no opinions, 2 for disagree, and 1 for strongly disagree. The scores were reversed for negative statements. The highest possible score a respondent could get was 40. The respondents attitude scores were categorized as positive (21-40), neutral (20), and negative (19 and below). Their answers were categorized into high (23 and above), moderate (17-22), and low (11-16 points). 3. Practice referred to the respondents application of the preventive measures and treatment of dengue. This was measured by the respondents answers to practice questions. The identified practice statements was given 1 point each and the answers were categorized as follows: high (6-10 points) and low (1-5 points)

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4. Information needs referred to information gaps between the information on dengue prevention and control that the respondents should know and their current knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue prevention and treatment. Information needs was categorized as knowledge, attitude and practice gaps. 5. Background characteristics referred to the background profile of the

respondents. These include the following: 5.1 Age referred to the respondents age on their last birthday at the time of the study. Using NEDAs age classification, the respondents was categorized as follows: Young 21 years old and below Middle aged 22-45 years old Old 46-64 years Senior citizen 65 years old and above 5.2 Educational attainment referred to the respondents number of years of schooling. Respondents educational attainment was classified as elementary, high school, and college. 6. Media access referred to the respondents perceived degree of access to information sources. These sources included radio, TV, printed materials and interpersonal sources. This was categorized as follows: Highly accessible Moderately accessible Poorly accessible Inaccessible

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7. Media exposure referred to the extent to which the respondents are exposed to communication media. This variable was measured using the media exposure indices. This covered the following variables: 7.1 Radio listenership referred to the respondents exposure to radio carrying health information especially dengue. This was measured in terms of duration and categorized as follows: Low for those who listen an hour or less a day Moderate for those who listen more than an hour to 4 hours a day High for those who listen more than 4 hours to 10 hours a day 7.2 TV viewership referred to the respondents exposure to TV carrying health information especially dengue, which was measured in terms of duration and was categorized as follows: Low for those who watch an hour or less a day Moderate for those who watch more than an hour to 4 hours a day High for those who watch more than 4 hours to 10 hours a day 7.3 Print readership referred to the respondents exposure to printed materials. This was measured in terms of duration and was categorized as follows: Low for those who read a an hour or less day Moderate for those who read more than an hour to 4 hours a day High for those who read a more than 4 hours to 10 hours day 7.4 Contact with health workers referred to the respondents frequency of contact with health workers to get information on dengue.

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CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY Location of the study This study was conducted in two areas in Leyte - Ormoc City and Albuera, Leyte. These places were chosen as study sites in order to establish a basis for comparison Ormoc City as an urban area and Albuera, Leyte as a rural area. Specific barangays were determined upon consultation with the City Health Unit in Ormoc and the Rural Health Unit in Albuera. Basis for choosing the barangays was the occurrence of dengue cases. These research areas were accessible to all means of transportation.

Research Design and Sampling Procedure This study followed the one-shot survey research design. A total of 100 mothers were chosen through random sampling procedure 50 from Albuera, Leyte and another 50 from Ormoc City. Names were obtained from the barangay secretary of the chosen site or municipality. Their names were written on pieces of paper which were then placed in a box and were drawn randomly.

Data Gathering Instrument Data were gathered through the use of a pretested translated interview schedule. The interview schedules were divided into five (5) parts. Part I consisted of the socio-

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demographic characteristics of the respondents. Part II consisted of questions related to respondents media access and exposure. Part III dealt with knowledge questions on dengue prevention and treatment. Part IV covered the attitude statements towards dengue and Part V focused on the practice of dengue prevention and control.

Data Gathering Procedure A barangay health worker was tapped to help in locating the houses and identify the respondents. The interview schedule was administered by an interviewer and another person jotted down the responses of the interviewee. A focus group discussion (FGD) was also done in the selected sites. Some of the participants were the respondents of the study. The FGD was conducted to complement the results of the individual interview.

Translation and Pretesting Prior to data gathering, the draft questionnaire was translated to Cebuano, the dialect understood by the residents of Albuera, Leyte and Ormoc City. It was pretested among women with similar characteristics as the final survey respondents. The results served as guide for necessary modifications of the interview schedule.

Data Processing and Analysis Data were encoded into the computer using the spreadsheet program, Microsoft Excel, and was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13.0.

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Data gathered in the survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as ranks, percentages, frequency counts, means and totals. In addition, the relationships between rural and urban mothers communication environment, background

characteristics and their knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue prevention and control were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests such as the independent sample ttest and the Pearson product-moment correlation. The data requirements matrix in Appendix A showed the analytical tools used in this study.

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CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The survey involved 100 mothers as respondents 50 from a rural area and 50 from an urban area. They were identified randomly from a barangay of each of the study site. Upon inquiry with the City Health Office of Ormoc regarding the barangay with the highest prevalence of dengue, Barangay Linao, was chosen the study site for the urban respondents. Likewise, the Rural Health Unit of Albuera, Leyte identified Barangay Seguinon as a suitable study site for the rural respondents. Some of the respondents had experiences with family members having dengue fever, others have not.

Locale of the Study Barangay Seguinon, Albuera, Leyte is a rural coastal barangay situated north of the town proper. It has boundaries adjacent to barangay Talisayan on the south, barangay Benolho on the north, barangay Dona Maria on the East and the Camotes Sea on the west. Most of its inhabitants have a source of livelihood in farming and fishing. Some of the inhabitants are working in the government and the private sector. It also has

numerous beach resorts near the coast which contribute to the barangays revenue. Barangay Linao, Ormoc City is an urban barangay situated north of the city proper. It is one of the highest in Ormoc in terms of population and land area. Some of the respondents earn their living by fishing on the Ormoc Bay. Other respondents have occupations such as construction workers in construction firms like the Mac Builders

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which is situated in the barangay. Some work in the government and private sectors. Another private corporation situated in the barangay is the Petron Refilling Station.

Figure 3. Location map of the study sites ( Brgy. Linao, Ormoc City and Brgy. Seguinon, Albuera, Leyte)

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Respondents Socio-Demographic Characteristics Age. A little more than three-fifths (62%) of the rural respondents were middle aged (22-45 years old). A little less than one-third (32 %) were old (46-64 years old), and a few (4%) belonged to the young age bracket (21 years old and below). Only 2 percent belonged to the senior citizen. Among the urban respondents, the majority (84%) belonged to the middle aged group while the young and old constituted 8 percent, respectively (Table 1). Educational Attainment. Exactly two-fifths (40%) of the rural respondents had elementary education and a little less than two-fifths (38%) reached high school. Slightly more than one-fifth (22%) had a college education or graduated from college. A little more than two-fifths (44.9%) of the urban respondents went to high school and slightly less than one-third (32.7%) have graduated or reached college. A little more than onefifth (22.4%) of the urban respondents had elementary education (Table 1).

Table 1. Respondents socio-demographic characteristics Rural Percent 4 62 32 2 100 Urban Percent 8 84 8 0 100

Variable Age of respondents Young Middle aged Old Senior citizen TOTAL Educational attainment Elementary

No. 2 31 16 1 50

No. 4 42 4 0 50

20

40

11

22.4

23

High School College TOTAL

19 11 50

38 22 100

22 16 49

44.9 32.7 100

Respondents Access to Information Sources Exposure to television. A little more than four-fifths (82%) of the rural mothers watched television while less than one one-fifth (18%) did not watch TV. Out of those who did not watch TV, the majority (88.9%) of the rural respondents answered that they were busy doing other chores while others (11.1%) said that watching TV gave them nausea. Among the urban respondents, almost all (94%) watched TV. Only 6 percent did not watch TV (Table 2). TV viewership. A big number (92.7%) of the rural respondents owned their TV sets. Only a few watched from their neighbors (4.9%) and friends (2.4%) TV set. Among urban respondents, the majority (85.1%) also owned their TV sets. More than one-tenth (12.8%) watched from their neighbors and a few (2.1%) watched from their relatives. Frequency of TV viewing. All (100%) of the rural respondents watched TV daily. The majority (89.8%) of the urban respondents watched TV daily while less than one-tenth (4.1%) watched twice a week and seldom, respectively (Table 2). Hours of TV watching. More than three-fifths (65.9%) of the rural mothers had low (1-6 hours) hours of TV viewing, slightly more than one-fourth (26.8%) had moderate (7-13 hours) and less than one-tenth (7.3%) had high (14-20 hours) TV viewing duration. Among urban respondents, the majority (83 %) had low TV viewing hours and less than one-fifth (17%) had moderate TV viewing (Table 2).

