12/10/12 P2APWH Chapter17Notes Summary:DespitethefactthattheNewWorldcolonialempiresofSpainPortugal,Franceand Englandallhadsimilarcharacteristics,suchastheirsubjugationofAfricansandAmerindians,aswellas theapplicationofOldWorldtechnology,NewWorldcoloniesreflectedtheircreatingpowers.British NorthAmericawasabletoadaptquicklyandmoreeffectively,astheyhadmoreculturalandreligious diversity,andthusstrongergovernment.TheycouldalsoattractmanymoreEuropeanimmigrantsthan othercolonies.Bytheeighteenthcentury,thecolonieswerebeginningtoseethemselvesasaseparate entity,whichwhencombinedwithEnlightenmentthinkingwouldcauseactionlateron. TheDiversityofAmericanColonialSocieties,15301770 3themesoftheperiodofEuropeancolonization,1,Amerindiansquicklyadaptedtoincrease Europeaninvolvement,2,asvastexchangeofbiologicalandtheologicalideasbetweentheNew andOldWorld,3,complexcolonialhierarchyandstructure.

TheColumbianExchange ColumbianExchangereferstotheexchangeofcropsandideasfrombetweenboththeNew andOldWorld. Especiallymarkedbytheexchangeofdisease,whichallowedEuropeanpowerstoquickly conquertheNewWorld. DemographicChanges NewWorldpopulationplummetsduetotheintroductionofOldWorlddiseases,suchas smallpox,measles,influenza. YellowfeverandMalariacamefromAfrica,howeverboththesediseasesaffectedEuropean settlersaswell. TransferofPlantsandAnimals TransferofplantsbetweenNewandOldWorld NewWorldplants,suchasmaize,potatoes,manioc,allprovidedmorecaloriesperacre, whichcontributedthepopulationboostduringthe1700s. OldWorldlivestockblossomedintheNewWorld,astherewerenonaturalpredators. However,astheyatethegrass,thewouldoftendecimatenativeagriculture.Despitethis,they providedhidesandmeat,andAmerindianslearnedtoadapttothem,becomingsheepherders, muleteers,andcowboys. Horsehadastrikingeffect,allowedquickermovementandincreasedwarfarecapabilities,let thousandsoftribestoeffectivelyhuntbuffaloinNorthAmerica.Causedabigchangeinculture. SpanishAmericaandBrazil

SpanishandPortuguesefrontiersandregionsexpandedw\quicklyfrom15001600. SettlersfromEuropeimposedtheirstrict,rigidhierarchicalpoliticalmodelontothe Amerindians,whocomplied,butretainedmuchoftheirpowerandinfluence,aswellastheir language,cruisings,medicines,andtechniques. StructureinNewWorldfurtherchangedbytheintroductionofAfricanslaves,whobrought alongwiththem,theirculturesandtraditions. StatesandChurch Crownimmediatelytookoverthepoweroftheconquistadors,implementedtheCouncilofthe Indiesin1524,whichwaslimitedbytechnologyandgeography. ViceroywastheheadofNewSpain/Portugal,splitterritoryintojudicialandadministrative districts. PortugalfocusedonBrazilonlyduringthe18thcentury. ChurchassumedtheroleofthetransmissionofEuropeanlanguageandculturetothenatives. BrazilandSpainjustifiedtheirconquestsbysayingtheyweresavingthemfromthedevil throughChristianity,butoftentheclergyabusedtheirpower. AttemptedtoconvertAmerindianpeoplesbyconvertingelites,butultimatelyreliedontorture, executionsanddestruction,whichthechurchendedindisgust. AmerindianswereprotectedbyCatholicclergy,suchasBartolomedeLasCasas,whowrote severalbookshighlightingAmerindianmistreatmentwhichledtothepassageoftheNewLaws of1542. EuropeanclergyarrivedwiththeintenttoconvertnativestoCatholicism,howevertheywere stoppedbythegeographicaldispersalofAmerindianpopulationaswellaslinguisticandcultural differences. EventuallyRomanCatholicismmixedwithAmerindianculturetocreateadistinctLatin AmericanChristianityandsetoftraditions. After1600s,theCatholicChurchsetitssightsfromthecountrysidetocitiesandtowns,which ledtothefoundingofuniversitiesandalsoletthechurchbecomethemostimportantinstitutionin Spain. ColonialEconomies SilverminesofPeruandsugarplantationsofBrazilledtomineralwealthwhichcaused increasedEuropeantradewithAsia,andalsopromotedgrowthofcolonialcities,centralization, andagricultureandlivestockraising.Eventually,alastingimpactwasmadeonLatinAmericas societyandeconomy. Silvercreatedmostofthemoney,soitwasmoreimportantthangold.Notablesilvermines occurredinMexicoandBolivia(Potosi). Silverminingsupportedfarming,livestockraising,andtextileproduction,whichultimately promotedurbanizationandincreasedregionalcommerce.

