1

The course is supposed to be

Bilingual
Interactive
Open
Scientific
Scientific
methodology
morality or ethics
history and forthgoers innovation
thinking
pseudo-sciences, pathological science

way and content of teaching

knowledge
All lecturenotes(pdf)
Supplements for University Physics
Uphysics2nd.pdf
errata
The following materials will be put on net:
Textbook
(1) Resnick R, Halliday D, Krane K S. Physics
5th ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2002
References
(2) Ford K W. Classical and Modern Physics.
Xerox College Publishing, 1972
(3) Alonso M, Fin E J. Fundamental University
Physics. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,
1978
(4) Orear J. Physics MacMillian Publishing Co.
Inc., 1979
(5) Feynman R P, Leighton R B, and Sands M.
The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Addison-
Wesley Publishing Company, 1975
1
University
Physics
PERSON OF THE CENTURY
Philippe Halsman (1948)
HE WAS AN
ENTHUSIASTIC BUT
NEVER BRILLIANT
AMATURE MUSICIAN
Mechanics
Thermal Physics
Electricity and Magnetism
Fundamental Modern Physics
Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
Matter and Motion, and their Interplay
Order, symmetry, similarity, simplicity
Matter and Interaction
1.1 What is physics?
Physics is the discipline of science most directly
concerned with the fundamental law of nature.
The eternal motive is to seek
2
Matter:
microscopic fundamental particles
macroscopic
cosmological universe
mesoscopic nm, cluster

monopole
Cabrera et al (1982 Stanford)
dark matter
90% matter invisible
fractional charge
B. Fairbank et al (1965, 1977~1981)
to search for
antimatter, say, anti-hydrogen atom
AMS
news: multi-quark particle;
supersymmetry matter?
mechanical
thermal
nucleus
particles ...
Motion:
gravitational, weak, electromagnetic, strong
Interaction:
electroweak
Einstein: unified field theory
Is There a Fifth Fundamental Force?
3
gravitational, weak, electromagnetic, strong
Interaction:
C.N.Yang
electroweak
supersymmetry
Grand Unification Theory
(1994)
spatial (taiji, Eight trigram..), temporal,
matter-antimatter, gauge
dynamic
Symmetry:
Day and Night by Escher M C (1898-1972)
1
What is physics
EM Interaction Exchange of photon
Strong Interaction Exchange of gluon
Matter:
Field propagates interaction.
This is
even more distinct in advanced theory:
It is a special form of matter.
Experiments provide
enough variation and flexibility 4.2K, nK!
Experimental Theoretical
Computational
Physics
Five Great Theories in physics:
Newtonian Mechanics (classical mechanics)
Thermodynamics
Electromagnetism
Relativity
Quantum mechanics
None will ever be completely overthrown.
None will prove to be entirely correct. No
theory is unique...
Physics is the most fundamental science.
Physics provides most and fundamental
means of scientific research.
Physics is the most developed science.
*Quantum information & computation
1 0
2 1
C C + =
b a

qubits
entanglement

( )
b a b a ab
1 1 0 0
2
1
+ =
quantum states
boolean states: 0 and 1;
Quantum computer !
2
to obtain facts & data through observation,
experiments, or computational simulation
to analyze facts & data in light of known and
applicable principles
to form hypotheses that will explain the facts
to predict additional facts
to modify & update hypotheses by new
evidence
Normal scientific method: Normal
Abnormal?
Einstein? Michelson-Morley experiment
To ignore alleged facts:
not really fact;
irrelevant or inconsistent;
mask other more important facts;
complicating a situation.
Intuition(premonition)
Dumb luck (serendipity)
At college level you must do more than
learn facts, laws, equations and
problem-solving techniques.
to seek to grasp the whole of physics,
to appreciate its generality,
to get an idea of the beauty, simplicity,
harmony, and grandeur of some of the
basic physical laws,
to see the interconnection of its parts
and perceive its boundaries.
theory and application,
physical idea and mathematical tools,
general law and specific fact,
dominant and irrelevant effect,
traditional and modern reasoning.
to distinguish between
1.2 Physical quantities
a set of concepts, usually not directly
perceptible
assumption about the mathematical
representation (physical quantities)
relationships among physical quantities
(equation)
A general theory of physics is made up of
Personal preference or historical accident
e.g., Temperature:
Celsius(0
o
C),
Fahrenheit,
Kelvin
A certain mathematical representation of
a physical quantity is never natural,
assumptions are necessary.
3
Basic quantities are defined through
measurement (operational definition)
standard & unit, procedure
Basic or Derived Arbitrary!
Derived quantities are defined in terms
of other quantities 1N = 1kgm/s
2
Electric quantity Q or current I basic?
SI base unit
Le Systme International dUnites
cd candela Luminous intensity
mol mole Amount of substance
K kelvin Temperature
A ampere Electric current
s second Time
kg kilogram Mass
m meter Length
Length:
Moving body?

Typical lengths: table 1-2

61
10
Space quantizedfundamental length
Kr
86
s m 458 792 299 = c
standard meter
1960 atomic standard
1983
AU(Astronomical unit) 1.495 978 70 10
11
m
light year 9.460 530 10
15
m
pc, parsec, parallax second 3.261 633 l.y.
, ngstrm
m 10 0 . 1
10

1
1AU
pc 1

=
Example 1.1
AU 206265 =

180 0 360
1
Assignment: 1.1, 1.3/1.4 , 1.5
1 10 100 1000
Problem 1.5 logarithmic scale
1
Mass
Standard kilogram
C
12
12
1
u 1 m = unified atomic mass unit
( ) kg 10 3 1 73 660538 . 1 u 1
27
=
1965: 1kg + 0.271mg
1989 ~ 1993: 1kg + 0.295mg
kg No.60 90% Pt + 10% Ir
39mm
39mm
12
3
12
2 1
21
r F
r
m m
G =
Gravitational mass vs inertial mass
active, passive
passive m active m
2 1
;
Mass is motion-dependent:
Does rest mass conserve?
Particles moving with c m
0
=0
Fission and fusion
) (v m m =
Rest mass ) 0 (
0
m m =
? 0 =

m
neutrino
Time
1second = (1/86400) mean solar day
Cs
133
Atomic standard
1956 IBWM:
1/31556925.9747 of
a standard tropical year1900
Twin paradox

A clock counts repeated events of motion.

