CHAPTER1 1, Water an universal Solvent available and easy to handle hence been used by various IndustriesforProcess&OtherApplications. 2,SourceofWatershallbecalledasSurfaceWater&UnderGroundWater.

er. 3,BasicChemicalCharacteroftheWatershallbeDeterminedasfollows, Minerals, Gases, Suspended Solids (Turbidity) Contributed to water an process through DecayingVegetations,GasesproducingAcidwhilepassingthroughtheUndergroundsandbed and various types of Mineral Rocks thus diluting the particles been dissolved and remains in formofsolubleinwaterknownasTDS(TotalDissolvedSolids). HIGHTDSUNDERGROUNDORBOREWELLWATER LOWTDSBUTHIGHSUSPENDEDSOLIDSINSURFACEWATER The reason being for high tds in Borewell water purely depends upon the Landscape and Environment. SimilarlySurfaceWaterlikeRiver,Storm,PondduetotheflowInconsistentwhileatHigh flowleachinganderodingthewayitpassthroughthuscontributingtoTurbidity(or)Total Suspended Solids. However due to the lesser Acid Leaching occurs does not contributing DissolvedSolids. Generally Industry located near by River or Any Available Surface Water as a Source will adoptRawWaterClarification(ChemicalTreatment)consistingofClarifiersAndFiltration SystempriortotheirProcessConsumption. Like the same Industry, Which use Under Ground Water, as a Source will carry out Treatment like Softening, De Mineralisation, and Reverse Osmosis prior to their Process Consumption. TDS TDSmeansMineralAvailableinthewaterinSolubleformandwillincludeofthefollowing Parameters Conductivity PH TotalAlkalinity TotalHardness(Calcium&Magnesium) Hydrogen Carbondioxide Oxides Chlorides Sulphates Sulphites Silica Ironasfe

Nitrite Nitrate Sulphide Flouride OtherOrganicMatters DefinitionOfTheTreatmentisAsFollows 1,RawWaterTreatmentReductionofTSS. 2,DemineralisationReductionofTDS. 3,IonExchangeSofteningReductionofTotalHardness. 4,ReverseOsmosisAgainreductionofTDS. PROBLEMOCCURSWHILEUSINGWATER 1,MineralDeposition(Scaling). 2,Corrosion. 3,MicrobialGrowth. MINERALDEPOSITION(SCALING) Mineral Deposits ( Scaling ) is an uniform layer and get baked off due to the system heat loadandsaturatedmineralsreactsandtendtodepositattheplacewhereheattransfertake places.NormallyscalingisangreatissueatSteamBoiler&CoolingtowerApplications. TypesOfScaling 1,CalciumCarbonate 2,MagnesiumCarbonate 3,MagnesiumSilicate 4,CalciumSilicate 5,CalciumSulphate 6,ironOxide 7,IronPhosphate 8,CalciumPhosphate 9,MagnesiumPhosphate But major element for scaling occurs due to Calcium & Magnesium reacting with basic CarbonatesandprecipitatesasCalcium&MagnesiumCarbonates. SCALINGPROCESS SATURATION NEUCLIATION CRYSTALISATION UNIFORMDEPOSITION