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Table 2. Respondents access and exposure to TV Rural Percent 82 18 100 Urban Percent 94 6 100

TV viewership Watch TV Yes No TOTAL Reasons for not watching TV busy doing other chores I don't like watching TV It gives me nausea I have no TV TOTAL Whose TV set is used Personal From neighbors From friends From relatives TOTAL Frequency of watching Daily Twice a week Once a week seldom TOTAL Hours of TV viewing Low (1-6) hrs Moderate (7-13) hrs High (14-20) hrs TOTAL

No. 41 9 50

No. 47 3 50

8 0 1 0 9

88.9 0.0 11.1 0 100

1 1 0 1 3

33.3 33.3 0.0 33.3 100

38 2 1 0 41 41 0 0 0 41 27 11 3 41

92.7 4.9 2.4 0 100 100 0 0 0 100 65.9 26.8 7.3 100

40 6 0 1 47 44 2 1 2 49 39 8 0 47

85.1 12.8 0 2.1 100 89.8 4.1 2.0 4.1 100 83.0 17.0 0 100

Exposure to radio. Three-fifths (60%) of the rural respondents listened to the radio while the other two-fifths (40%) did not. Of those rural respondents who did not 25

listen, three-fourths (75%) said that they were busy and 25 percent had no radio. More than two-thirds (68%) of the urban respondents listened to the radio and the remaining 32 percent did not. Less than two-thirds (62.5%) of those who did not listen had no radio sets and the remaining 37.5 percent answered that they were busy doing other chores (Table 3). Radio listenership. Slightly less than three-fourths (73.5%) of rural respondents had their own radio sets while less than one-fourth (23.5%) listened to radio from neighbors. Only one respondent listened through her friends radio. Among urban respondents, the majority (76.5%) had their own radio sets, slightly more than one-fifth (20.6%) listened from neighbors, and only one listened from her friends radio sets (Table 3). Frequency of radio listening. More than half (54.5%) of the rural respondents listened to radio every day, more than one-fifth (22.7%) seldom listened to radio, and more than one-tenth (13.6%) listened twice a week. Less than one-third (32.4%) of

urban respondents listened to the radio daily, while a little less than one-half (47.1%) seldom listened to radio. Six respondents listened twice a week and another listened only once a week. Hours of listening to radio. More than half (58.3%) of the rural respondents listened to radio from 1 to 4 hours, slightly more than one-fifth (20.8%) tuned in for 5 to 8 hours and another 20.8 percent listened from 9 to 12 hours. The majority (85.3%) of urban respondents reported a lower listening duration. Three urban respondents had moderate, and two had high listening hours (Table 3).

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Table 3. Respondents access and exposure to radio Rural Percent 60 40 100 75 25 100 73.5 23.5 2.9 100 Urban No. Percent 34 16 50 6 10 16 26 7 1 34 68 32 100 37.5 62.5 100 76.5 20.6 2.9 100

Radio Listenership Listen to the radio Yes No TOTAL Reasons for not listening Busy doing other chores I have no radio TOTAL Whose radio was listened to Personal From neighbors From friends TOTAL Frequency of radio listening Daily Twice a week Once a week Seldom TOTAL Hours of listening to radio 1-4 5-8 9-12 TOTAL

No. 30 20 50 15 5 20 25 8 1 34

12 3 2 5 22 14 5 5 24

54.5 13.6 9.1 22.7 100 58.3 20.8 20.8 100

11 6 1 16 34 29 3 2 34

32.4 17.6 2.9 47.1 100 85.3 8.8 5.9 100

Exposure to printed materials. Three-fifths of the rural respondents (60%) read printed materials while the other two-fifths (40%) did not. Of those who did not read, almost half (45%) said that they could not buy printed materials. One-third (30%) said that they were busy doing other chores, one-fifth (20%) admitted that they could not read, and 5 percent had poor vision. Among urban respondents, more than three-fourths (77%)

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read printed materials while the remainder (22.4%) did not. Of those who did not read, more than half (54.5%) said that they were busy doing other chores, more than one-fourth (27.3%) could not buy printed materials while less than one-fifth (18.2%) could not read (Table 4). Print Readership. The majority (83.3%) of rural respondents had their own print materials to read, more than one-tenth (13.3%) read their neighbors materials, while 3 percent read their friends printed materials. Among urban respondents, the majority (86.8%) had their printed materials to read, one-tenth (10.5%) read their neighbors, and only one respondent read their friends printed materials (Table 4). Frequency of reading. Close to two-thirds (63.3%) of rural respondents seldom read printed materials. Less than one-third (30%) answered that they only read if they happened to have one, one respondent read twice a week, and another read once a week. Less than one-third (28.1%) of urban respondents read print materials daily, more than one-third (34.4%) read once a week, more than one-tenth (12.5%) read twice a week, and one-fourth (25%) seldom read (Table 4). Hours of reading. All rural respondents read print materials from 1 to 6 hours. Likewise, almost all (97%) of urban respondents spent 1 to 6 hours reading, and only 3 percent read from 7 to 13 hours (Table 4). Exposure to health workers. Less than two-thirds (64%) of rural respondents had no contact with health workers or medical practitioners regarding information on dengue, while the remaining 36 percent had encountered a health worker who gave information on dengue. In the case of urban respondents, less than two-thirds (62.5%) of

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the respondents had encountered health workers who gave information on dengue. Less than two-fifths (37.5%) of urban mothers have not encountered a health worker. Table 4. Respondents access and exposure to printed materials Rural Percent 60 40 100 Urban No. Percent 38 11 49 77.6 22.4 100

Print Media Readership Read printed materials Yes No TOTAL Reason for not reading printed materials Busy doing other chores Can't buy printed materials Can't read Poor vision TOTAL Place where print materials were read Personal From neighbors From friends TOTAL Frequency of reading print materials Daily Twice a week Once a week Seldom If I happen to have one TOTAL Hours of reading printed materials per day 1-6 7-13 TOTAL

No. 30 20 50

6 9 4 1 20

30 45 20 5 100

6 3 2 0 11

54.5 27.3 18.2 0 100

25 4 1 30 0 1 1 19 9 30

83.3 13.3 3.3 100 0 3.3 3.3 63.3 30 100

33 4 1 38 9 4 11 8 0 32

86.8 10.5 2.6 100 28.1 12.5 34.4 25 0 100

9 0 9

100 0 100

32 1 33

97.0 3.0 100

29

The majority (82.6%) of rural respondents did not purposely approach a health worker or medical practitioner to ask for information on dengue while only 17.4 percent of respondents approached a health worker. Half (50%) of those who approached did so because their family members were diagnosed with dengue. One-fourth (25%) wanted to know the right thing to do, and another one-fourth (25%) wanted to enrich their knowledge. Likewise, nearly three-fourths (74.5%) of urban respondents did not purposely seek a health worker or medical practitioner to solicit information on dengue. Slightly more than one-fourth (25.5%) approached a health worker. More than two-fifths (45%) approached a health worker in order to know the right thing to do. Another 45 percent wanted to extend their knowledge on dengue, and less than 10 percent approached one because their family member had dengue fever. Frequency of contact with health worker. Slightly more than two-fifths (40.9%) of rural respondents consulted health workers or medical practitioners only when they needed it, less than one-third (29.5%) had not consulted one. Less than one fifth (15.9%) seldom consulted a medical practitioner, others consulted weekly (2.3%), monthly (9.1%), and during emergency (2.3%). Among urban respondents, more than half (51%) only consulted medical practitioners if they needed it, while more than onetenths (14.3%) seldom consulted. Others consulted monthly (12.2%), weekly (6.1%), daily (2%), once (8.2%) and none (2%), Table 5.

30

Table 5. Respondents contact with health workers and medical practitioners Rural Contact w/ Interpersonal Sources No. Percent No. Urban Percent

Contact with health workers and medical practitioners regarding dengue Yes 18 No 32 TOTAL 50 Approached health workers to ask for info on dengue Yes No TOTAL Reasons for approaching health workers To know the right thing to do Because my relatives had been been diagnosed with dengue For further knowledge TOTAL Frequency of consulting w/ a health worker Daily Weekly Monthly Other 2 4 2 8

36 64 100

30 18 48

62.5 37.5 100

8 38 46

17.4 82.6 100

12 35 47

25.5 74.5 100

25 50 25 100

5 1 5 11

45.5 9.1 45.5 100

0 1 4 39

0 2.3 9.1 86

1 3 6 39

2.0 6.1 12.2 79.6

Respondents Information Exposure on Dengue Prevention and Control Exposure to Information. The majority (84%) of rural respondents were exposed to information regarding dengue prevention and control while others (16%) were not. Likewise, urban respondents were exposed to information on dengue (88%) and only more than one-tenths (12%) were not (Table 6).

31

Sources of information. More than three-fourths (78.6%) of rural respondents got information regarding dengue prevention and control from TV, followed by radio (16.7%), seminars (9.5%), others who had the disease (7.1%), newspaper (2.4%), and posters (2.4%). Likewise, urban respondents got information on dengue mainly from TV (93.2%), 20.5 percent from radio and newspaper respectively, seminars (13.6%), magazine (9.1%), and from those who encountered the disease (Table 6). Information on dengue received. Regarding the specific information on dengue that respondents received, less than half (41.9%) reported that they have obtained information on the symptoms of dengue followed by the need to clean their surroundings (37.2%), that dengue is dangerous (23.3%), and the need to avoid stagnant water (16.3%). Among urban respondents, less than two-thirds (63.6%) answered cleaning the surroundings, followed by dengue is dangerous (38.6%), symptoms of dengue (29.5%), and avoid having stagnant water (20.5%), Table 6.