A moving clock runs slower.
Unidirectivity of time, arrow,
Universal physical constants:
2 11
34
kg m N 10 6.673(10)
s J 10 ) 82 ( 596 571 054 . 1
2
=
=

G
h
h
Gamow G, Stannard R. The New World
of Mr. Tompkins. Cambridge University
Press 1999.
(
()
2000)
2
Dimension and dimension analysis
Geometrically area~(length)
2
volume ~(length)
3
e.g. dim velocity~L
1
T
1
mechanical quantity~L

physical quantity~(basic quantity)

d
Hubble constant H
0
= 50~100kms
1
Mpc
1
dim H
0
1
= T

Dimensionless quantity:
vd e R = Reynolds number
The slowdown rate ~ s/day, s/century
Dim ( ) = L
0
M
0
T
0
= 1
dimension ? unit
Plasma parameter
a e
2
=
T k
B
1
=
Example 1.2
L dim =

c G h
1 1
T L dim

= c
m 10 6 . 1
35
2
1
3

=
c
G
l
g
h
T T ML dim dim
2 2
= h
2 2
dim dim m Fr G =
2 2 2 2
M L T ML

=
2 1 4
T M L

=
Known gravitational system of m, R
energy
W U ~
The gravitational self-energy
model-dependent constant:
uniform sphere 0.6, thin shell 0.5
R
m
G U
2
=
spherical
r F ~ r
r
m m
G
2
2 1
~
1. spherical: single parameter R means spherical,
6. numerical factor is model-dependent, beyond
the dimensional analysis.
5. physical systems are divided into layers,
certain layer is refered.
4. meaning of the quantity: broken to sheet.
3. either negative sign or positive sign is ok.
2. G is introduced due to gravitational ,
different from Example 1.2.
Assignment:1.8, 1.9*
* optional
1
1.3 Approximation in physics
Correct and ingenious use of approximation is
fundamental for scientific workers.
Exact solution model approximation
g = constant?
2
12
2 1
0
4
1
r
q q
F

=
numerical computation, math approximation
< < =

C C
x g
x f
a x
0 ,
) (
) (
lim
)) ( ( ) ( x g O x f =
f,g are of same order of magnitude (10)
Math approximation

if
) (
2
x O
) (
4
x O

= +
4 2
5 3 x x
x
0 x
0
) (
) (
lim =

x g
x f
a x
f is infinitesimal relative to g
Usually we say a << b if a is two order
smaller than b
1 e
1
<<

means ...
)) ( ( ) ( x g o x f =
if
Taylor series:
L + + + = +
2
0 0 0 0
) (
! 2
1
) ( ) ( ) ( x x f x x f x f x x f
1 ) 1 (
! 2
1
1 ) 1 (
1 1
1
1
2
2
< + + + = +
< + + + =

x x q q qx x
x x x
x
q
L
L
For nonlinear system, problem is sensitive
to initial values.
Butterfly effect:
Assignment: 1.12
The flap of a butterflys wings in Beijing
might set off a tornado in New York .
1.4 Vectors
Scalars: magnitude (a number & a unit)
e.g., m, l, t, , E, T...
... , , , E a , v , r
v r
r v r v

Hand-writing
Vectors: have magnitude, direction,
... , , , , , E a v r e.g.,
combine according to specific rules
&

1
geometric: directed line segment
Representations of vector
A
A
A e =
tensor of rank one
) , , (
3 2 1
A A A = A analytic e.g.
A = A
) , ( ), ( r F r r W W t = =
Unit vector

Combination rules
1.Addition :
parallelogram law or triangle law
Combination rules
1.Addition :
+ = + B A
Commutative
B A
A
A+B
B
?
x y y x
+ = +
Combination rules
1.Addition :
Commutative
A B B A + = +
A A = + 0
null vector
C B A C B A + + = + + ) ( ) (
associative
Zero, naught
2. Multiplication by a scalar
; C A =
0 >
parallel to A
associative
A A ) ( ) ( =
) 1 ( B A B A + =
0 <
anti-parallel to A
B A B A
A A A


+ = +
+ = +
) (
) ( distributive
A C =
2
3. Scalar (dot, inner) product
A

B = (a scalar function) cos AB

A B B A =
What does mean? 0 = B A
C A B A C B A + = + ) (
0
2
= A A A
? = e A
A
e

cos A
projection
component
Resolution
2 2 1 1
e e A A A + =
coplanar; , ,
2 1
e e A
*In three-dimensional space?
) ( ) (
2 1 2 1 1 1 1
e e e e A e + = A A
collinear. not ,
2 1
e e
) (
1 1 1
e e = A when e
1
e
2
= 0
1
A = when e
1
e
1
= 1
4. Vector (cross, external) product
) 0 ( sin = AB B A
A, B, and C in right-handed screw
C B A =
A
B
B A C =

4. Vector (cross, external) product

) 0 ( sin = AB B A
A, B, and C in right-handed screw
C B A =
A B B A =
( )
0 =
+ = +
A A
C A B A C B A
3
polar
polar & axial vectors
axial
5. Triple products
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) C A B
A C B B A C C B A
=
= =

( ) ( ) ( ) B A C C A B C B A =

( )
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
cos
cos


+ =
+ =
t A x
t A x
Example 1.3
i A i A + = +
2 1 2 1
x x
1
x
2
x
( ) i A A + =
2 1
( ) + t Acos
Example 1.4
( ) ( ) ( ) L + + + 2 cos cos 0 cos A A A
2 2
sin
A
R =

2 ,
2
1
2
sin
2 1
= + =

n n R A A

= +
2
sin
2
2 sin
2 1

A A A

+
1
0
0
cos
N
n
N
n
t kx
N
A

N
N
t kx
N
N
N
N
A
A
2
1
cos
2
sin
2
sin
0
*
1
Assignment: 1.14, 1.17, 1.19*, 1.22
( ) D C B
A
exp , , ln ,
1
illegal: , A = B
See 1.5
1.5 Orthogonal Coordinate systems
Cartesian system(i, j, k)
basis base vector
1.5 Orthogonal Coordinate systems
, 1
, 0
= = =
= = =
k k j j i i
i k k j j i
Cartesian system(i, j, k)
j i k
i, k j
k, j i
=
=
=
orthogonal
normalized
right-handed screw
k j i A
3 2 1
A A A + + =
k A j A i A = = =
3 2 1
, , A A A
i
j k
3 3 2 2 1 1
B A B A B A + + =
) ( ) (
3 2 1 3 2 1
k j i k j i B A B B B A A A + + + + =
3 2 1
3 2 1
B B B
A A A
k j i
B A = ( )
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
C C C
B B B
A A A
= C B A
33 31
23 21
13
33 31
23 21
12
2 1
33 32
23 22
11
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
) 1 (
c c
b b
a
c c
b b
a
c c
b b
a
c c c
b b b
a a a
+ + =
+
32 23 33 22
33 32
23 22
c b c b
c c
b b
=
Position vector r
) , , ( z y x
coordinates of end point
components
) , , ( z y x
2
Base vectors must be linearly independent and
complete.
With zero vector in it, a set is linearly dependent.
holds except the trivial one with
C
1
= C
2
= L= C
n
= 0.
0 = + + +
n n
C C C A A A L
2 2 1 1

*
A set of vectors are said to be linearly
independent provided no equation
orthogonal or oblique?
right-handed or left-handed?
Either OK
In a particular space there exist n linearly
independent vectors but no set of n + 1 linearly
independent ones, the space is said to be
n-dimensional.
E.g. for vectors A and B,
C
1
A+C
2
B = 0, C
1
,C
2
finite
they are linearly dependent. Indeed
A = (C
2
/C
1
) B
*
Completeness requires the number of base
vectors equal to the dimensionality of space.
So two linearly dependent vectors are collinear.
Polar coordinate systems
0 , 1 = =

e e e e e e =

e e A A A + =
planar ~

e =
position vector:
) , (
coordinates of end point
) 0 , (
components
j i e
j i e

cos sin
sin cos
+ =
+ =

i
j
O
j i e
j i e

cos sin
sin cos
+ =
+ =
i
j

Cylindrical ~
) , , ( k e e

k e e A
z
A A A + + =

k r z + =
Position vector
) , , ( z
coordinates of end
) , 0 , ( z
components
3
spherical ~
) , , (

e e e
r

e e e A A A A
r r
+ + =
r
Position vector
) , , ( r
coordinates of end
) 0 , 0 , (r
components
) sin (cos cos sin
) sin cos ( sin cos
j i k e
j i k e