OncetheuniformdepositionoccursandgetsbakedoffandhardbynaturemeansScale. Any Scale Analysis will comprise of Chloride and Sulphate and other Minerals too the reason beingiscalledCoPrecipitationButPrimeScalingoccursisdue toCalcium&Magnesium only. IronOxidedepositsnormallyoccursduetoCorrodedFerricOxideParticlesremaininginWater inSoluble Form as TSS . Phosphate Scales due to the Chemical Treatment where Excessive phosphatebeenMaintainedasProductresidualwillBrokeathighpHandreactswithCalcium& Magnesium, Iron which has already Saturated and deposits uniformly. As it been mentioned earlierCalcium&MagnesiumisthemajordepositssincetheSolubilityofthisislowathighpH and at high Temperature, Wherelse more soluble at Acidic pH and at low Temperature. Silica has Inverse Solubility against Total Hardness Means Low solubility at Low pH & Temperature andHighSolubleatHighpHAndatHighTemperature.NormallyCalciumSilicatescalemaynot formsincecalciumSilicateismoreSolublethanMagnesiumSilicatehencemoredepositionwill be Magnesium Silicate which is very hard by nature, Cement coloured and carrys Ring mark withinitistheIndication. CommonWaterrelatedProblemsinProcessPlants:Reasons&Impact 1.) Scaling: Reason: i. Scaling / deposition is precipitation of various salts on waterbearing surfaces in Condensers, Tower fills etc. These deposits precipitate out due toreducedsolubilityofthesesaltsinthewaterathigherconcentrationsand temperatures. ii. Softeningtreatmentofthemakeupwatertendstoreduce theseverityof thescaling/depositiontosomeextent.Buteventhentheproblemremains. Further, the severity of silica scaling is not at all reduced by softening, as Silica is not reduced during softening operations. Also, once formed, Silica scalescanntbedescaledeasily. Impact: When Scaling / deposition takes place, the impact upon the process heat exchangers wouldvaryfromplanttoplantandwoulddependupontheprocessrequirementsand constraints. However, in case the scaling/ deposition takes place in condensers, heat exchangersetc.thefollowingimpactisobservedonoverallplantoperation: I. IncreaseintheEnergyConsumption II. Descalingrequirementsandassociatedcosts III. IncreaseinMaintenanceCostsforCondensertubesetc.(sinceeverytime the descaling is carried out, the tube life reduces than what it was originallydesignedfor) IV. Downtime/bottlenecksinproduction V. Operationalhastles

 2.) LackofgoodtreatmentmeanshigherMakeupWaterRequirements Reason Inacoolingtower,asthewaterevaporates,theconcentrationofdissolvedsaltsinthe recirculating water increases. The number of times, these salts get concentrated is calledCyclesofConcentration. Withincreasein theconcentrationof salts,thepotentialofscalingincreases.Without goodtreatmentchemicalspresentinwater,lowerconcentrationofsaltsispermittedin recirculatingwatersinordertoavoidscaling/deposits.Thisnecessitatesblowingdown ofalotofextrawaterandreplacingitwithequivalentquantityofgoodqualitymakeup water. Impact GoodchemicaltreatmentprogramspermitCyclesofConcentrationof47(depending uponmakeupwaterquality),withoutanyscalingordepositionproblems.Whereas,if nogoodchemicaltreatmentprogramisbeingused,thecyclesofconcentrationmaybe restricted to only 1.53.0 . This would mean increase in makeup water requirements andcosts. Aforesaidproblemsgenerallybeenavoidedwiththechemicaltreatmenttopreventthesystem again technology may vary in accord to the development of Water treating methodology . Generally Polymer Technology been used widely world wide An Propriety Blend of Various Polymers. CORROSION CorrosionmeansMetalrevertingbacktoitsownformmeansIronreactingwithoxideavailable inthewaterandformasIronOxideandremainininsolubleforminthewater.Itagainbesaidas Ferric converting as Ferric Oxide. Corrosion is an Electrochemical Process by which a Metal returns to its Natural State. For example Mild Steel is an Commonly used Metal and is very Susceptible to Corrosion and will return to its Iron Oxide Statge. For Corrosion to occur a CorrosionCellConsistingofanAnodeandaCathodeandElectrolyte(Water)isMust.Metal Ions dissolved in Water at the Anodes and Electrically Charged Particles ( Electrons ) are left Behind, These Electrons Flow Through the Metal to Other Part Cathodes Where Electrons consumed.AbovereactionresultinginlossAnodesreceivedbyCathodesoveraPerioddeposits fromCathodesremovedatWaterPressureandgetCarriedalongwiththeWaterFlowandtend todepositsatHeatTransferSurfacesAndwherevertheTurbulenceAndPressureDropOccurs andthisUniformDepositsoveraperiodbakedoffcalledIronOxideScale. TYPESOFCORROSION GeneralLocalizedCorrosion UnderDeposit(or)PittingCorrosion

