Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Remember

Irradiance (Symbol G, Unit: W/m2): Rate of radiant energy falling on a surface

per unit area of the surface

Irradiation
o o

(Symbol H or I, Unit: J/m2): Incident energy per unit area on a

surface obtained by integrating irradiance over a specified time interval

Specifically, for solar irradiance this is called insolation Symbol H for insolation for a day and I for insolation for an hour

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Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

Several

types of radiation calculations are most conveniently done using

normalized radiation levels, i.e, the ratio of radiation level to the theoretically possible radiation that would be available if there were no atmosphere

At any point in time, the solar radiation incident on a horizontal plane outside of
the atmosphere is
30

Gsc is the solar constant and n is the day of the year, cosz is from Eq. (17)

31
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Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

It is often necessary for calculation of daily solar radiation to have the integrated
daily extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface, Ho.

It is obtained by integrating Eq. (31) over the period from sunrise to sunset. If Go
is in watts per square meter, Ho in joules per square meter is
32

s is the sunset hour angle, in degrees Eq. (6)

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Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

To

calculate the extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface for an hour

period. Integrating Eq. (31) for a period between hour angles 1 and 2 which

define an hour (where 2 is the larger),

33

The limits 1 and 2 may define a time other than an hour

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Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

Mean The

radiation Ho is plotted as a function of latitude for the northern and southern hemispheres curves are for dates that give the mean radiation for the month and thus show Ho

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Example Determine the extraterrestrial normal radiation and the extraterrestrial radiation on

a horizontal surface on March 10 at 2:00 pm solar time for 35N latitude. Determine
also the total solar radiation on the extraterrestrial horizontal surface for the day. Example What is the solar radiation on a horizontal surface in the absence of the atmosphere at latitude 43 N on April 15 between the hours of 10 and 11?

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Terrestrial Irradiation

knowledge of long-term monthly, daily or hourly

locality under consideration is required

average insolation data for the

oTo design a solar thermal system oTo judge its long-term performance

Monthly Average Clearness Index

= = 34 Bar over the symbols signifies a long-term average

oHo can be calculated from Eq. (32) for a particular day of the year in the given month for
which the daily total extraterrestrial insolation is estimated to be the same as the monthly mean value

oTables or Figures: values of Ho for each month as a function of latitude, together with
the recommended dates of each month that would give the mean daily values of Ho
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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Terrestrial Irradiation
Monthly Av. Daily Extraterrestrial Insolationon Horizontal Surface (Mj/m2)

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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Terrestrial Irradiation

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Terrestrial Irradiation

Daily Clearness Index

=
35

_
H, H, I are from measurements of total solar radiation on a horizontal surface Pyranometers

Hourly Clearness Index

=
36

Beam and Diffuse Components of Hourly Radiation

There

are Methods for estimation of the fractions of total horizontal radiation

that are diffuse and beam

Approach is to correlate Id/I, fraction of the hourly radiation on a horizontal plane

which is diffuse, with KT
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Terrestrial Irradiation
Beam and Diffuse Components of Hourly Radiation---Contd---

To

obtain Id/I vs kT correlations,

Example: Plot of Diffuse Fraction VS kT for Cape Canaveral

data is divided into ranges of values of kT

Data in each range are averaged

to obtain a point on the plot Set of these points is the basis of correlation

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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Terrestrial Irradiation
Beam and Diffuse Components of Hourly Radiation---Contd---

Orgill and Hollands Correlation

. . = . . . For kT < 0 For 0.35<kT<0.75 For kT>0.75
37

Erbst Correlation

. . = . . + . . + . .
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For kT 0.22 For 0.35 < kT < 0.75 For kT > 0.80
38
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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Terrestrial Irradiation
Beam and Diffuse Components of Daily Radiation

Like

hourly

radiation,

Studies

of

available daily radiation data have shown that the average fraction which is diffused, Hd/H, is a function of KT

Erbst Correlation:
For s 81.4 . . + . . + . = .

For s 81.4o o

For kT < 0.715 For kT 0.715

38

For s > 81.4o

= . . . + . .