+ + =
+ + =
r
j i e

cos sin + =
( )
( )

&
&
j i
e
j i
e
sin cos
d
d
cos sin
d
d
=
+ =
t
t

e
&
=

e
&
=
j i e
j i e

cos sin
sin cos
+ =
+ =
) ( ) ( t t = =
Derivation against time

e e d 1 d =

e
e
&
=
t d
d

e
e
e
e
&
&
=
=
t
t
d
d
d
d

e =

e
e
& & & & &
& &
+ =
=

2
In circular motion
In uniform circular motion

e e
& & &
+ =

e ) ( =
& &

e ) ( +
0 = =
& & &
constant =
&
2

& & &


& & & &
2 +

cos 1 e
p
+
= Example 1.5
) 1 0 ( < < e
Find the radial acceleration at
= , 0
2

& & &

= a
1
( )
0 ,
1
2 2
min 2
2
= =
+
=

p
r
e
p
a

( )
= =

,
1
2 2
max 2
2
p
r
e
p
a

*intrinsic coordinate system

tangential and normal directions

t t
d
d
e e v v
t
s
= =
t
s
s
v
t
v
v
t d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
) (
d
d
t
t t

e
e e a + = =
2 3
2
2
2
d
d
1
d
d
1
d
d
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
x
y
x
y
s

v
curvature
n
2
t
d
d
e e

v
t
v
+ =
radius of curvature
Assignment:1.21
1
Part 1
Mechanics
position (distance and direction)
orientation
deformation
mechanical motion
spacetime
Kinematics & dynamics
description of motion
law & reason of motion
Isaac Newton
1687 Principia Methematica Philosophia
Naturalis
Isaac Newton
1687 Principia Methematica Philosophia
Naturalis
Albert Einstein
1905 special theory of relativity
1916 general theory of relativity
Schrdinger, Heisenberg, Dirac et al
1920s Quantum mechanics
Few-body and many-body
Thermodynamic system
23
10
scale, size; two levels
1,2,3 ~ 18
Macroscopic and microscopic
2
deterministic vs uncertain
quantum mechanical uncertainty of
microscopic objects;
statistical uncertainty of individual
particle in many-particle system;
unpredictability in nonlinear dynamic
system.
Chapter 2
Kinematics
2.1Mechanical motion and moving object
translational motion particle or mass point
system of particles
continuum or fluid
position change
rotational motion rigid body
orientation change
oscillation and deformation elastic or plastic
bodies
elastic or
plastic body
earthquake,
crust movement
?
rigid body
rotation
(mean radius)
6.410
6
m
mass point
revolution
(mean orbital radius)
1.510
11
m
earth motion scale
Motion of the earth
Reference frame, or coordinate system is
needed.
Motion is relative.
Spacetime coordinates
2.2 Translation
t

=
r
v
t
s
v

=
Average velocity
Average speed

r displacement

s path
Position change
3
instantaneous velocity and speed
t t
t
d
d
lim
0
r r
v =

=

t
s
t
s
v
t
d
d
lim
0
=

=

t d
dv
a =
acceleration
,
t
s t
e
r r
v = = =
d
d
d
d
v
t
s
d
d

+ = t d
0
v r r

+ = t d
0
a v v
0
d v v a =

t
0
d r r v =

t
or
t
t
B
A
g v v
g v
+ =
=
0
Example 2.1
t t g t t
t t
d d
0 0

= k g
k
2
2
1
gt =
t
t
B
A
g v v
g v
+ =
=
0
Example 2.1
2
2
1
t g h h
A
=
2
0
2
1
t g t v h
B
=
t t g t t
t t
d d
0 0

= k g k
2
2
1
gt =
k g
k v
g
v
=
=
B A
h h =
(

=
2
0
C
2
1
v
gh
h h
Collision takes place when
and
we have
0
v h t = .
Substituting it into the expression for h
A
or h
B
,
we have
h
A
, h
B
are magnitude of position vectors
rather than paths.
Discussion:
h v ,
0
Assigned
gh v
2
1
2
0

satisfy
In case
gh v
2
1
2
0
...
4
= kv
2
Example 2.2
2
v k a =
z
v
v
t
z
z
v
t
v
a
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
= = =
Find ) (t v v =
Analysis: one-dimension (1D) implied
finite v, finite a.
Solution: Write
kv
z
v
=
d
d We have
Known
dimk?

=
z
z
v
v
z k
v
v
0 0
d
d
( ) | |
0 0
exp z z k v v =
) ( ln
0
0
z z k
v
v
=
Discussion:
1
L dim

= k
? ) (t v v =
...
Galileo Galilei
(15641642)
independence of motion
composition and decomposition of motion
Example 2.3
2
0 b
2
0 c
2
1
2
1
t t
t
g v r
g r r
+ =
+ =
clay pigeon
Projectile
2
0 b
2
0 c
2
1
2
1
t t
t
g v r
g r r
+ =
+ =
Hit-on condition:
b c
r r =
t
0 0
v r =
collinear (aim)
Discussion: k i r
0 0
h d + = Write
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
0
2
0
2
0
1
2
1
h
d
gh v
2
0
2
0
2
0 C
2
1
v
h d
g h d
+
+ = k k i r
2 2
0
2
0
2 2
0
t v h d r = + =
0
2
1
2
0
2
0
2
0 C

+
=
v
h d
g h k r

Assignment 2.2, 2.3, 2.5

1
Circular motion

e e
& & &
+ =

&
=
, ,

e e in right-handed screw relation

e
&
Define an angular velocity vector so that
=
&

e
&

e

O
r + =

O O
r r =
&
=
&
Q
For r, we still have
r =
r
& & = and
In UCM
) ( = =
& & &
Centripetal acceleration

2

f
T
=

= = 2
2

&
Acceleration: = const.

constant = =
&
=
&
1/s
rev/s
2.3 Rotational motion
d
Translation
+rotation
t d
d
=
Translation
~revolution
t d
d
=
d
boomerang

platypus: duck-billed animal

It is an oviparous mammal.
2
B A
=
Example 2.4
The angular velocity of the earths rotation
T

=
2

365 2 ~
s 236 = = T
?
mean solar day
s 10 640 . 8
4
= T
s 10 616 . 8
4
= T
sidereal day
T
2

2.4 Oscillation
periodic motion
) ( ) ( t A T t A = +
f T 1
orbital motion of planets
blood circulation
ecological cycle
economic depression
...
frequency period