 MechanicalStressCorrosion StressCrackingCorrosion ErosionCorrosion GalvanizedCorrosion GeneralCorrosion GeneralcorrosioniswhatmentionedintheaboveCorrosionColumn.UniformReactionofthe sameiscalledGeneralCorrosion. UnderDeposit(or)PittingCorrosion OncetheSystemhavingDepositswhentheWaterflowthroughChipsundertheDepositandget concentrated by observing the Heat from the Atmosphere Chloride & Sulphate present in the Water Exceeds the Concentration and Reacts With Gases Hydroxide and forms as HydroChloride and Hydro Sulphate Once the Oxide been removed from it converting it as Hydrochloric&SulphuricAcidsrespectively.BeingandAcidwhichdissolvesthemetalandovera timegetsPuncturedunderthedepositiscalledUnderDeposit(Or)PittingCorrosion.Scaling& Foulingisthemaincauseforthistypeofcorrosion. MechanicalStressCorrosion DepositOccurredduetotheMechanicalStress(ChangeOrThrottlingtheValvesattheInletof theHeatExchangers(or)thecondensers)resultingofReducedflowatHeatExchangerwhere the design HeatloadincreaseswithreducedWaterLoadduetowhichsystemgetscaledvery fastandagainunderthescaledepositcorrosionOccursmeansMechanicalStressCorrosion. ErosionCorrosion WhileBulkWaterEntersintotheCondensors(or)HeatExchangerduetotheflowPressureand while penetrating resulting with Eroding the Heat Exchanger & Condensor Tubes at the Inlet side.ThesedaysManufacturersareprovidingtheHeatExchanger&CondensorswithEndCap topreventitfromErosionCorrosion. GalvanizedCorrosion AsitsbeenunderstoodCorrosionisanIonlossortransmissionofAnodestoCathodes.Anyform ofCorrosionisduetothelossofAnodesmeansPotentialofAnodesarelesswhencompareto Cathodes which is higher the the Anodes. Hence heat Exchanger & Condensors will be fitted withGalvanized(LoadedWithSacrificingAnodes)EndCapsthusincreasingthe Anodic Potential high than the Cathodes ( Zita Potential Theory ) resulting which reception of AnodesfromtheEndcapthuscorrodingitcalledGalvanizedCorrosion. Solution for all the above said problems been managed with the chemical Treatment thus forming as filming Chemical layer arresting the Anodic Sites and Cathodic Sites to prevent the systemfromanyformofcorrosion.

 MICROBIAL WaterconsistingOrganic&Inorganicbyitsown.oxygenpresentnaturally AtmosphereismaincauseproducingtheMicro&MacroOrganisms. TypesOfMicrobialGrowth Micro&MacroGrowth PhysicalAlgaeGrowth Fouling&AcidLeaching For Instance hydrocarbons or other Carbon Sources can serve as food for Slime forming Organisms.AlsoOrganismsGrowthdependsupontheAvailabilityofOxygenOrCarbondioxide. ButSuchfactorsastheAmountsofLightandMoistureSignificantlyAffectsthegrowthrateof MicroOrganisms.TheSameitwillalsoleadtocorrosionandalsocreatesNucleationSitesthe secondStageofScalingProcess.TherewerefewtypeofBacterialikesulphatereducingBacteria, Nitrate Reducing Bacteria, Iron reducing Bacteria ( Anaerobic Bacterias) will also cause Corrosion(livesinthewaterwithhelpofCarbondiOxideandreleasesthetoxicgasesthusby reducing the Water pH means Acid Leach ). Slime is an typical occurred due to the Microbial growth.SlimeisanColorless&Slippery,StickylayerformedintheHeatExchangerTubesonly. COOLINGWATERTECHNICALPROBLEMS(MICROBIOLOGY) MicrobiologyisabranchofSciencethatdealswiththestudyofmicroorganismsandtheiractivities. Microorganisms are tiny living form of life that cannot be seen by unaided eye. Most microorganismsareunicellular. Themicroorganismsaremostabundantinsoilandairandthroughthesesourcesmicroorganisms enterintowater. Microorganismsareimportantformoflifebecause: Microorganismsmakeupthebulkofthemassofbiosphere Notasinglethingintheworldisnotpronetomicrobialattack Theyarefastergrowingthanhigherorganism Microorganismsgrowinverywideenvironmentalconditionthanplantandanimal Microorganismscarryoutmanyuniquereactionsofgeochemicalsignificance e.g.Curdlingofmilk