Respondents Knowledge on Dengue and its Prevention and Control Understanding of dengue disease. When asked about their understanding of dengue, the respondents top answer was that it is a disease transmitted through a mosquito bite (23.2%). This was followed by dengue-carrying mosquitoes live in discarded tires, flower pots, and empty cans close to human dwelling (15.8%) and dengue may cause death but is curable (15.5%). Other answers were: dengue is a severe flu-like illness caused by a virus (12.0%), dengue-carrying mosquitoes bite during day time (11.5%), dengue fever is an acute febrile infection characterized by sudden onset of fever for 3-5 days (7.4%), dengue is diagnosed through blood test (7.2%), it leads to dengue hemorrhage fever and death (2.6%), infection with one virus does not protect a person

32

against infection with another (2.6%), dengue and dengue hemorrhage are caused by any of the dengue family of viruses (1.4%), and dengue viruses occur in most tropical areas of the world (0.9%). Table 7 shows respondents knowledge of dengue. Table 6. Respondents exposure to information on dengue Rural Percent Urban Percent

Exposure to information Exposed to information about dengue prevention and control Yes No Sources of information on dengue prevention and control* Radio TV Newspaper Magazine Posters Seminars Others who encounter What information on dengue received* Clean the surroundings Throw the garbage properly Dengue is dangerous Empty the cans with water Symptoms of dengue Keep the containers covered Avoid having stagnant water The 4:00 o'clock habit Be alert *Multiple response

No.

No.

42 8

84 16

44 6

88 12

7 33 1 0 1 4 3

16.7 78.6 2.4 0 2.4 9.5 7.1

9 41 9 4 0 6 2

20.5 93.2 20.5 9.1 0 13.6 4.5

16 1 10 4 18 4 7 1 7

37.2 2.3 23.3 4.6 41.9 9.3 16.3 2.3 8.0

28 1 17 0 13 2 9 0 6

63.6 2.3 38.6 0 29.5 4.5 20.5 0 6.9

33

Known dengue prevention measures. The dengue preventive measure mostly known by respondents was to eliminate stagnant waters (26.2%). It was followed by disposing solid waste properly (20.8%), burning dried leaves every afternoon (20.4%), covering opened water containers (19.5%), and staying in air-conditioned house or those with screen (13%), Table 7. Symptoms of dengue. The most widely known symptom of dengue is high fever (46.3%), followed by having rashes (16.4%) and vomiting (10.4%). Other known symptoms were severe headache (8.5%), muscle and joint pain (8.5%), nausea (4%), loss of appetite (3.5%), and pain behind the eyes (2.5%). Table 7 shows respondents knowledge of dengue. Treatment of dengue. Less than half (43.6%) of the respondents did not know any treatment for dengue. However, more than one-fourth (26.9%) answered that dengue can be treated with bed rest and drinking plenty of water. More than one-tenth (14.1%) of the answers was that patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) should have blood transfusions to control bleeding. Slightly more than one-tenth (10.3%) of the answers were DHF is treated by replacing lost fluids through dextrose (Table 7). Table 7. Respondents knowledge on dengue

Variables Respondents' understanding about dengue fever* (N= 349)

A severe flu-like illness caused by a virus Disease that may cause death but curable It leads to dengue hemorrhagic fever and death

Frequency

Percent

42 54 9

12.0 15.5 2.6

34

Table 7. Continued Variables

A disease transmitted by a mosquito bite It is diagnosed only by blood test Infection with one virus does not avoid infection by another Dengue fever is caused by any Of the strains of dengue viruses Dengue carrying mosquito bite during daylight Dengue viruses occur in tropical areas Dengue mosquitoes live on discarded tires, containers, etc. Dengue fever is an acute febrile infection

Frequency 81 25 9 5 40 3 55 26

Percentage 23.2 7.2 2.6 1.4 11.5 0.9 15.8 7.4

TOTAL Done to prevent dengue fever* (N= 221) Fogging every afternoon or use mosquito Stay in air conditioned or screened area Dispose solid waste properly Eliminate stagnant water Cover containers TOTAL Known symptoms of dengue fever* (N= 201) High fever Rashes Severe headache Pain behind the eyes Muscle and joint pains Nausea Vomiting Loss of appetite TOTAL How can dengue be treated?* (N= 78) Rest and drink plenty of water Patient should be kept away from mosquitoes to avoid transmitting the disease Patients with DHF should have blood

45 29 46 58 43

20.4 13.1 20.8 26.2 19.5

93 33 17 5 17 8 21 7

46.3 16.4 8.5 2.5 8.5 4.0 10.4 3.5

21

26.9

1.3

35

Table 7. Continued transfusions to control bleeding Hemorrhagic fever is treated by replacing lost fluids Go to the traditional healer I don't know TOTAL *Multiple response The study also determined the knowledge level of rural and urban mothers regarding dengue and its prevention and control. In the questionnaire, the respondents were given six knowledge questions on dengue. The highest possible knowledge score was 28 points. Based on their scores, the respondents were categorized as having low 11 8 3 34 14.1 10.3 3.8 43.6

(1-9 points), average (10-18 points), and high (19 and above) knowledge. Table 8 shows that both rural and urban respondents have low knowledge on dengue prevention and control. More than two-thirds each of rural (68%) and urban (66%) respondents exhibited low knowledge. There were more rural respondents who had relatively higher knowledge (6%) than urban respondents (4%) regarding dengue prevention and control as shown in Table 8. However, the difference between urban and rural respondents knowledge on dengue prevention is slight. Table 8. Respondents knowledge level on dengue prevention and control Rural Percent 68 26 6 100.0 Urban Percent 66 30 4 100.0

Respondents knowledge on dengue No. Low (1-9) Average (10-18) High (19 and above) TOTAL 34 13 3 50

No. 33 15 2 50

Attitude Towards Dengue Prevention and Control 36

The study tried to determine respondents degree of agreement and disagreement to attitudinal statements using the 5-point Likert scale namely, strongly agree 5; agree 4; no opinion 3; disagree 2; and strongly disagree 1. The highest possible score that respondents could get was 40. Based on their scores, respondents were classified as having positive (21 and above), neutral (20), and negative attitude (19 and below). Generally, all urban and rural respondents exhibited positive attitude towards dengue prevention and control as shown in Table 9. Table 9. Respondents attitude level on dengue prevention and control Rural Percent 0 0 100 100 Urban Percent 0 0 100 100

Respondents' Attitude Levels Negative (1-19) Neutral (20) Positive (21-40) TOTAL

No. 0 0 50 50

No. 0 0 50 50

More than two-thirds (68%) and more than one-half (56%) of urban respondents agreed that dengue prevention measures were easy to follow. One-fifth (20%) of rural respondents strongly agreed that dengue prevention measures are were to follow and more than one-fourth (28%) of urban respondents agreed that dengue prevention measures were easy to follow (Figure 4). Exactly half (50%) of urban respondents and a little less than half (44%) of their rural counterparts strongly disagreed that dengue prevention gives no benefit to ones health and wellness. Less than one half (42%) of rural and urban (44%) respondents also disagreed with the notion that prevention gives no benefit to ones health and wellness. A

37

little more than one-tenth (14%) of rural respondents had no opinion on the statement (Figure 5). Almost all (90%) of rural respondents and more than half (58%) of urban respondents agreed with the statement that dengue prevention helps avoid expenses that may be incurred for treatment, while 6 percent of rural respondents strongly agreed. More than one-third (36%) of urban respondents strongly agreed with the statement (Figure 6). More than two-thirds (68%) of rural respondents agreed that dengue prevention and control measures help avoid study or work days for treatment and little more than one-fourth (26%) strongly agreed. Among urban respondents, more than half (56%) strongly agreed to the statement, while a little more than one-third (36%) agreed (Figure 7). More than half (56%) of urban respondents strongly disagreed to the statement that one will never get dengue because one is healthy, little less than one-fourth (24%) disagreed. Likewise, more than half (54%) of urban mothers strongly disagreed with the statement and more than one-third (36%) disagreed. Close to one-fifth (18%) of rural respondents and another 2 percent from urban areas however, had no opinion with the statement (Figure 8). Three-fifths each (60%) of rural and urban respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, I dont care if I get dengue. Two-fifths of rural respondents (40%) and slightly less than two-fifths (38%) of their counterparts disagreed with the statement (Figure 9). More than half (52%) of rural respondents disagreed and more than two-fifths (42%) strongly disagreed that there is nothing alarming about dengue and DHF.

38

Likewise, a little less than half (48%) of urban respondents disagreed and more than twofifths strongly disagreed with the statement (Figure 10). More than three-fifths (64%) of urban respondents strongly disagreed and a little more than one-third (34%) disagreed that limited knowledge about dengue prevention and control does not matter. More than half (56%) of rural respondents disagreed and close to two-fifths (34%) strongly disagreed with the statement (Figure 11).
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0 20 12 68

R ural 56

U rban

28 14

S trongly D is agree

D is agree

No O pinion

Agree

S trongly Agree

Figure 4. Responses to statement Dengue prevention measures are easy to follow.