=
=
t R y
t R x

sin
cos
Spatially back and forth
1
t sin
0
=
&
t cos
0
=
t t
B A x
t A x
t B t A x



i i
e e
) ( cos
cos sin

+ =
+ =
+ =
A Amplitude
+ t Phase

Initial phase
Circular frequency
( ) ( ) = + 2 t t T
= 2 T
i R =
+ = ) cos( t A x
+ t
) cos( ) cos( ) cos(
2 2 1 1
+ = + + + t A t A t A
( )
1 2 2 1
2
2
2
1
2
cos 2 + + = A A A A A
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
cos cos
sin sin
tan

A A
A A
+
+
=
Superposition of two
oscillation
t
2 1
= , collinear. constructive
1
A
2
A
=
2 1

2 1
A A = A destructive
1
A
2
A
2
2 1
=
2
2
2
1
A A A + =
quadrature
1

=
=
) ( cos
) ( cos
2 2 2
1 1 1
t A x
t A x

Oscillations of different frequencies

0
2 1
2 1
= =
= =

A A A Set
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+ = +
t A
t t A x x
2
cos 2
cos cos
2 1
2 1 2 1


|
.
|

\
|

t
2
cos
2 1

?
amplitude modulation
Assignment: 2.7/2.8, 2.9
James Gleick, Chaos:Making a New Science
phase space
Fractals in

Chaos

2.5 Phase space

t
t cos
0
=
t sin
0
=
&
t

&
2.5 Phase space
t cos
0
=
t sin
0
=
&
2
2.5 Phase space
t cos
0
=
t sin
0
=
&

&
1
2
0
2
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

&
trajectory
t cos
0
=
t sin
0
=
&

&
2
0

?
Complete kinematics
should include phase diagram.
spiral
saddle
node
center
2.6 Galilean transformation

= O O r r
u r r = & &
t u r r =
r
r
u = constant
r r
& & & &
=
u v v =
Solution:
Take walker as S.
In walkers view,
the velocity of raindrop is:
Walking in rain

v
u
= tan
k v v =
u
i k u v =
3
Aberration of light
s km 8 . 29 = u
Solution:
4
10 ~ arctan

=
c
u

roughly correct
u
v =
ck
gedenkan experiment (thought experiment)
v c
d
t t
c
d
t
+
+ = < =
out out f
0
fire
= t
out
t
d
v c
d
t
+
+
out
c
d
t =
fire
|
.
|

\
|
+
>
v c c
d t
1 1
out
Large enough d may break the inequality.
So,
Galilean transformation is not valid for light.
Assignment: *2.13, 2.14, 2.15
Fig.3.19&7.10
U
x
2.7 Coriolis acceleration
What is the trajectory of the virus
relative to the table surface?
Coordinate transformation between
rotational systems
1
( ) ( ) ( ) t t t t d d d A A A A = + =
For A fixed in S',
its end point is in CM relative to S.
t d ) ( d ~ = =
&

with respect to S
A d
( ) t d d d A A A + =
A
A A
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|

S S
d
d
d
d
t t
or
For additional
Symbolically
+

=
t t d
d
d
d
r(t)
r
r r
+

=
t t d
d
d
d
r
r r
&
& &
+

=
t t d
d
d
d
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
|
.
|

\
|
+

= r
r
r
r

t t t d
d
d
d
d
d
( ) r
r r
+

=
t t d
d
2
d
d
2
2
centripetal acceleration Coriolis acceleration
= const.
L =
|
.
|

\
|
+
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

S
S
S
S
S
S
2
2
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
t t t
t t t
r r
r r

1
In S, F is centripetal force which causes
centripetal acceleration .
c
a
In S, the ball is at rest, no dr/dt' , d
2
r/dt'
2
.
( ) r v g g = m m m m 2
0
2
0
s m 8 . 9 g
s rad 10 292 . 7
5
=
( )
0
2 2 2
s m 10 39 . 3 g R <<

r
v g g = m m m 2
eff
Centrifugal force Coriolis force In S
falling body
v m 2

e
k k e k
sin
) sin (cos
=
+ =
r
) ( ' 2
r
v m e k
) ( ' 2
r
v m e k =

e sin ' 2 v m =

e
e k
e k v
sin ' 2
) ( ' 2
) ( ' 2 2
v m
v m
v m m
r
r
=
=

eastward

e
k k e k
sin
) sin (cos
=
+ =
r
0 if
2
falling body
Kinematic effect
On the surface
On the surface
( ) ( ) k e k e e e + = +

v v v v 2 2
( )

e e v v + = cos 2

e e v v v + =
On the surface
( ) ( ) k e k e e e + = +

v v v v 2 2
( )
r
v v v e e e

sin 2 cos 2 + + =
( )

e e v v + = cos 2

e e v v v + =

e e v v v = ; 0

e e v v v = ; 0 south west
east south
In southern hemisphere
0 cos <
righthand?
Railway tracks
river-bank
Molecular rotation-oscillation spectrum
Whirling in satellite cloud diagram.
It is counterclockwise in northern hemisphere,
and clockwise in southern hemisphere.
Coriolis effect
4
Foucault pendulum
Assignment 2.16
v m 2
( ) r m
Up-thrown
Quantitative aspects of qualitative
discussion about up-throw problem:
v ~ ( v )
( r )
( v ) ( r )
v < escape speed
1
Chapter 3
Particle Dynamics
3.1 The law of inertia
Newtons first law reads:
Every body persists in its state of rest or of
uniform motion in a straight line unless it is
compelled to change that state by forces
impressed on it.
A reference frame in which
the first law is valid
is called inertial or Galilean system
A free particle moves with constant velocity.
force-free
Force is negligible
Forces are cancelled
locally
v = const
including zero
Not true for some frame!
Inertial system? Stars?
All inertial systems are equivalent.
u r r =
& &
constant constant ?
u r r =
& &
constant constant ?
For a free particle in S
( ) R T R
R
v
a
2 2
2
2 = = =
Earth inertial system?
Copernicus (1473

1543) (Heliocentric
theory) asserts a better inertial system.
310
10
m/s
2
suns revolution
5.910
3
m/s
2
earths revolution
3.410
2
m/s
2
earths rotation
3.2 Newtons second and third laws
The operational definition of force
The definition of inertial mass
1 1 2 2
a a m m =
2 1 1 2
a a m m =
fundamental equation of dynamics
Newtons second law
a F m =
2
t d
dp
F = a F m =
v p m =
momentum
2
2
0
1
c
v
m
m

=
p v
t t
m
d
d
d
d

We may have ) (v m m =
Newtons third law
contact forces
action-at-distance
Modern viewpoint:
Interactions propagate through fields with
finite speed.