Epidemicas Antibioticsproductionetc. Onnutritionalrequirementcoolingwatermicroorganismsareclassifiedas: 1. AutotrophsTheyareselfnourishingmicroorganismsandrequirelightasenergysource andverylowinorganicnutrientsforcellularcarbongeneration. ExampleAlgae 2. Heterotrophs These microorganisms require organic nutrients for their energy and cellularcarbongeneration ExampleBacteria 3. ChemolithotrophsThesemicroorganismsrequireinorganiccompoundsforenergyand carbongenerations.Lightisnotrequired. ExampleSulfatereducingbacteria Sulfuroxidisingbacteria Nitrifyingbacteria Ironbacteria Atypicalbacterialcellisasgivenbelow: CellwallCellwallisoutercoveringwhichgivesprotectionandspecificshapeto bacteria FlagellaFlagellaislocomotoryorganmadeupofprotein. PilliPilliareusedforgeneticmaterialtransferfromonecelltoanothercell. CellmembraneCellmembranepresentbelowcellwalltosupportcellwallandhelpinfunction oftransportmechanism. Nuclear material Nuclear material in bacterial cell is DNA and it is not enclosed in nuclear membrane. Ribosomes Ribosomes are useful in synthesis of enzymes and all enzymes are proteins in nature. PlasmidsPlasmidsareextrachromosomalcircularDNAresponsibleforspecificcharacteristics likeresistancetobiocideandchemicalsetc. Microorganismsincoolingwaterareclassifiedas: Microorganisms BacteriaAlgaeFungi

 CyanobacteriaDiatom Aerobic(requiredO2)Anaerobic(donotrequireO2) SulfateReducingBacteria SlimeSulfurIronNitrifying producingOxidisingBacteriaBacteria Bacteria A.Bacteria: 1.Slimeproducingbacteria Source:1)Air2)Dirt3)Makeupwater Nature:Aerobic Slime producers show marked diversity in their natural habit, shapes, sizes, physiological and biochemical characters and activities. In nature large number of genera and species are present. Example of this type bacteria found in cooling water are Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Enterobacter, Klebsiella etc. all of them are called as "slime producing bacteria".Theyrequireorganicsourcefortheirgrowth.Slimeisanextracellulargelatinous consistent secretion. The formation of slime is more often than not dependent on the environmental conditions like temperature, availability of nutrients etc. Slime is mainly made up of polysaccharide. Polysaccharide may contain cellulose and amino acids which support growth of other microorganisms. These bacteria normally grow in temperature range30to40oCandbetweenpH7to8whichiscommonforalmostallcoolingtowers. Problemsassociatedwiththeirgrowth: Deposition:Slimeproducedbythesemicroorganismsentrapsvarioussuspendedmatter likedustandcorrosionproductswhichformdeposits. Corrosion:Slimeproducedbymicroorganismsdepositandpreventthecorrosioninhibitor to reach the metal surface and leads to corrosion. This is also called as under slime corrosion. Under slime SRB growth : Slime deposit on metal surface and underdeposit corrosion starts.Thesedepositsarefavourablesiteforreplicationofsulfatereducingbacteriawhich acceleratesrateofcorrosion. Reducedheattransfercorrosion. Slimefoulsheatexchangerandreducesheattransferefficiency. B.Sulfatereducingbacteria:[SRB]