60 50 40 30 20 10 2 14 2 50 44 42 44 R ural U rban

100 90 80 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

S trongly D is agree

D is agree

N o O pinion

A gree 9 0 S trongly A gree

Figure 5. Responses to statement Dengue awareness and prevention 70 gives no benefit to ones health and wellness.
56 36

R u ra l U rb a n

2 A g re e

6 S t ro n g ly A g re e

S t ro n g ly D is a g re e

D is a g re e

N o O p in io n

39

Figure 6. Responses to statements Dengue awareness and prevention helps avoid expenses that may be incurred for treatment.

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8 2 0 2 D is a g re e 2 0 A g re e S t ro n g ly A g re e 36 26 68 R u ra l 56 U rb a n

S t ro n g ly D is a g re e

N o O p in io n

Figure 7. Responses to statement Dengue awareness and prevention helps avoid lost work/study days for treatment.
60 50 R u ra l U rb a n 40 30 20 10 2 0 S t ro n g ly D is a g re e D is a g re e N o O p in io n A g re e 2 24 18 36 56

54

4 0

S t ro n g ly A g re e

40

Figure 8. Responses to statement I would never get dengue fever because I am healthy.

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 S t ro n gly D is a g re e D is ag re e 0 0 0 0 0 2 40 38 60 60 R u ra l U rb an

N o O p in io n

A g ree

S tron g ly A gree

Figure 9. Responses to statement I dont care if I get dengue fever.

60 52 50 42 40 30 20 10 2 0 S tr o n g ly D is a g r e e D is a g r e e No O p in io n Ag ree 46 48
R u ra l U rb a n

41

S tr o n g ly A g r e e

Figure 10. Responses to statement Theres nothing alarming about dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever.

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 38

64 56 R u ra l U rb an

34

4 S t ro n gly D is a g re e D is ag re e

N o O p in io n

A g ree

S tron g ly A gree

Figure 11. Responses to statement It doesnt matter if my knowledge about dengue is limited.

Respondents Practices of Dengue Prevention and Control

42

When asked what they usually did to avoid mosquito bites, more than two-fifths (42.5%) stated that they used insect repellants, followed by 41 percent who opted for sleeping under the mosquito net. Six percent of the respondents answered wearing pajamas and long sleeves, using electric fan (4.2%), keeping the surroundings clean (4.2%), and doing nothing (2.4%), (Table 10). Most dengue prevention practices involved using mosquito repellants (23.7%), followed by sleeping under the mosquito net (21.3%), and disposing solid waste properly (19.8%). A little less than one-fifth (19.1%) of the respondents reported that by staying in air conditioned or screened areas, they can avoid mosquito bites. More than one-tenth of the responses (15.8%) included eliminating stagnant water and the remaining 0.3 percent pointed to covering empty containers (Table 10). When someone in the family got sick, more than half (53.8%) of the respondents gave them medication and let them rest, followed by consulting the physician (34.8%), and applying traditional herbal treatment (11.4%), (Table 10).

Table 10. Respondents practices of dengue prevention and control

Variables Action taken to avoid being bit by mosquitoes* (N=168) Use insect repellant Sleep under mosquito net Nothing Use electric fan Keep the surrounding clean Wear pajamas or long sleeves * Multiple response Dengue prevention practices* (N= 329)

Frequency 71 69 4 7 7 10

Percent 42.3 41.1 2.4 4.2 4.2 6.0

43

Use mosquito repellants Stay in air conditioned or screened areas Use mosquito net Dispose solid waste properly Eliminate stagnant water Cover containers Done when someone in the family is sick*(N= 142) Give him/her medication & rest Consult physician Apply traditional treatment *Multiple response

78 63 70 65 52 1

23.7 19.1 21.3 19.8 15.8 0.3

71 46 15

53.8 34.8 11.4

Respondents level of practice was determined by summing up respondents practice scores. The highest possible score was 10. Respondents with scores of 6 and above were classified as having high practice level, while those with scores of 5 and below were considered as having low practice. Results in Figure 12 show that more than three-fourths (76%) of the rural respondents had high practice level while a little less than one-fourths (24%) had low practice level. On the other hand, more than half (60%) of urban respondents had low practice levels with just two-fifths (40%) having high practice levels. This suggests that rural respondents have relatively higher practice levels on dengue prevention and control than urban respondents.
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 24 40 60 76

Rural Urban

44

Low

High

Figure 12. Practice levels of dengue prevention and control

Relationships of Variables Socio Demographic Characteristics and KAP on Dengue Prevention and Control The Pearson product-moment correlation was used to test the relationship between respondents age and educational attainment and their knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue prevention and control. Table 11 shows that while the correlation coefficient was negative, the relationship between age and attitude was highly significant (r=-.208, p<0.01). The strength of association is also weak. This negative correlation suggests that age influenced the respondents attitude towards dengue prevention in a reverse direction. This means that the older the respondents the less predisposed they were towards dengue prevention and control. On the other hand, age and knowledge (r=.045, p>.01) were not significantly related. This means that knowledge on dengue prevention and control were not

45

influenced by the mothers ages. Likewise, age and practice were not also significantly related (r=.178, p>.01). This means that practices on dengue prevention and control were not influenced by the mothers ages. Results in Table 12 reveal that respondents educational attainment had highly significant relationship with their knowledge (r=.321, p<0.01), with a moderate strength of association. Hence, the hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between respondents socio-demographic characteristics and KAP on dengue prevention and control is rejected. The positive correlation means that the higher the educational attainment of respondents, the higher their knowledge level on dengue prevention and control would be. On the other hand, respondents education was not significantly related to their attitude (r=.153, p<0.01) and practice (r=.016, p<0.01) on dengue prevention and control. Table 11. Relationship between respondents age and knowledge, attitude, and practices on dengue prevention and control Variables Age and Knowledge Age and Attitude Age and Practice Pearson Correlation .045 -.208* .178 Sig. (2-Tailed) .659 .005 .077
Remarks

NS HS NS

NS-Not Significant; S-Significant; HS-Highly Significant

Table 12. Relationship between respondents educational attainment and knowledge, attitude, and practices on dengue prevention and control VARIABLES Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-Tailed)
Remarks

46

Education and Knowledge Education and Attitude Education and Practice

.321** .153 .016

.001 .130 .878

HS NS NS

NS-Not Significant; S-Significant; HS-Highly Significant Media Access to Information Sources and KAP The Pearson product-moment correlation was likewise used to determine the relationship between respondents access to broadcast media as well as interpersonal sources and knowledge, attitude, and practice on dengue prevention and control. Results (Table 16) show that access to broadcast media and information sources had a highly significant relationship to their knowledge on dengue prevention and control (r=.348, p<0.01), with a moderate strength of association. Hence, the hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between respondents access to broadcast media as well as interpersonal sources and KAP on dengue prevention and control is rejected. The positive correlation means that the more the respondents have access to broadcast media and interpersonal sources, the higher will be their knowledge level on dengue prevention and control. On the other hand, respondents media access was not significantly related to their attitude and practice on dengue prevention and control. This implies that respondents media access to broadcast media and information sources did not influence their attitude and practices on dengue prevention and control. Table 13. Relationship between respondents media access on information sources and knowledge, attitude, and practices on dengue prevention and control Variables Pearson Correlation Sig.
Remarks

47

(2-Tailed) Media access and Knowledge Media access and Attitude Media access and Practice .348** -.066 .007 .000 .516 .945 HS NS NS

NS-Not Significant, S-Significant, HS-Highly Significant

Exposure to information on dengue and KAP The Pearson product-moment correlation was calculated to determine the relationship between respondents exposure to information on dengue and knowledge, attitude, and practice on dengue prevention and control. Surprisingly, results in Table 14 show that there was no significant relationship between mothers exposure to information on dengue and their knowledge, attitude, and practice levels. Hence, the hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between respondents exposure to information on dengue and KAP on dengue prevention and control is accepted. This means that although the respondents were exposed to information on dengue, this did not influence their knowledge, attitude, and practice levels. Table 14. . Relationship between respondents information exposure on dengue and knowledge, attitude, and practices on dengue prevention and control VARIABLES Info exposure and Knowledge Info exposure and Attitude Info exposure and Practice NS=Not Significant Comparison of respondents media access, information exposure and KAP PEARSON CORRELATION .168 -.188 .047 SIG. (2-TAILED) .120 .081 .665
REMARKS

NS NS NS

48

Tables 19 and 20 present the differences between rural and urban respondents media access, information exposure, knowledge, attitude and use of dengue prevention and control. Media access on dengue prevention and control were highly significant (t=3.305, p<0.01) and significant (t=-2.713, p<.01) for information exposure. Results of the t-test showed no significant rural and urban differences in respondents knowledge, attitude and practice of dengue prevention and control. Table 20 further reveal that urban respondents had higher media access (M=2.9800, SD=.95810 and M=2.3800, SD=.85452, respectively) and information exposure (M=3.3409,SD=1.09848 and M=2.7209, SD=1.03108, respectively) than rural respondents. However, rural respondents had relatively higher knowledge (M=8.5400, SD=5.13972 and M=8.4400, SD=3.95980, respectively), attitude (M=27.7000, SD=1.70533 and M=27.5200, SD=2.00245, respectively), and practice levels (M=7.14, SD=1.641 and M=5.44, SD=1.897, respectively) than urban respondents.