Afterdeforestationoccurred,thesilverwasextractedusingmercury,apoison,thathad negativeeffectsonthepeopleandtheenvironment. Alaborsystemcalledtheencomienda(formoflaborwhereallAmerindianswereforcedto provideSpanishwithfood,textiles,orgoods,orlabor)wasinstitutionalized,butwasultimately alteredduetofallingAmerindianpopulationsintothemita(formoflaborwhereoneseventhof maleAmerindiansworkedforsixmonthseverysevenyears),acorruptedversionofthe Incaeramita.Asthewageswerenotenoughtosustainlife,manyvillagedwellersdecidedto becomepermanentworkersinthemines,whichallowedthemtobecomeassimilatedinto SpanishspeakingCatholiccolonialsociety. BeforeBrazil,PortugueseintroducedsugarplantationsintoAtlanticIslands,soBrazilquickly becamedependentonslavelaborandsugar. Sugarplantationsweredependentonslavelabor,andwhenenslavedAmerindiansdiedthey replacedthembyhiringslavers,whoruthlesscapturedslavesfromSpanishlands. MetthelackofAmerindiansbyimportingAfricans,andusingthemasslavelabor,asthey wereresistanttodiseaseandthusmoreproductive. Bothsugarplantationsandsilverminingincreasedpopulationgrowthaswellascommercial links.Botheventseventuallyhadaninfluenceontheglobaleconomy,andpromotedeconomic integration. BothSpainandPortugalattemptedtocontroltradebygrantingpeoplemonopoliesand protectingtheircargowithwarshipsandconvoys.However,thisslowedtheexchangebetween theNewandOldWorldandeventuallythemajorityofprofitsweresmuggledbytheEnglish, FrenchandDutch. SocietyinColonialLatinAmerica SpanishcolonieswerecontainedAmerindians,creoles,andSpanishimmigrants. Conquistadorsreliedonencomienda,buttheirabuseofAmerindianpeoplesunderminedtheir position,andtheyalsohadtofightforpowerwithcolonialviceroys,judges,andbishops. CreoleshascontrolofminesandplantationswhileSpanishimmigrantsdominatedthehighest levelsofthechurchandgovernment. DuetothedwindlingnumbersandthesubjugationoftheAmerindians,thebegantolosetheir culturalandlinguisticdifferences. AmerindianeliteswishedtokeeptheirspecialstatussotheyalliedwithSpanishimmigrants andservedasintermediariesbetweentheindigenousmassesandthecolonialadministration. Themassesfacedthemostproblems,suchastribute,forcedlabor,andlossoflandbutthey adaptedbymeetingmarketdemandsinsheepandwheatandresistedthroughcolonialcourts. Africansalsoplayedarole,asinthefluidsocialenvironment,manygainedfreedom.They cameoverwiththeirmasters. AlthoughAfroIberiansweredifferentfromAfricans,theywerestillpersecuted,astheywere