BA AB
F F =
body
forces
reference frame (origin, axes);
free-body diagram
equation of motion;
geometric relation;
approximation and solution
discussion.
problem-solving
Example 3.1
Find a and
n
F
x
y
a m F
g m F F
ma mg F
=
=
=

sin
0 cos
cos
n
n N
n
tan
x y
a a =
tan d d x y =
x
y
a m F
g m F F
ma mg F
=
=
=

sin
0 cos
cos
n
n N
n
tan
x y
a a =
g
m m
m
a
a m mg a m
x
x x


tan cot
tan cot
+
=
=
g
m m
m m
a
m
F
x

2 2
n
sin cos
cos
sin +

=

=
Example 3.2
0 cos cos
T2 T1
: = mg F F k
cos
T1 T2
mg
F F =
Solution:
N 25
m 0 . 1 , kg 0 . 1
T1
=
= =
F
l m
( )
s m 7 . 4
N 26 sin
T2 T1
:
= =
= + =
m
Fr
v
F F F

e
Find v F ,
T2
Known
3
There is no loss of the number in adding
(subtracting).
When multiplying, dividing or calculating
square root, the number of significant figure
is determined by the factor with the smallest
number.
significant figure

Simple pendulum
a cord (or rod)
inextensible
of negligible mass
a particle of mass
( )

& &
&
mL mg
L m F mg
=
=
sin :
cos :
2
T
e
e
small angular displacement
sin
with to be fixed
0
, , A
0 =

+
L
g
& &
initial conditions ( ) ( ) 0 0 , 0
0
= = = = t t
&
( ) 0 sin
0
= A
) cos(
0 0
t =
L
g
=
2
0

The equation in e

direction becomes
( )
0
cos + = t A
We may write
= = 2 t L g t
defines period
g
L
T = 2
L
g
f

=
2
1
and frequency
a cord (or rod)
inextensible
of negligible mass
a particle of mass
small angular displacement
initial conditions
( )
0
2
cos cos
2
=
L
g
&
For general case (angular displacement )
sin mg mL =
& &

d sin d
d
d
mg
t
mL =
&

0
d sin d
d
d
0
mg
t
mL
&
&
4
0 =

+
L
g
& &
0
sin
=

L
g
& &
2
0
2
sin
~

=
L
g
L
g

Comparing the equation
with small angle approximation equation
We may feel
Reliable conclusion comes from exact solution.
Assignment 3.1, 3.2
3.3 Forces
Gravitation
planet motion,
redshift of light in gravitational field,
accretion,
tide and tidal disruption
...
Chapter 4
12
3
12
2 1
21
r F
r
m m
G =

Elastic or restoring force

Approximate, empirical
quark confinement? m 10
15
Hookes law x F k =
Intermolecular force
7 13
2 ~

r r
F

complicated
~ internal structure
of molecules
1
Friction
reduce or increase?
complicated not fundamental
approximate, empirical laws
dissipative

industry and technology Tribology
fundamental studies dune model
(de Gennes) self-organized criticality
nature of materials
surface finish
surface (oxide) film
extent of contamination
temperature

Surface friction depends on many factors:
Numerically static friction ~ normal force
N s f
F F
Sliding friction ~ normal force
N k f
F F =
coefficient
of static friction
coefficient
of kinetic friction
cast iron~cast iron
10 . 1
s
= 15 . 0
k
=
Teflon on Teflon
04 . 0 ~ ~
k s

0 = + + g F F m
f N
Example:
Critical angle
0 cos
0 sin
N
f
=
=

mg F
mg F
In x, y direction
tan
N
f
s
=
F
F
C s
arctan i.e.
N s f
F F
2
d d
2
1
v A C F =
Frictional drag and terminal speed
2
d
2
1
v A C mg F
z
=
Example 3.3
2
T
d
2
2
v
A C
mg
v =

0 =
z
F
2
T d
2
1
v A C mg =

=
2
T
2
z
1
v
v
mg F

=
2
T
2
1
d
d
v
v
mg
t
v
m

=
2
T
2
1
d
d
d
d
v
v
g
t
z
z
v
z g
v v
v
d 2
1
d
2
T
2
2
=

( )
c
e 1
2
T
2 z z
v v

=
2
T
0
2
T
2
) 0 ( 2
1 ln
v
z g
v
v
v

C
2
T
2
T
2
2
z
z
g v
z
v
gz
=
2
t g
v
v
v
d
1
d
2
T
2
=

t
v
g
v
v
v
v
v
v
d
2
d
1
1
1
1
T T
T T
=

+
+

t
v
g
v
v
v
v
T
T
T
2
1
1
ln =
+

1
2
exp
1
2
exp
T
T
T
+

=
t
v
g
t
v
g
v
v

=
t
v
g
t
v
g
t
v
g
t
v
g
T T
T T
exp exp
exp exp
t
v
g
v v
T
T
tanh =
Viscosity force
rv F

= 6
( ) [ ] s Pa 1 s m m 1N
1
=

10 0 ~ =

d v
e R
Reynolds number
( ) m 10 ~ , exp
1
~
14
0 0
2

r r r
r
F
Nuclear force (between nucleons)
Nucleons have structure.
3.4 Noninertial frame and inertial force
) ( ) ( t t u v v =
In S 1st law
For a free particle in S,
S is called as noninertial frame.
O O t = r r ) (
u a F
&
m m + =
In S 2nd law
a F F = + m ) (
in
u F
&
m
in
u a r
& & &
+ = Secondly if F 0,
In S 2nd law
F
in
is called as inertial force
3
Example 3.4 Apparent weight
) (
i g
a g m m P =
Apparent weight:
i g
m m = + P g
Equation of motion in S
a
0 = + + ) (
i g
m m P g
In S
a
acceleration of the elevator
0 ) (
i g
= = a g m m P
Weightlessness
Gravitation can be canceled
We can not distinguish
gravitation and inertial force
gravitational field and accelerated frame
principle of equivalence
General theory of relativity
i g
m m = a g = when
In free-falling elevator
Example 3.5
Only in S
Complete solution needs
equation of motion for wedge
y m mg F
x m m F
=
=
& &
& &

cos
sin
n
n
tan d d x y =
x
..
In wedge frame ( ) x
..
Conic pendulum

e g F
2
T
&
m m = +
0 = + +

e g F
2
T
&
m m
S
S
2
mg
r m
2
) 2 (
F
N
Problem 3.4
Coriolis force
) ( 2
rot in rot
r r a a = m m m m
&
inertial centrifugal force
kinematic effect
Newtons second law valid
third law not valid
Assignment: 3.4, 3.5, 3.7/*3.9
1
3.5 Momentum and Angular Momentum
v p m =
t d
dp
F =
i i i
C p F = =
= =
, 0
, C p F 0
Conservation of momentum
2
2
0
1
c
v
m

=
v
p
*
In 1956 C. L. Cowan Jr. and F. Reines et al.
detected neutrinos
discoveries
e p n +
The conservation of momentum and
energy requires a third particle.
In 1927 Pauli proposed the existence of an
undetectable, light, and neutral particle.
In 1930 E. Fermi named it as neutrino
+

= =
f
i
f
i
d d
i f
t
t
t F p p p
p
p
impulse
I

( )
i f
t t = F

f
i
d
1
i f
t
t
t
t t
F F
p r L =
angular momentum with respect to O
( )
( )

=
=
r r
r r L
m mr
m
2
In a circular motion
With respect to O

2
mr = L
v p m = ~
Bohr model of hydrogen atom
kg 10 11 . 9
31
e

= m m 10 529 . 0
10
= r
1 16
s 10 13 . 4

=
s kg m 10 05 . 1
2 34
= L h =
Earth-moon system
s 10 616 . 8 3 . 27
60 ~ m 10 08 . 3 kg 10 36 . 7
4
8 22
=
= =