Table 15. and Variable

Differences between rural and urban mothers media access, information exposure and knowledge, attitude, and practice on dengue prevention control t -3.305 -2.713 0.109 0.484 4.792 df 98 85 98 98 98 Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .008 .913 .630 .000

Media Access Info Exposure Knowledge Attitude Practice

**

p<.01 Highly significant; *p<.05 Significant

49

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Media Access
8.54 8.44

27.7 27.52

Rural

Urban

7.14 5.44 2.38 2.98 2.72 3.34

Information Exposure

Knowledge

Attitude

Practice

Figure 13. Group statistics of rural-urban mothers media access, information exposure and knowledge, attitude, and practice on dengue prevention and control

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

50

The researcher also conducted two focus group discussions (FGD) to gather indepth information and to probe if there was any difference in mothers media access, information exposure, and knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue prevention and control. The FGDs were conducted in barangay Seguinon, Albuera, Leyte, a rural area, and barangay Linao, Ormoc City, an urban area. The researcher requested the barangay secretaries of barangays Seguinon and Linao to pick out members of their community to serve as participants of the FGD. Each FGD had ten participants. Before the start of the discussion, the researcher introduced himself to the participants and briefed them on the purpose of the discussion. The researcher made it clear that the participants were free to air their opinions. He also emphasized that their answers would be taken as opinions such that there would be no wrong answers. FGD in Seguinon There were 10 participants in the FGD in Seguinon. Most of them resided in the barangay proper while others had houses along rice fields. Most of their ages belonged to the middle aged category and while two participants belong to the old. All of them were plain housewives. The information derived by the researcher from the FGD, particularly on the media access, information exposure and KAP on dengue prevention and control affirmed the results of the survey. Theme 1. Media Access and Information Exposure Eight of ten participants had television and the majority watched TV daily. Only one of the participants watched from her neighbors TV set on her favorite TV program. More than half had radio sets and four participants listened every day. Some who owned

51

radio did not often listen because they like watching TV more and to lessen their electric bills. Regarding printed materials, more than half of the participants said they read printed materials, but most of these materials were the books of their children. Some said they read booklets on family planning, Bible, and brochures on direct selling. Three participants could barely read because they complained of poor vision. Almost were exposed to information on dengue prevention and control. Theme 2: Knowledge on Dengue Prevention and Control Almost all participants claimed that they were exposed to information on dengue. When asked what they knew about dengue, they answered that dengue can be contracted from mosquitoes. The majority said that dengue-carrying mosquitoes breed in dirty places and stagnant waters. They added that dengue is a serious disease that may cause death if not treated immediately. The symptom that they can equate to dengue is the on and off fever. They added that rashes and bleeding are also symptoms of dengue. They answered that treatment of dengue is by blood transfusion and drinking gatas-gatas, a known herbal remedy for dengue. However, they said that the best thing to do to treat dengue is by bringing the dengue victim to the doctor if they have money and if the case is severe. To prevent and control dengue, participants said that proper sanitation and burning of dried leaves or magdaob during afternoon must be done. Theme 3. Attitude Towards Dengue Prevention and Control All of the respondents had high attitude towards dengue prevention and control. They said that preventive measures are attainable. Furthermore, they said that it is the

52

responsibility of each community member to clean their surroundings and not counting on the government to do it for them. They added that if the community will practice dengue prevention measure together and not just by some individuals, the incidence of dengue will drop. Theme 4. Dengue Prevention and Control Practices None of the participants had experienced that their family members got dengue. However, many had known of dengue cases in the barangay. In 2007, three cases of dengue had been reported within just a month. The participants said that it must have been an outbreak. They said that whenever their family members exhibited primary symptoms of dengue which is on-and-off of high fever, they gave them immediate medication and gatas-gatas. If the situation was unmanageable, then that is the time that they consulted a physician. Theme 5. Need for Information on dengue Most of respondents thought that there is a need to improve the communitys knowledge on dengue. FGD in Linao There were 10 participants in the FGD in Linao. All of them resided within various puroks in the barangay. Most of them belonged to the middle aged category, while one participant belonged to the young age bracket. All of them were plain housewives. The information derived by the researcher from the FGD, particularly on the media access, information exposure and KAP on dengue prevention and control affirmed the results of the survey. Theme 1. Media Access and Information Exposure

53

Almost all participants watched TV and majority of them had their own TV sets. Almost all watched TV daily. More than half listened to radio, and almost all have radio sets at home. Regarding reading printed materials, more than half of the participants said they read printed materials, but most of their materials were the Bible and brochures on direct selling. Others had newspapers and magazines. Almost all have been exposed to information on dengue through broadcast and interpersonal media. Theme 2: Knowledge on Dengue Prevention and Control Almost all participants have claimed that they were exposed to information on dengue. When asked on what they know about dengue, they answered that it is acquired by mosquitoes. Furthermore, many said that dengue carrying mosquitoes lay their eggs on clean water unlike the notion that they thrive in stagnant and murky water. They added that dengue is a serious disease that may cause death if not treated immediately. The symptom that they can equate to dengue is on and off fever. They added that rashes and bleeding are also symptoms of dengue. Majority said that there is no medicine that can cure dengue. They answered that treatment of dengue is by blood transfusion. Two participants said that drinking gatas-gatas is a known herbal remedy for dengue. However, they said that the best thing to do to treat dengue is by bringing the dengue victim to the doctor if they have money and if the case is severe. Theme 3. Attitude Towards Dengue Prevention and Control The participants said that dengue prevention practices are attainable if all are dedicated like cleaning and eliminating stagnant waters. Majority have done some dengue prevention practices not to prevent dengue but to eliminate the nuisance of mosquito bites - in turn preventing dengue. However, they said that even if they clean their households,

54

there is still a high possibility that their family members can acquire the disease from other unsanitary areas. Theme 4. Dengue Prevention and Control Practices None of the participants had experienced that their family members got dengue. However, many had known of dengue cases in the barangay. They said that whenever their family members exhibited primary symptoms of dengue which is on-and-off of high fever, they give them immediate medication like over-the-counter drugs or hot compress. If the situation was unmanageable, then that was the time that they consulted the physician. However, many jokingly thought that no matter how much prevention practices, they could not dictate the mosquito on whom and when to bite. So, they said that its also a matter of circumstance. Theme 5. Need for Information on Dengue The majority of respondents think that there is a need to improve the communitys knowledge of dengue. They added that it is their responsibility to disseminate information to others.

CHAPTER VI SUMMARY, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

55

This study focused on rural and urban comparison of mothers media access and information needs on dengue prevention and control : (1) determine respondents sociodemographic characteristics; (2) find out respondents media access and their exposure to information on dengue; (3) determine their knowledge, attitude, and practice of dengue prevention and control measures; (4) find out the relationship between respondents socio-demographic characteristics and their knowledge, attitude and practice of dengue prevention and control, (5) find out the relationship between respondents media access and information exposure and their knowledge, attitude, and practices on dengue prevention and control and (6) compare respondents media access, exposure to information, and their knowledge, attitude and practice of their dengue prevention and control measures. Data were gathered through personal interviews with 50 rural and 50 urban respondents using an interview schedule. The data gathered in the interview schedule was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 13.0). The results were presented in narrative, descriptive and tabular forms. The Pearson product-moment correlation and independent sample t-test were used to determine the significance differences between rural and urban mothers media access and information needs on dengue prevention and control. To provide reasons that were not available in the statistical analysis results, two separate focus group discussions (FGDs) from rural and urban mothers were conducted.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics

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A little more than three-fifths (62%) of the rural respondents were middle aged (2245 years old), a little less than one-third (32 %) are old (46-64 years old) and four percent belonged to the young age bracket (21 yrs. old and below). Only two percent are senior citizen. Among the urban respondents, the majority (84%) belonged to the middle aged bracket. Two-fifths (40%) of the rural respondents had elementary education and a little less than two-fifths (38%) had reached high school. Slightly more than one-fifth (22%) had a college education. A little more than two-fifths (44.9%) of the urban respondents had studied in high school and slightly less than one-third (32.7%) have graduated or reached college. A little more than one-fifth (22.4%) only had elementary education.

Media Access and Information Exposure Among rural respondents, the information sources that they were most exposed to and had access to was the television (82%), followed by radio (60%), printed materials (60%), interpersonal contact (34%). Among urban respondents, their leading source of information was the television (94%), followed by printed materials (77%), radio (68%), and interpersonal contact (62%). The majority of the respondents claimed that they have received information regarding dengue prevention and control. Generally, the respondents had low knowledge level (62%) of dengue prevention and control. A little less than one-third (33%) had average knowledge and only 5 percent exhibited high knowledge. All had positive attitude towards dengue prevention and control. Less than three-fifths (58%) had high practice levels while slightly less than half had low practice levels.

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Based on the t-test, no significant differences were noted in terms of the mothers knowledge, attitude and practice of dengue prevention and control in the two study sites but had a highly significant difference in their media access and significant difference in their information exposure. Rural mothers had higher knowledge and practice levels than urban mothers on dengue prevention and control. Results of the Pearson product-moment Correlation showed that respondents socio-demographic characteristics were significantly related to their knowledge and attitude on dengue prevention and control. Age correlated with respondents attitude (r=-.208, p<0.01), educational attainment with respondents knowledge (r=.321, p<0.01). Moreover, media access to information sources showed significant relationship with respondents knowledge (r=.348, p<0.01). On the other hand, exposure to information sources of dengue had no significant relationship to their knowledge, attitude, and practice on dengue prevention and control. There was also a highly significant difference between rural and urban respondents media access (t=-3.305, p<0.01) and significant difference on information exposure on dengue (t=-2.713, p<0.05).