barredfromholdingofficeinthe1600s. DifferingAfricanidentitiessloweddowntheresistanceofcolonialLatinAmerica,but ultimatelyforgeddistinctlocalcultures. Slavesresistedthroughsabotage,malingering,rebellion,andrunningaway.Theywould occasionallyformsmallgroupsthatcouldresistSpanishcontrolforquiteawhile. Majorityofslavesweremenandworkedinagriculture,andthuscouldnothonortheir traditionalfamilypatterns.Theyalsofacedharshpunishmentsandpoorhousing,dietand hygiene. Althoughtheydidnotfacerichandpowerfulindigenouscivilizations,Portuguesecolonists cametodominateBrazil,exceptthattheirculturewasinfluencedmorebyAfricanculture insteadofAmerindian. Manumissionwasgrantedtothosewhocouldmakeenoughmoney,andsoonfreeblacks werealargemajorityofthepopulation,aschildrenbornsubsequentlywerenotslaves. MixedEuropeanandAmerindianmestizoscametodominatemiddlelevelsocietyandthe outskirts,alongwithmixedAfricanandEuropeanmulattos.Theywereallgroupedintocastas bySpainanddominatedsmallscaleranching,retailing,andconstruction. EnglishandFrenchColoniesinNorthAmerica TheNorthAmericancoloniesofEnglandandFranceweresimilartoSpanishcolonies becausedealtwithnativesthesameway,hadsimilargoalsofexploitingthem,andhadasimilar dependenceonAfricanslaves. However,thecoloniesofEnglandandFranceoccurredlater,inamuchmoreeconomically connectedworld,andbothwereheavilydevelopedbyprivatecompaniesandindividual proprietors,whichledtogreaterregionalvarietyofeconomic,social,andpoliticalstructure. EarlyEnglishExperiments Englandsfirsteffortstogainafootholdfailedgreatly,whichincludingSirHumphreyGilbert (1583),SirWalterRaleigh(1584),andRoanoke(1585and1587). However,inthe1600s,Englandreneweditseffortsandreliedonprivatecapital,hopingthe colonieswouldproducehighvalueproductslikesilk,citrus,andwine.Colonizationwasalso influencedbyEuropeanattemptstocolonizeIrelandin1566. TheSouth In1606,theprivateVirginiaCompanycreatedacolonyatJamestown,however,thecolonists weretoofocusedoneasilyacquiredwealthandalmostfailed. AftertheKingdisbandedtheVirginiaCompanyin1624,thecoloniststhrivedontobacco, furs,andtimbers.However,theyremaineddispersedandfailedtocreatelargecitieslikethose seeninLatinAmerica. Addedanewformalabortoencomienda,mita,andslavery,indenturedservants,who workedonlandfor47yearsinreturnforpassagetotheNewWorld,andattheend,asmall