For kT < 0.722 For kT 0.722

39
13

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Terrestrial Irradiation
Beam and Diffuse Components of Monthly Radiation

Erbst et al. developed monthly average

diffuse fraction correlations from the daily diffuse correlations

Winter

curve lies below the other

indicating lower moisture and dust in

the winter sky resulting lower

Diffuse Fractions For s 81.4o and 0.3 KT 0.8 For s 81.4o and 0.3 KT 0.8

= . . + . .
= . . + . .
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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Estimation of Hourly Radiation from Daily Data

For hour by hour (or other short-time base) performance calculations, it may be
necessary to start with daily data and estimate hourly values from daily numbers

In most cases hourly values are not available, long-term average daily radiation
data can be utilized to estimate hourly average radiation distribution usually by Empirical Correlations

Liu and Jordon Correlation

=

42

rd = Ratio of hourly diffuse radiation to daily diffuse radiation

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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Estimation of Hourly Radiation from Daily Data

Collares-Pereira Correlation
= +

43

= . + . rt = Ratio of hourly total radiation to daily = . + . total radiation

= . + . = . + .

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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Example

Given the following empirical equation,

where Hd is the monthly average daily diffuse radiation on horizontal surface. Estimate the average total radiation and the average diffuse radiation between 11:00 am and 12:00 pm solar time in the month of July on a horizontal surface located at 35N latitude. The monthly average daily total radiation on a horizontal surface, H, in July at the surface location is 23.14 MJ/m2-d.

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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Example

What is the fraction of the average January daily radiation that is received at
Melbourne, Australia, in the hour between 8:00 and 9:00?. Example The total radiation for Madison on August 23 was 31.4 MJ/m2. Estimate radiation received between 1 and 2 PM. Example The average daily June total radiation on a horizontal plane in Madison is 22.1 MJ/m2. Estimate the average diffuse, the average beam and the average total radiation for the hours 10 to 11 and 1 to 2.
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Radiation on Sloped Surfaces

How

to estimate radiation on tilted surfaces based on the available total radiation on a

horizontal surface.!!!

We need the directions from which the beam and diffuse components reach the surface in
question

Direction of beam radiation have been discussed in detail Distribution

of diffuse radiation over the sky dome, is a function of cloudiness, and atmospheric clarity, which are highly variable

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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Radiation on Sloped Surfaces

Diffuse

radiation is considered to be consisted of

three parts: 1. Isotropic distribution received uniformly from the entire sky dome;

2. Circumsolar diffuse resulting from forward scattering of solar radiation and concentrated in the part of the sky around the sun
3. Horizon Brightening concentrated near the horizon and is most pronounced in clear skies

Many

Sky models are devised, which are mathematical representations of the diffuse radiation

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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Radiation on Sloped Surfaces

The total incident solar radiation on a tilted surface such as solar collector
is then: IT = IT,b + IT,d,iso + IT,d,cs + IT,d,hz + IT,refl
IT,b = Beam Radiation IT,d,iso = Diffuse, Isotropic Radiation IT,d,cs= Diffuse, Circumsolar Radiation IT,d,cs= Diffuse, Horizon Radiation IT,refl= Reflected Radiation T: Tilted 44

For

a collector of Area Ac, total radiation in terms of beam, diffuse and

reflected radiation on the horizontal surface is: AcIT = IbRbAc + Id,isoAsFs-c + Id,cs RbAc+ Id,hz AhzFhz-c+ IiiAiFi-c
45

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Available and Absorbed Solar Radiation

Radiation on Sloped Surfaces
AcIT = IbRbAc + Id,isoAsFs-c + Id,cs RbAc+ Id,hz AhzFhz-c+ IiiAiFi-c
= =

45

IbRbAc Beam contribution Id,isoAsFs-c Isotropic Diffuse Term As = Sky Area (undefined) Fs-c = View Factor from sky to collector Id,cs RbAc Circumsolar Diffuse treated as coming from the same direction as the beam Id,hz AhzFhz-c Diffuse from horizon from a band of undefined area Ahz Fhz-c = View Factor from horizon to collector IiiAiFi-c reflected radiation streams from buildings, fields, etc. Ii = Solar radiation incident on the ith surface i = Diffuse reflectance of that surface Fi-c = View Factor from ith surface to the tilted surface
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Radiation on Sloped Surfaces
VIEW FACTOR

Radiation

heat exchange between surfaces depends on the orientation of the surfaces relative to each other, and this dependence on orientation is accounted for by the View Factor of the surface properties and temperature

View Factor is a purely geometric quantity and is independent View

Factor F12 represents the fraction of radiation leaving surface 1 that strikes surface 2 directly, and F21 represents the fraction of the radiation leaving surface 2 that strikes surface 1 directly

Reciprocity relation for view factors

A1 F12 = A2 F21
46

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