Implications and Recommendations Notable insights could be drawn from this study which may serve as a guide for campaign planners at the Department of Health on strategic information dissemination of dengue prevention and control measures.

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Results of the study revealed that urban mothers had higher media access and exposure to information but surprisingly had low knowledge and practice levels of dengue prevention and control than rural mothers. It could be that mothers did not place importance and trust in these media sources as far a health issues are concerned. It is recommended that campaign strategies on dengue prevention and control focus more on the urban setting where their high media access and information exposure can be used to an advantage. Further, there is a need to examine the content of information materials on dengue prevention and control to determine their readability and adequacy. However, both urban and rural settings exhibited low knowledge and just half of them had high practice levels. To address this, communication specialists can plan more efficient information dissemination building on the positive attitude of respondents towards dengue prevention and control. Overall, there is a highly significant relationship between media access and knowledge of respondents. This implies that the more access to media the respondents had, the more they could acquire knowledge. Thus, a campaign on dengue prevention and control can enhance its success with the use of broadcast and interpersonal channels for information dissemination. Another notable insight is that age and educational attainment have a significant relationship to the respondents attitude and knowledge, respectively. This implies that socio-demographic characteristics such as age and educational attainment need to be considered when planning a communication campaign for dengue in the future. Based on the FGDs, respondents said that there is a higher need for information on dengue prevention and control that must be disseminated effectively and that it is not

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only the role of the people to prevent dengue, but also a joint effort with the government. FGD participants from barangays Seguinon and Linao pushed for the government undertaking an efficient waste disposal site so as address their problem of garbage disposal and sanitation one of the contributing factors to the occurrence of dengue.

Suggestions for Further Research The study was limited to only 100 respondents who came from Albuera and Ormoc City in Leyte. Hence, results may not be generalized to hold true to other areas in Leyte. It is recommended that a similar study with a larger sample size and scope be conducted to come up with results that would validate the relationship between media access and information needs and KAP of mothers in Leyte. It is also suggested that a similar study be done in other rural and other highly urbanized areas to clearly validate and establish the difference between media access, information needs and KAP of the two areas. Moreover, a field evaluation of the available campaign materials being used by the DOH, may need to be conducted to determine which of these communication media would be most effective in disseminating information on dengue prevention and control.

LITERATURE CITED
Adhikarya, R and Posamentier, H. (1987). Motivating farmers for action. Eschborn, Germany, GTZ. pp. 13-62 Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press.

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Balaba, M. (2000). Information needs on forest conservation among upland farmers in Jagna, Bohol. Unpublished BSDC thesis, Leyte State University, Visca, Baybay, Leyte. Castino, E. (2002). Rice farmers information environment and their knowledge and participation in water supply projects in Alicia, Bohol. Unpublished BSDC thesis, Leyte State University, Visca, Baybay, Leyte. Escalada , M., Huan N.H., Quynh P.V., Chien, H.V., Thiet L.V., and Heong K.L. (2006) Environmental Soap Opera for Rural Vietnam: Audience Analysis Report. IRRI, Los Baos, Philippines. Diseases of Environmental and Zoonotic Origin Team, ECDC. Dengue worldwide: an overview of the current situation and the implications for Europe. Euro Surveill. 2007;12(25):pii=3222. Retrieved September 20, 2008 http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3222 Health Communication Insights, (2004). The role of health communication in global TB control goals. Lessons from Vietnam, Peru, and Beyond. Hergenhahm & Olson, (1997). An introduction to theories of learning. (5th edition). New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp.325-349. Hukill, M. (1994). Communication education in Singapore: Responding to media needs. Media Asia. 21, 205. Kotler, P. and Roberto, E. L. (1989). Social marketing: Strategies for changing public behavior. London: The Free Press. Maibach, E. and Flora, J. (1993). Symbolic modeling and cognitive rehearsal: Using video to promote AIDS prevention and self-efficacy. Communication Research,2, 517-512 McAnany, E. G. (1980). Communications in the rural third world: The role of information in development. New York: Praeger Publishers. Pala, P. (1995). Information needs on abaca production among farmers in Inopacan,Leyte. Unpublished BSDC Thesis, Leyte State University, ViSCA, Baybay, Leyte. Parallel Universes. (2007). Philippine Dengue in 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2008 from the worldwide web. http://www.paralleluniverses.com_philippine dengue in 2007.

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Pesquera, M. (2001). Information needs on breast cancer prevention between urban and rural women in selected areas in Leyte. Unpublished undergraduate DevCom thesis, Leyte State University , ViSCA, Baybay, Leyte. Price, D. (2008). Dengue fever. Retrieved September 20, 2008 from http://www.emedicine.com/ .

Prochaska, J.O. & Velicer, W.F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12 (1), 38-48. Richardson, Don and Paisley, Lynnita. (1998). Communication for Development. The First Rule of Connectivity. Advancing telecommunications for Rural Development Through a Participatory Communication Approach. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Robertson, Thomas S. (1971). Innovative behavior and communication. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Rogers, Everett M. (1973). Communication strategies for family planning. New York. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. Rosenbaum, J. et.al., (1995). Community participation in dengue prevention and control: A survey of knowledge, attitude and practice in Trinidad and Tobago. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Pp.111-117. Schramm, W. (1964). Mass media and national development: The role of information in the developing countries. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Schramm, W. (1973). Men, messages and media. A look at human communication. New York: Harper and Row Publishers. Severin, W. and Tankard, J. Jr. (2001). Communication theories, Origins, methods and uses in the mass media (5th ed.). New York. Addison Wesley, Longman, International. Soliveres, R. (2000). Information gaps on coconut-based farming system among coconut farmers in selected communities in Hilongos, Leyte. Unpublished BSDC thesis, Leyte State University, ViSCA, Baybay, Leyte. Stiller, J. (1996). Challenging conventional approaches to health communication in Pakistan. The Journal of Development Communication. 7, 62. The Family Health Guide (1986). Produced by the Philippine Ministry of Health, Commission on Population and Population Center Foundation. 2nd English Edition

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2002). Making health communication programs work: A planners guide. Besthesa, M.D. National Institute of Health U.P. College of Public Health Foundation. (1995). Summary and findings: FGD with Schistosomiasis team/evaluation on Schistosomiasis control program. University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City. Virtudazo, R. (1997). Information needs on iodized salt among upland farmers in Leyte. Unpublished BSDC thesis, Leyte State University ViSCA, Baybay, Leyte. World Health Organization. (2008). Retrieved September 20, 2008 from http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/s.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A DATA REQUIREMENT MATRIX Objectives 1. Determine the respondents sociodemographic characteristics; 2. Find out respondents media access and their exposure to information on dengue; Research Questions What are socio demographic characteristics of the respondents? What communication media do they have access to? How often do they use these media? What media where they exposed regarding dengue prevention and control? What are their knowledge, attitude, and practices on dengue? Is there any relationship that exists between the respondents information needs, and background characteristics? Data to be Gathered Respondents age and educational attainment Method of Data Gathering Personal interview Section I of the interview schedule a. Personal Interview/Section II, III IV, and V of the interview schedule b. Focus Group Discussion Variable Measurement and Analysis Totals, frequencies, means, and percentages Totals, frequencies, means, and percentages

Respondents access to media, exposure to information on dengue prevention and control. Respondents knowledge, attitude, and practices on dengue prevention and treatment.

3. Determine their knowledge, attitude, and practice of dengue prevention and control measures;

Relationships between variables

All data will be gathered using the interview schedule

Pearson product moment correlation

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4. Find out the relationship between respondents media access and information exposure and their KAP on dengue prevention and control 5. Find out the relationship between respondents sociodemographic characteristics and their knowledge, attitude and practices of dengue prevention and control, and; 6. Compare respondents media access, exposure to information, and their knowledge, attitude and practice of dengue prevention and control measures.

Is there a relationship between rural and urban mothers media access and information exposure and KAP on dengue prevention and control?

Relationship between Rural and urban mothers media access and information exposure and KAP on dengue prevention and control.

All data will be gathered using the interview schedule

Totals, frequencies, ranks, means, and percentages, Pearson product moment correlation

Is there a relationship between rural and urban mothers SDCs and KAP on dengue prevention and control?

Relationship between Rural and urban mothers SDC, media access and information exposure and KAP on dengue prevention and control.

All data will be gathered using the interview schedule

Totals, frequencies, ranks, means, and percentages, Pearson product moment correlation

Is there a difference between rural and urban mothers media access, information exposure, and KAP on dengue prevention and control?

Difference between rural All data will be gathered and urban respondents using the interview media access, schedule information exposure, and KAP on dengue prevention and control.