parcelofland,clothes,andtools.80%ofimmigrants,ethnicallyindistinguishable. Figuredthehighdeathratewouldmakepurchasingservantsmorecosteffective,later switchedtoslaveswhenlifeexpectancyrose.Virginiaslavepopulation,950in1660to120000 by1756. Colonialgovernmentestablishedin1660s,rulebycrownappointedgovernor,andtheHouse ofBurgesses.SoontheHousebegantomeetbythemselves,becamemoredemocraticand morereliantonslaves. EnglishcolonistspushedsouthtocapturemorefursusingAmerindians,andthusincreased theirdependenceonEuropeanproductsandweakenedtheirculturaltraditions. Amerindiansbecameangeredatcolonistsandfoughtseveralwarsinthe1700s,buttheywere defeatedandtheirlandwastakenbytheEuropeans. TheCarolinassplitin1729duetodifferencesineconomy,Southwasmorefocusedonslaves andplantationswhiletheNorthfollowedtobaccoandforestproducts. AfricanslavesinCharlestonweregivensignificantresponsibilitiesandtheyhadalargerolein indigoandriceplantations. AsthewealthofSouthCarolinarose,moreblackscametoit,andthusAfricanculture influencedSouthCarolinianculture,andseveralrebellionsoccurred,includingtheStono Rebellionof1739. ColonialSouthCarolinawasheavilyhierarchical,buttheboundsbetweenethnicgroups becamelessclearasthepopulationbecamemoremixed. NewEngland ColonizationofNewEnglandwasmarkedby2religioussects,Pilgrims(wantedtobreak awayfromAnglicanChurch)andPuritans(wantedtopurifyAnglicanchurch).Bothsawthe NewWorldastheopportunitytoexpresstheirreligiousbeliefs. MassachusettsBayCompanyfrontedthemoney,limitedtheKingspowerbecausehecould onlyrevokebutnotalterthecharter,by1643twentythousandPuritansenteredNewEngland. Massachusettswasnotdemographicallyskewed,equalmalesandfemales,allowedthemto rapidlyincreaseunlikesoutherncolonieswhodemandedasteadyflowofforeigners. Massachusettshadgreaterautonomyandlocalpoliticalinvolvementbecausetheyresistedthe MassachusettsBayCompany. Economically,Massachusettshadtorelyoncommercialandshippingservicesbecausetheir landsweretoopoorforgrowingcashcrops.Thus,theextremesocialstratificationsdidnot occur. UnlikethemonopoliesofSpainandPortugal,NewEnglandcontainedmanymerchantswho reliedonmarketintelligence,flexibility,andorganization. TheMiddleAtlanticRegion 1624,DutchcolonizeNewNetherlandnearManhattanIsland,underfunded,butableto

controlHudsonriver.LatertakenbyEnglishandrenamedNewYork. Developedasacommercialandshippingventer,however,itwascharacterizedbycorrupt politicsandadiversecommunity. Pennsylvaniabeganasareligiousrefugeforthequakers,quicklyblossomed,throughexcellent landsandgoodrelationswithnatives. PennsylvaniaandSouthCarolinaweredifferentinthatPennsylvaniareliedonfreeworkers anddidnotdevelopthestrictsocialhierarchy. FrenchAmerica FrenchsettlementwassimilartoSpainandPortugal,reliedonfurtradeandalsomissionaries. CreatedNewFrance(Quebec)in1608,joinedregionalfeudsbetweenAmerindians. Centeredaroundfurtrade,creationofmetis(mestizos),andoverhuntingcreatedconflictsfor landandwarfare IroquoisgivengunsbyDutchandEnglish,gunsrapidlychangedtheAmerindiancultureand huntingpractices. Jesuitsprovidedboardingschools,butwereunderminedbytheconstantepidemics. FrenchviewedAmerindiansastradingpartners,largerelianceonfurtrade,Amerindians adoptedculturegradually. Franceexpandedrapidly,butnotenoughsettlers.ItlostallofitslandsintheSevenYears War,andgaveCanadatoEnglandandLouisianatoSpain. ColonialExpansionandConflict Astimeprogressed,imperialpowersrespondedtothegrowingnationalisticidentitiesofthe coloniesbydemandingmorepaymentandaskingthemtospendmoreonadministrationand defense.Theyalsofoughtwarsathome. ImperialReforminSpanishAmericaandBrazil AfterCharlesIIdies,thereisanewsystemregardingthecolonies,moreports,lessconvoys, rapideconomicexpansion. However,smallstatesandcoloniescouldnotaffordthebreaksthatimperialwarsbrought,so themriotedandalsopushedforreform. Amerindianrevoltsalsooccurred,TupacAMaruIIroseupin17800torebellion.Hebelieved thatcolonieswereoppressingindigenouspeople. Portugalalsoexperiencedasimilarexpansionandrevolts. ReformandReorganizationinBritishAmerica JamesIIattemptedtheNavigationActs,whichlimitedcolonialproductionwhenitfoughtwith thekingsinterest.Hereinstitutedroyalgovernors. Peoplerespondedbyrebellingandsackingtheroyalgovernors. Duringthe1700s,thecolonialpopulationbecamemoreurbanandmoreclearlydivided. Crisesoccurredwhenimperialwarsoccurred.However,EnglanddefeatedFrancebyalienating

Englishcolonies.