T
R r m
kg/s m 10 84 . 2
2 30
= L
2
impact parameter
Example 3.6
bmv L =
Direction?
Angular momentum exists for finite r, p.
t t t d
d
d
d
d
d p
r p
r L
+ =
torque with respect to O
F r =
M =

M
L
=
t d
d
( ) ( )t mgb t mg r L
mgb m M
= =
= =
sin
g r

t Md sin rp
With respect to O
3.6 Mechanical Work and Energy
r F d d = W
3.6 Mechanical Work and Energy
r F d d = W

= r F d W

= t
t t
m d
d
d
d
d r v

= v v d m
work-energy relation
t
t
t
m
d
d
d
d
d r v

=
t
m
d
d
d
r
v
3

= r F d W
2
i
2
f
2
1
2
1
v m v m =
T
T T
=

i f

= v v d m
v v v d 2 d 2
2
= = v v v v
kinetic energy
work-energy relation
increment of kinetic energy

=
f
i
d
v
v
v mv
f
i
2
2
1
v
v
mv =
2
2
1
mv T = C mv T + =
2
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
2
1
2
u v u v + + = m v m
Kinetic energy depends on coordinate system!
Does work depend on coordinate system?
u u v + + = ) 2 (
2
1
2
1
2
m v m
13
Consider a system S'
0
f i
= = =
pap apa
W W T T
0 =

d
p
a
r F


p
a
dr F
conservative

+
a
p
dr F
Along C
1
1
C
Along C
2
2
C
perihelion
aphelion
0 d =

r F
conservative
( )
r
r
r
r
r r F
i
i
d U

C mgh U + =
( )
C kx U
kA kx dx kx
x
A
+ =

2
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
potential energy function
additive constant
( ) ( ) r r U U =
i
U =
potential energy
( ) ( ) r r r F
r
r
U U =

i
i
d
x
U
F
x
d
d
=
U = F
z
U
y
U
x
U
U

k j i gradient
1D ( ) ( ) x U x U x F
x
x
=

i
i
d
3D
where
4
(if F is conservative.) U =

r F d
T =

r F d
0 = + U T
Conservation of mechanical energy
0
2
2
1
mgz mgz v m E = + =
Simple pendulum
) cos 1 ( = L z
( )
0
2
cos cos
2
1
= mgL v m
a particle of mass
a cord (or rod)
inextensible
of negligible mass
small angular displacement
initial conditions
Physical pendulum, variable mass
Saddle etc.
Elastic pendulum, nonlinear
Physical pendulum
Nonlinear
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
kx mv kA + =
SHO(Simple harmonic oscillator)
21
Model potential energy curve
At F
0 d d < x U
0 >
x
F
0 d d = x U
At A,B,C,D
0 =
x
F
equilibrium
0 d d = x U
At A, C,
0 d d
2 2
> x U 0 d d < x F
Restoring force
At B?
At D?
Stable equilibrium
unstable equilibrium
neutral equilibrium
1
Potential barrier and well
E
?
Is potential energy height-dependent?
Surely not in elastic potential energy case.
Ammonia molecule is an example that U .
Assignment 3.10, 3.13, 3.14
1
Saturn

Chapter 4
Gravitation
Historical review
Gravitation is closely related to the dynamic
problem.
The description of planetary motion is a
kinematic problem.
There were many world models
(geocentric, heliocentric, Tychos model ).
All of them need dynamic explanation.
The frontispiece to
Galileos Dialogue
Concerning the Two
World Systems (1632).
According to the labels,
Copernicus is to the right,
with Aristotle and Ptolemy
at the left; Copernicus was
drawn with Galileos face,
however
Claudius Ptolemy
(127152 working in
Alexandria, Egypt )
Nicolaus Copernicus
(14731543)
Ptolemy system(70 spheres)

Ptolemy system (70 circles)

Copernicus system (46 circles)
Galileo Galilei (15641642)
Tycho Brahe (15461601)
Johannes Kepler (15711630)
Issac Newton (1642 1727)
Galileo Galilei (15641642)
establishment of scientific experimental
procedures
elimination of systematic errors (the flexure
of his instruments, refraction)
data with quoted the error: 2 arcmin
( )
systematically 21 years observation.
m 1 mm 61 . 0 <
Tychos merits to science
3
Keplers
nested set:
SaturnJupiterMarsEarthVenusMercury
cube dodecahedron octahedron
tetrahedron icosahedron
Pythagorean or Platonic solids
Mysterium Cosmographorum (Cosmic Mystery)
(1596)
Harmony of the World (1619).
(1) The orbit of each planet about the Sun is an
ellipse with the Sun at one focus.
(the law of orbit);
Kepler's laws
(2) The line joining any planet and the Sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
(the law of areas);
(3) The square of the period of revolution of a
planet about the Sun is proportional to the cube
of the planet's mean distance of the Sun.
(the law of period or Harmonic law)
planet motion
Kepler problem and scattering,
Newtons law of gravitation,
redshift of light in gravitational field,
accretion,
tide and tidal disruption,
...
In this chapter we will discuss
12
3
12
2 1
21
r F
r
m m
G =
4.1 The law of gravitation
2 2 11
kg m N 10 6.673(10) =

G
2 2
~ r r v F =
2 2 3
1 ~ , ~ r F r T
torsion balance
Keplers third law
2 2
~ ~ T r r F
4
Halley's Comet appeared 1456, 1531, 1607,
1682 with a period about 76 years.
Edmund Halley predicted 1758.
Successes of Newton's law
The last time Halley's comet visited Earth, in
1986. Comet Halley isn't officially scheduled
to visit Earth again until 2061 when it swings
through the inner solar system on its 76-year
orbit .
Photographed from Australia on March 13,1986(Akira Fujii)
The nucleus of Halleys Comet and some of its dust jets.
( 1987 Max-Planck-Institut fur Aeronomie, H.U.Keller)
Neptune
John Adams (1845.10), ignored by Challis and
Airy, the leading observational astronomers.
Le Verrier's work (1846.8) was taken seriously
by Calle of the Berlin Observatory. On 9. 23
precession of Mercury's perihelion

Pierre Simon Laplace (17491827)

18-body problem
Henri Poincar (1854 1912)
randomness in deterministic dynamic systems
originator of chaotic theory
( )

=
i
i
i
i
m m
G r r
r r
3
( )
( )
i
i
i
i i
m V
G r r
r r

=

3

( )
(

r r
r r
3
) d ( m V
G

=
i
i
F F
5
Shell~particle
t R
m
2
4

=
d sin 2 d R t R V =

=
0
2
2
cos
d sin 2

x
t R m
G F
dV
F = Fk

=
0
2
d cos sin
2
1
x
m m G

0
2
d cos sin
x




cos cos
d sin 2 d 2
cos 2
2 2 2
R r x
r R x x
r R r R x
=
=
+ =

x d
?
?