Independent samples tTest

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APPENDIX B Respondent No._____ INTERVIEW SCHEDULE Rural-Urban Comparison of Mothers Media Access and Information Needs on Dengue Prevention and Control INTRODUCTION Good Day! I am a graduating BS in Development Communication major in Development Journalism student. I am conducting my thesis on Rural-Urban Mothers Media Access and Information Needs on dengue prevention and control. Results of this survey will be used as basis for conceptualizing Dengue fever awareness and prevention campaigns. Please be frank and honest in answering the questions. Your answers will be kept confidential. Thank you very much. Name __________________________ ______________________ I. Socio-Demographic Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. Age: ________ Sex: ________ Address: __________________ Educational Attainment: _____________________ Date

II. Information Exposure 5. Do you watch TV? ____1) Yes ____2) No 5.1. If NO, why not?_____________________ 5.2. If yes, whose TV set do you watch?____________________________ 5.3. How often do you watch TV?___________________________ 5.4. In a day, how long do you watch TV? _______hours 6. Do you listen to the radio? ____1)Yes ____2)No 6.1. If NO, why not?_____________________ 6.2. If yes, whose radio set do you listen to?_________________________

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6.3. How often do you listen to the radio?_____________________ 6.4. In a day, how long do you listen to the radio? _______hours 7.Do you read printed materials? ____1)Yes ____2)No 7.1. If No, why not?_______________________________ 7.2. If yes, whose printed materials do you read?___________________ 7.3. How often do you read printed materials like newspaper,magazines,or poster? ______________________________ 7.4. In a day, how long do you read printed materials?________hour/s 8. Have you recently read, heard or watched any news or magazine article or radio/TV program about dengue prevention and control? ______ 1) Yes ______ 2) No 9. If yes, from which communication source did you receive information on dengue prevention? _______1) radio _______2) TV _______3) Video player _______4) newspaper _______5) magazine _______6) Other, please specify_________________ 10. What information on dengue prevention and control did you receive? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______________ 11. Have you encountered a health worker/medical practitioner who shared some information with you about dengue and dengue prevention? ______1. Yes ______2. No 12. Have you approached a health worker/practitioner to ask more information about dengue and dengue prevention? ______1. Yes ______2. No a. If yes, why?____________________________________________ 13. How often do you consult the health worker/ medical practitioner? 68

______1.Daily ______2.Weekly

______3. Monthly ______4. Other, pls specify___________________

III. Mothers Knowledge on Dengue and its Prevention 14. What is your understanding of dengue fever? [Check as many as applicable] _____1) _____2) _____3) _____4) _____5. _____6) A severe flu-like illness caused by a virus. Disease that may cause death but is curable and preventable. It leads to Dengue Hemorrhagic fever and death. A disease transmitted through mosquito bites. Can be diagnosed by blood test. Infection with one virus does not protect a person against infection with another. _____7) Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever are caused by any of the dengue family of viruses. _____8) Dengue-carrying mosquitoes bite during the day _____9) Dengue viruses occur in most tropical areas of the world. _____10) Dengue carrying mosquitoes live among humans and breed in discarded tires flower pots, old oil drums, and water storage containers close to human dwellings. _____11) Dengue fever is an acute febrile infection characterized by sudden onset of fever for 3-5 days.

15. Can dengue be prevented? _____1. Yes _____2. No 16. If yes, what do you think must be done to prevent dengue? [Check as many as are applicable] _____1) Use mosquito repellents on skin and clothing. _____2) When indoors, stay in air-conditioned or screened areas. _____3) Use mosquito nets if sleeping areas are not screened or air-conditioned. _____4) Dispose solid wastes properly. _____5) Eliminate stagnant waters which serve as laying grounds for mosquitoes. _____6) Cover containers to prevent access by egg-laying female mosquitoes. 17. Which of the following are signs and symptoms of Dengue? _____1) High fever _____2) Rashes _____3) Severe headache _____4) Pain behind the eyes _____5) Muscle and joint pains _____6) Nausea _____7) Vomiting _____8) Loss of appetite

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18. How can dengue be treated? [Answer the following with true, false, or I dont know] _____1) Rest and drink plenty of fluids _____2) The dengue patient should be kept away from mosquitoes to protect others. _____3) In Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, some patients need transfusions to control bleeding. _____4) Dengue hemorrhagic fever is treated by replacing lost fluids. _____5) Go to the traditional healer. IV. Mothers Attitude Towards Dengue Prevention and Control (Check the appropriate box.) I will read to you some statements about dengue prevention and control. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree or neutral (or dont know) to each statement. Statements 19 Dengue prevention measures are easy to follow. Dengue awareness and prevention give NO benefit to ones health and wellness. Dengue awareness and prevention help avoid expenses that may be incurred for treatment. Dengue awareness on prevention and control helps avoid losing work/study days used for treatment. I would never get dengue fever because I am healthy. I dont care if I get Strongly Disagree Disagree Dont know/not sure Agree Strongly agree

20

21

22

23

24

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25

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dengue. There is nothing alarming about dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. It doesnt matter if my knowledge about dengue is limited.

V. Mothers Practices in Dengue and its Prevention 27.What do usually do to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes? _____1) Use insect repellants such as katol, lotions like Off, etc. _____2) Sleep under mosquito net. _____3) Nothing. I dont care if I get bitten by mosquitoes. _____4) Other, please specify ________________________________ 28. Which dengue prevention measures do you practice? _____1) Use mosquito repellents on skin and clothing. _____2) When indoors, stay in air-conditioned or screened areas. _____3) Use mosquito nets if sleeping areas are not screened or airconditioned. _____4) Dispose of solid wastes properly. _____5) Eliminate stagnant waters which serve as laying grounds for mosquitoes. _____6) Cover containers to prevent access by egg-laying female mosquitoes. _____7) Other, please specify.__________________________ _____8) NONE. I dont practice prevention measures 29.If none, why not?__________________________________________ 29. Whenever you or one of your family gets intense fever, what do you usually do? _____1) Give him/her medication and rest. _____2) Immediately consult a physician or seek medical attention. _____3) Use and apply traditional treatment or medication. _____4) Simply ignore the illness. _____5) Other, please specify_________________________

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30. Have you been sick of dengue fever? _____1) Yes _____2) No 31. Who diagnosed it as a dengue fever? _____1) medical doctor _____2) parents _____3) dorm mates/friends _____4) other (pls. specify) _____________ 32. If yes, how were you treated?_________________________________ Thank you.

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APPENDIX C Respondent no. __________ INTERVIEW SCHEDULE Rural-Urban Comparison of Mothers Media Access and Information Needs on Dengue Prevention and Control Maayong adlaw! Ako usa ka graduating nga studyante sa BS in Development Communication major in Development Journalism. Nagadumala ako sa akong thesis sa Rural-Urban Mothers Media Access and Information Needs on dengue prevention and control. Ang resulta niining maong survey makatabang isip giya sa umaabot nga kampanya pagsumpo sa dengue. Hinaot nga matinud anon ang imong tubag sa mga pangutana. Ang imong tubag magpabiling kompidensyal. Daghang salamat Ngalan:__________________________ 4. Socio-Demographic Characteristics 1.Edad: ________ 2.Sex: ________ 3Address: __________________ 4.Naabot sa pagskwela: _____________________ II. Information Exposure 5. Mutan aw ba ka ug TV? ____1)Oo ____2) Dili 5.1. ng dili, ngano man?_________________ 5.2. Kung oo, kang kinsa man nga TV?_________ 5.3 Kapila man ka mutan aw ug TV?_____________ 5.4 Sa usa ka adlaw pila ka ka oras mutan-aw ug TV? _______ka oras 6. Maminaw ba ka ug radyo? ____1)Oo ____2)Dili Petsa ____________

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6.1Kung dili, ngano man?_____________________ 6.2.Kung oo, kang kinsa nga radio?________________ 6.3 Kapila man ka maminaw ug radio?_______________ 6.4.Sa usa ka adlaw pila ka ka oras maminaw ug radyo? _______ka oras 7.Mubasa ba ka ug mga babasahon? ____1)Oo ____2)Dili 7.1.Kung dili, ngano man?___________ 7.2 Kung oo, kang kinsa nga babasahon?____________ 7.3. Kapila man ka mubasa ug mga babasahon?_______________ 7.4 Sa usa ka adlaw pila ka ka oras makabasa ug dyaryo, poster, o magazine? _______ka oras 8. Aduna ka bay nabasahan, nadunggan o natan awan nga balita o artikulo sa dyaryo, programa sa radio o TV kabahin sa dengue fever ug ang pagsumpo niini? ______ 1) Aduna ______ 2) Wala 9. Ug aduna, unsa nga mga tinubdan sa impormasyon ang imo nakuhaan bahin sa pagpakgang sa dengue? _______1) radio _______2) TV _______3) Video player _______4) newspaper _______5) magazine _______6) Other, please specify_________________ 10. Unsa man nga mga impormasyon kabahin sa dengue ang imo nadawat? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __ 11. Nakasinati naba ka nga naay health worker/duktor nga minghatag ug impormasyon kanimo bahin sa dengue fever ug pagpakgang niini? ______1. Oo ______2. Wala