R r
R r
x d
( ) k F
(

+
=

+

x
r
x R r
r
r R x
m m G
R r
R r
d
2
1
2
1
2 2 2
2



cos cos
d sin 2 d 2
cos 2
2 2 2
R r x
r R x x
r R r R x
=
=
+ =
R r
r
m m
G >

,
2
k
R r < , 0
=

x x
x x
x
d
1 d
0
2
g r F m
r
m m
G = =

3
Outside a sphere, say the earth,
r
r
g
g d
2
d
=
g
r
m
G =

2
R r
r
m m
G >

,
2
k
R r < , 0
F =
2
3
3
r
m
R
r
m
G F

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
R
r
R
m m
G
2

=
Inside a sphere
1
r F
3
R
m m G
r

=
z
R
m m G
F
z
3

=
z
R
m m G
z m
3

=
& &
Assignment:4.4
Example 4.1 a chute in sphere Example 4.1
4.2 Gravitational potential energy
(

|
.
|

\
|

= r r d
3
r
m m
G W
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
i
r
m m
G
r
m m
G
m particle m particle, shell, sphere
U =
r
r
m m G
r
r
d
1
i
2

=
m outside of sphere
0
U
r
m m
G U +

=
mgz U =
?
(

+
=

z R
R
R
m Gm
U 1
( ) ( )
( )

+
+
= =
R
m Gm
z R
m Gm
z U R U , 0
( ) ( )
r
m m
G r U U

= = , 0

+
=
+
=
R
z
z
R
m Gm
z R
z
R
m Gm
1
2

+
=
R
z
mgz
1
1
| |

R z mgz 1
0
U
r
m m
G U +

=
mgz U =
?
(

+
=

z R
R
R
m Gm
U 1
( ) ( )
( )

+
+
= =
R
m Gm
z R
m Gm
z U R U , 0
( ) ( )
r
m m
G r U U

= = , 0
free-falling:
z R r + =


R
?
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

R
z
gz v 1 2
2
2
2
1
v m
R
m m
G
z R
m m
G = +
+

1
) ( d
3
d 4 ), (
3
2
2
3
3
shell r
R
m r
r r core
R
r
m =

=
R
r
R
m r
r R
mr
G U
0
3
2
3
3
s
d
3 1
Self-energy
Core to all particles on the shell
R
m
G
2
5
3
=
accretion
R
m m
G E

=
a
released
kg J 10 ~
16
kg J
10 10
10 2 10 67 . 6
~
3
30 11

m
E
In nuclear fusion
kg J 10 3 . 6
14 f
=

m
E
p p He He He
He H p
e H p p
4 3 3
3 2
2
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+
p506
R
m
G
m
E '
=

m m km 10 ~

R if
orbiting
r m G v
r
m m G
U U E E
r
m m
G U
=
<

= = + =

=
0
2 2
1
k
s km 9 . 7
1
= =

v gR
R
Gm
U
r
m m
G mv E
r
m m
G
r
v
m
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
k
2
2
=

= =

=
orbiting speed
" 26 4 8
2 2 2
2
2 1
3
2 1
3
=
=

g R
m G
R
m G
r
v
r
T
Launched from the surface of the earth
r
m m
G v m
R
m m
G v m

=
2 2
L
2
1
2
1

r R
Gm v
2
1 1
2
2
L
2
1
v gR = =

R
R
R
Gm
2
1
2
r
m m
G
2

=
r
m m
G v m
R
m m
G v m
2 2
2
1
2
1
Escape speed from the earth
s km 2 . 11 2 2
1 E
= = =

v R Gm v
1
E
<<
c
v
Weak gravitation
1
E

c
v
Strong gravitation

g
2
2
r
c
Gm
R c R Gm v = = 2
E
If
or
even light can not escape from it. Such a
celestial body is called Laplacian black hole.
Laplacian black hole
gravitational radius
G
c
R
m
2
2

It is necessary for a black hole to have higher

compactness

rather than higher density.

11
3
3 18 17
m kg 10 ~ 10 ~
Neutron stars have very high density,
they are not the candidates for black holes.
2 2 3
6
3
g
3
1
~
32
3
3
4
3
4
m m G
c
r
m
R
m

m
9
10
3
kg/m 20 ~ can still be blackhole
A galaxy of , its density is as low as
The condition for density is
12
4.3 Gravitational mass, redshift and *collapse
~
g
W m 1 ~
i
a m 1
g i
= m m ?
,
i
2
g
a m
R
m m
G =

1.
r g P
& &
i g
m m =
2.
g
R
m
G a = =

2
sin
g i
g m L m =
& &
L
g
m
m
i
g 2
=
Newton method: simple pendulum
R. Etvs 1890+25
0 cos cos :
0 sin cos sin :
2 2
i g T
2
i T
= +
= +

R m g m F
R m F
r
e
e

( )
g
i
g
2
i
~
2
2 sin
tan
m
m
g m
R m

gPt
iPt
g
i
m
m
m
m
= R. Etvs 1890+25
1964 R. H. Dicke et al
1971 Braginski
8
10 5

11
10

12
10

Gravitational red shift

photons energy (section 22.2)
h E =
mass-energy relation (section 9.2)
2
c m E =
z g
c
h
d
2

=
(

=
(

H
z
c
g
0
2
d
d
o
e

2
c h m = Mass of photon
z mg h d d =
Conservation of energy
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
e
2
e o
1 exp
c
gH
c
gH

1959, R. V. Pound and G. A. Rebka
15
10 ) 26 . 0 57 . 2 (


15
2
10 46 . 2

= =

c
gH

1
d h
( )
z
z R
m m G
d
2
+

=
( )
z
z R
m G
c
h
d
2 2
+

=

( )
H R
H
R c
m G
z R
z
c
m
G
H
+

2
0
2 2
d d
o
e

=
R c
m G
R c
m G
2
e
2
e o
1 exp
R H >> For
( )
z
z R
m m G
U d d d
2
+

= = r F

=
R c
m G
R c
m G
2
e
2
e o
1 exp

=
R c
m G
R c
m G
2
e
2 1
2
e o
1
2
1 (GTR)
1
2
g
2
E
2
<< =

R
r
c
v
R c
m G

=
R c
m G
R c
m G
2
e
2
e o
1 exp

=
R c
m G
R c
m G
2
e
2 1
2
e o
1
2
1 (GTR)
2 1
g
e
1

=
R
r

0
g

r R
blackhole
( )
( ) observed 10 6 . 6
calculated 10 9 . 5
5
5

White dwarf:
20
*Gravitational collapse
a cold, diffuse cloud of dust or hydrogen atoms

d ra k
E E U + =
hydrogen fuel exhausts
carbon, oxygen,... iron
Fe
56
K 10
3
K 10
7
nuclear fusion contracts
outward pressure halts the contraction
collapses
helium red giant
Assignment: 4.5, 4.6
1
22+2(Sept 28)
1 1
, r m
2 2
, r m
2 1
r r r =
O
4.4 Kepler problem and *scattering
( ) r r
1 1
r f m =
& &
( ) r r
2 2
r f m =
& &
0 = +
2 2 1 1
r r
& & & &
m m
( ) r r r
1 1
2 1
2 1
r f
m m
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
& & & &
2 1
r r r =
3
2 1
~
r
m m
G f
0 = +
2 2 1 1
r r
& & & &
m m
( ) r r
1 1
2 1
r f
m m
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
& &
1
0
C
= r
& &
r r ) (r f =
& &

1 1 1

2 1
C C 2 2 1 1
C 2 1
+
+
+
m m
m m m
m m m
r r r
Define
reduced mass
Which particles eq?
mass?
Position vector?
force?
2
( ) 0 = = r r M r f
C p r L = =
r and p are co-planar
areal velocity
( ) k e e r
2


& &
& r r r
r
= + = L
Conservation of L
2
( ) 0 = = r r M r f
C p r L = =
r r d
2
1
r and p are co-planar
( ) k e e r
2


& &
& r r r
r
= + = L
Conservation of L
2
( ) 0 = = r r M r f
C p r L = =
areal velocity
constant
2 d
d
2
1
d
d
= = =

L
t
r r
t
A
can never change sign.

&
r and p are co-planar
( ) k e e r
2


& &
& r r r
r
= + = L
Conservation of L
2
3
( ) ( )r r f r r =
2

&
& &
t
t
r
t
r
r r d
d
d
d
d
d =
&
& &
= r r d
2

&
1st integrals
( ) E
r
k
r r = +
2 2 2

2
1

&
&
v
2
r r
& &
= d
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
1
d r
&
r
r
L
r d
2
2

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
2 2
2
3 2
2
2
d d
r
L
r
r
L

| | r F r r r f d d ) ( = |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
k
r
m m
G d d
2 1
U d =
( ) 0 2 = +
&
&
& &
r r constant
2
=
&
r L
( ) r U
r
L
r E + + =
2
2
2
2 2
1

&
( ) r U r
2
1
eff
2
+
&

4
( )
r
k
r
L
r U =
2
2
eff
2
Effective potential

=
r
r
r
k
r
L
0
?
?
2
2
2

2 2
2
1

&
r
r
hyperbola
parabola
ellipse
circle
Total energy
Kinetic energy?
9
?
5 ) (t r ) ( r r =

d
d
d
d
d
d
2
r
r
L
t
r
r = =
&
( )
r
r U
r
L
E r
L
d
2
2

d
2 1
2
2
2

r
r
k
r
L
E r
L
d
2
2

2 1
2
2
2

+
=

( ) r U
r
L
r E + + =
2
2
2
2 2
1

&
( )
(

r U
r
L
E
2
2
2
2

r
2
.
r
.
r
r
k
r
L
E r
L
d
2

2
1

2 1
2
2
2
2

+
=

|
.
|

\
|
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
r
L
k
r
k
r
L
L
k
E
L 1
d
2

2
2 1
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2

|
.
|

\
|
=

a
x
x a
x
arccos d
d
~
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
r
L
k
r
L
L
k
E
L 1
d

2
2 1
2
2
2 2

0
2
1
2
2 2
2
arccos

+
)
`

=
E
L
k
L
k
r
L
( )
e
r
p
k
L
E
r
p
1
2 1
1
cos
2 2
2
0

) ( cos 1
0
+
=
e
p
r
k
L
p

2
=
( )
p
k
e E
2
1
2
=
3
) ( cos 1
0
+
=
e
p
r
hyperbola E > 0 e > 1
parabola E = 0 e = 1
ellipse 0 < e < 1
circle e = 0
orbit energy eccentricity
p
k
E
2
=
0
2 2
< < <
a
k
E
p
k

1 1
max min
r
e
p
r
e
p
r

2
max min
1 2 e
p r r
a

=
+
=
For ellipse orbit
ap b =
t
L
t
t
A
A
2
d
d
d
=
(

= ( ) b a
L
T
2
=

p a
L
2 3
2
=

m m G m m
m m
a
m m G
L
a
L
T
+

=

=
1
) (
2
2
2 3
2
2 3

k
L
p

2
=
For ellipse orbit
( ) m m G
a T
+
=
1
2
2 3
) Kepler (
1
2
2 3
m G
a

1 1
max min
r
e
p
r
e
p
r

2
max min
1 2 e
p r r
a

=
+
=
ap b =
t
L
t
t
A
A
2
d
d
d
=
(

= ( ) b a
L
T
2
=

p a
L
2 3
2
=

*Hyperbola orbit
2
0
2
1
v E =
b v L
0
=
e 1 cos =

cos 1 e
p
r
+
=
=

2 2
Scattering angle

cot
2
tan
Eb
k
2
=
1
1
1
1
1
sin
cos
cot
2
2

=

e
e
e

2 2
0
2
2 2
2
2 2
1
b v
E
k
k
L
E
= =
Eq.(4.4.17)
2E
Assignment: 4.7, 4.12, *4.14
1
Taking retardation into account,
It is correct in Newtonian mechanics frame.
field propagator
1 1
, r m
2 2
, r m
O
r
4.5 Gravitational field
r F
3
r
m m
G

=
r
F
g
3
f
r
m G
m

= =

=
i
i
i
i
r
Gm
r g
3
f
f
g m
f
g F v = = m

in S
u v v

= in S
Gravitational field exists for certain mass (dis-
tribution).
Kinematic quantities , e.g. acceleration, may
change with reference systems
Example 4.4
Inside a sphere
( )
r
r
g r

G
r
r G
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
4
3
4
3
3
( ) ( ) r g r g g =
m'
l G =
3
4
In the cavity
U = F V
m
U
m
= =
F
g
f
Gravitational potential
C
r
m G
V +

=
Around particle m'
Sphere or shell
potential energy?
Tidal force
( ) ( ) a r
a r
r g

=
3
f
Gm
( )
z a r a
Gm Gm
V
2
2 2
+
=

=
a r
r or find potential
firstly
( )
2 1
2
2 1

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
a
r
a
z
a
Gm
V r
( )
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = 1 cos 3
2
1
cos 1
2
2

a
r
a
r
a
Gm
" + + +
2 1 0
V V V
2
( ) r V ( )
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = 1 cos 3
2
1
cos 1
2
2

a
r
a
r
a
Gm
" + + +
2 1 0
V V V
V = g

e e k g g
a
Gm
r r
+ + =
2
( )
( )

sin cos 3
1
1 cos 3
2
2
2
2
2
a
r
a
Gm V
r
g
a
r
a
Gm
r
V
g
r
=

=
=

=
k
2
1
a
Gm
z
V
=

8
3
24
22
3
10 60 . 5
3 . 60
1
10 98 . 5
10 36 . 7
~


=
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
a
r
m
m
g
g
m
3
11
6
24
30
3
SE
10 496 . 1
10 37 . 6
10 98 . 5
10 99 . 1
~
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

a
r
m
m
g
g

sin cos 3 ~
1 cos 3 ~
2

g
g
r
8
10 57 . 2

=
* Tidal disruption

2
m
m
a a
m G

2
2
r r
m m
G

2

=
1 cos 3
2

Disruption condition is
0
2

3
2
3

|
.
|

\
|
+

r
Gm
a
m G
m
3 1 3 1
26 . 1
2
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

m
m
r
m
m
r a
0 =
2 3 2 3
) (
a
m G
a
m m G

+
= =
3 1
3 1 3 1
44 . 1 44 . 1
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

m
m
R
m
m
r
m
m
r a

Keplers 3rd
law
Gravitational radiation
supernova SN 1987A
Assignment: 4.18