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12. Ming duol naba ka ug health worker/duktor aron pagpangutana ug impormasyon bahin sa dengue fever ug pagpakgang niini? ______1. Oo ______2. Wala Kung oo, ngano man?____________________________________________ 13. Kanus a ka mukonsulta sa health worker/ duktor? ______1.Kada adlaw ______3. Kada buwan ______2.Kada semana ______4. Uban, pls specify___________________ III. Mothers Knowledge on Dengue and its Prevention 14. Unsa ang imong nasabtan bahin sa dengue? [Ang tubag mao ang tinuod, sayop, o wala ko kahibalo] _____1) _____2) _____3) _____4) _____5. _____6) _____7) Mura ug trangkaso nga hinungdan sa virus. Usa ka sakit nga pwede makamatay apan matambalan ug mapugngan. Muresulta sa Dengue Hemorrhagic fever ug kamatayon. Sakit nga makuha pinaagi sa paak sa lamok. Masabtan kini pinaagi sa blood test. Pwede pa gihapon magka Dengue bisan ug nagkaDengue na sa una. Ang dengue ug dengue hemorrhagic fever gikan sa nagkalaing klase sa virus. _____8) Ang mga lamok nga nagdala ug dengue mupaak lang sa adlaw. _____9) Ang dengue mahitabo lang sa mga tropical/init nga nasud susama sa Pilipinas. _____10) Ang lamok nga nagdala ug Dengue nabuhi, nagpuyo ug managhan sa gubang ligid, misitera, mga karaang baril, hugawng tubig duol sa pinuy anan sa mga tao. _____11) Ang Dengue fever usa ka sakit diin bation ug grabe nga hilanat ang pasyente sa tulo hangtod lima ka adlaw.

15. Sa imong tan aw, mapugngan ba ang dengue? _____1. Oo _____2. Dili 16. Ug oo, unsa man ang dapat buhaton pagpugong sa dengue? [Checki ang takbo sa nasabtan] _____1) Magdaob inig ka hapon pag iway sa lamok, o mugamit ug lotion nga pangkontra sa lamok. _____2) Paggamit ug moskitiro inig matulog kung walay screen ang balay o walay aircon. _____3) Ilabay ug tarong ang mga basura. 75

_____4) Wagtangon ang mga stagnant nga tubig ug limpyohan ang baradong kanal nga posibleng puy an sa mga lamok. _____5) Tabunan ang mga sudlanan sa tubig aron dili pangitlogan sa lamok. 17. Unsa ang mga sinyales ug simtomas sa dengue ang imo nahibal an? [Checki ang takbo sa nasabtan] _____1) Taas nga hilanat _____2) Mga katol katol sa lawas _____3) Grabe nga labad sa ulo _____4) Sakit ang luyo sa mata _____5) Sakit ang lawas ug mga joints _____6) Pagkalipong _____7) Pagsuka _____8) Walay gana mukaon

18. Unsaon pagtambal sa dengue? [Ang tubag mao ang sakto, sayop, wala ko kahibalo] _____1) Pahuway ug inom ug daghang tubig _____2) Ang pasyente ipalayo sa lamok aron dili makatakod sa uban. _____3) Sa Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, usahay kailangan ug pag abono ug dugo aron aron dili mamatay ang pasyente. _____4) Ang dengue hemorrhagic fever matambalan pinaagi sa paghulip sa tubig sa lawas nga nawala. _____5) Konsulta sa tambalan. IV. Mothers Attitude Towards Dengue Prevention [Checki ang kahon nga sibo sa tubag.] Aduna akoy basahon kanimo nga mga pamahayag mahitungod sa dengue Palihug ug tubag kon Uyon Kaayo, Uyon, Wala ko kahibalo, Supak, o Supak Kaayo sa mga maong pamahayag. Statements 19 Sayon ra buhaton ang mga paagi pagsumpo sa dengue. Ang kaalam sa dengue ug pagpakgang niini wala naghatag ug kayo sa atong panlawas. Ang kaalam sa dengue makatabang paglikay nga Supak Kaayo Dili uyon Wala ko kahibalo Uyon Uyon Kaayo

20

21

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22

23 24 25

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mahospital ug balayranan niini. Ang kaalam sa dengue makatabang aron dili maabsent sa klase o sa trabaho. Dili ko magka dengue tungod kay baskog ko. Ok ra nga magkasakit kog dengue. Walay kinahanglang ikabalaka sa dengue. Ok ra nga kuwang ang kaalam mahitungod sa dengue ug ang pagpakgang niini.

V. Mothers Practices on Dengue and its Prevention 27. Unsa man ang imo kasagarang gibuhat aron dili mapaakan ug lamok? _____1) Gamit ug katol, mga lotion pangkontra lamok o magdaob. _____2) Matulog nga magmoskitiro. _____3) Walay buhaton. Ok ra nga mapaakan sa lamok. _____4) Uban, ibutang ang tubag ________________________________ 28. Asa niini nga kasagaran nimong gibuhat pagpakgang sa dengue? _____1) Magdaob inig ka hapon pag iway sa lamok, o mugamit uglotion nga pangkontra sa lamok. _____2) Paggamit ug moskitiro inig matulog kung walay screen ang balay o walay aircon. _____3). Ilabay ug tarong ang mga basura. _____4) Wagtangon ang mga stagnant nga tubig ug limpyohan ang baradong kanal nga posibleng puy an sa mga lamok. _____5) Tabunan ang mga sudlanan sa tubig aron dili pangitlogan sa lamok _____6) Uban, ibutang ang tubag__________________________ _____7) WALAwala koy gibuhat aron pagpakgang sa dengue.

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29.Kung wala, ngano man?__________________________________________ 30.Pananglitan ang imo mga anak o kauban sa balay nay taas nga hilanat, unsa man ang imo kasagarang buhaton? _____1) Tagaan siya ug tambal ug igong pahuway. _____2) Diretso dayon ug konsulta sa duktor o atensyong medikal. _____3) Mugamit ug tradisyonal nga tambal sama sa herbal. _____4) Pasagdan lang ang balati an. _____5) Uban, ibutang ang tubag_________________________ 31.Nagka Dengue fever na ba ka o ang imong mga anak? _____1) Oo _____2) Wala 32.Kung oo, giunsa man kini pagtambal?_______________________________ Daghang salamat.

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APPENDIX D Focus Group Discussion Guide

1. Establish a quorum and rapport. 2. Introduce the moderator, colleagues and participants and provide name tags for easy identification. 3. Inform the participants on the objectives and significance of the study. Emphasize the purpose of the FGD. Encourage everybody to participate in the discussion. Stress that their answers are all correct. 4. Discussion proper. Theme 1. Information exposure through radio 1. Do you have radio in your house? What station do you mostly tune in? What type of programs does it broadcast? How often do you listen? Have you heard information on dengue awareness, prevention, and control? How many times have you heard? Theme 2. Information exposure through television 1. Do you have television in your house? How often do you watch? What television programs do you usually watch? What do these programs contain? Have you seen programs on dengue awareness, prevention, and control? How many times have you seen?

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Theme 3. Information exposure through printed materials 1. Do you have printed materials in your house? What are these printed materials? Who owns these materials? What do they contain? Have you read information on dengue awareness, prevention, and control? How many times have you read? Theme 4. Contact with health workers and medical practitioners Have you encountered a health worker/medical practitioner who shared some information with you about health and diseases? Have you approached a health worker/practitioner to ask more information about your health and diseases? Was dengue awareness, prevention, and control discussed in your encounter? Theme 5. Knowledge on Dengue Prevention and Control 1. What is dengue fever? What are its complications? 2. Where can we get dengue? 3. What are the signs and symptoms of dengue? 4. What are the effects of dengue that you know of? 5. Can dengue be prevented? 6. What do you think will be done to prevent and control dengue? 7. How can dengue be treated? 8. Who do you think is at risk of dengue? 9. What will you do if you if someone in your family get dengue? Or shows signs of dengue? Theme 6. Attitude towards Dengue 1. What can you say about the methods for preventing and controlling dengue? Theme 7. Practices on Dengue Prevention and Control

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1. Who among you here have family members who were infected with dengue? What did you do to control it? 2. Has there been any dengue patient in your community? When? 3. Do you think dengue can strike in your home anytime? What are you going to do to prevent dengue attack? Theme 8. Need for Information on Dengue 1. Do you think there is a need to improve your communitys knowledge on dengue? What specific information can we teach your community? 2. In what way should we teach them?

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APPENDIX E Department of Development Communication Visayas State University Visca, Baybay, Leyte _________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ Dear Sir/Madam: I am a Senior BS Development Communication student major in Development Journalism. Currently, I am working on a thesis entitled Rural-Urban Comparison of Mothers Media Access and Information Needs on Dengue Prevention and Control. This study aims to determine the information needs, knowledge, attitude, and practices of rural and urban mothers regarding dengue fever and its prevention and control. In this regard, I am humbly asking your permission to allow me to conduct this study among mothers in your area of jurisdiction and to gather secondary data from your office. Results of this study would be important in designing and developing effective communication strategies in disseminating information on Dengue Prevention and Control. I am anticipating for your favorable response. Thank you very much. Respectfully yours, Buen Josef C. Andrade Student Researcher Noted: Dr. Monina M. Escalada Professor of Development Communication And Thesis Adviser

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