 Nature:Anaerobic Source:SRBaresoilborn Makeupwater Ifsystemhavingdeposits IfsulfuricacidisusedtocontrolpHthenitincreasessulfates&helpsSRB togrow. ProcesscontaminantionsinwatermayaccelerategrowthofSRB ExampleDesulfovibriodesulfuricans Desulfatomaculum Theseareanaerobicbacteriaandusesulfateasterminalelectronacceptorandconvertssulfateto sulfides. Hydrogen generated at cathodic site used for this reaction. SRB attack on metal is characterised by formation of black sulfide under which there is usually a deep pit. When cleaned out the interior surface of the pit has a characteristic bright silvery appearance. Temperature around 30oC and pH around 7.2 is suitable for SRB growth. Although they are anaerobic,somespeciescansurviveforalongperiodinpresenceofoxygen. Fig. ProblemsassociatedwithSRBgrowth Corrosion(pitting): Corrosion is observed on both mild steel, stainless steel. SRB with the help of enzyme "Dehydrogenase" uses elemental hydrogen generated at cathodic site and reduces sulfate to sulfide.H2Sgeneratedcombineswithirontoformferroussulfide. Alsometabolicreactiongivesrisetoformationofironhydroxideascorrosionproduct. 8H2O8H++8OH]Anodicdissolutionofiron 4Fe+8H+4Fe+++8H] SO4+8HH2S+2H2O+2OHCathodicdepolarizationwithenzyme dehydrogenase Fe+++H2SFeS+2H+] 3Fe+++6OH3Fe(OH)2]Formationofcorrosionproduct Netreactionis: 4Fe+SO4+4H2OFeS+3Fe(OH)2+2OHFormationofcorrosion product Ferroussulfideformediscathodictometalliciron

 pHdropH2SgeneratedbySRBgetoxidisedbychlorineandhydrochloricacidformed.This leadstopHdropandleadstohigherchlorineconsumption. H2S+Cl22HCl+S C)Sulfuroxidisingbacteria(SOB): Nature:Aerobic Source1)Soilborn 2)Makeupwater Example:Thiobacillus Thiomicrospira Sulfolobus ActivityofSOBincoolingtowerremainslowbecausetheyrequireacidicpHtogrow. ProblemsassociatedwithSOBgrowth: pH drop : These microorganismsoxidisesulfur compoundlikeH2Stosulfuricacid.Sulfuric aciddrasticallyreducethepHofcirculatingwater. 2H2S+2O2>H2S2O3+H2O 5H2S2O3+4O2+H2O>H2SO4+5SO4+4So+1OH 2So+3O2+2H2O2H2SO4 ReductionofpHofcoolingwaterleadstocorrosion. D)NitrifyingBacteria: Nature:Aerobic Source1)Soilbornbacteria 2)ContinuousleakageofAmmoniaincoolingtowermayproliferate growthofthesebacteria Example:Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter Nitrosococcus Nitrovibrio Nitrifying bacteria utilizes all nitrogenous compounds for energy generation and are aerobic in nature.Favourableconditionfortheirgrowthistemperatureinrangeof28to30oCandpHin between7.0to8.0.Nitrifiersneedveryspecificsubstrates.Theirgrowthrateisquiteslowas comparedtoheterotrophsbutonceestablishedtheyaredifficulttocontrol.

 Problemsassociatedwiththeirgrowth: 1.pHdrop:Nitrogenouscompoundsareoxidizedbyprocessofnitrosificationandnitritesare generated.Thesenitritesarethenoxidisedbyprocessofnitrificationtonitratestonitricacid. NitrogenouscompoundslikeNH3NitrosificationNitrites e.g.NitrosomonasNitrification Nitrovibrioe.g.Nitrobacter NitrosococcusNitrococcus Nitrospine Nitrates + NitricAcid i.e.2NH3+3O2>2HNO2+2H2O HNO2+O2HNO3 Due to acid production pH drops locally and passivation layer get dissolved in it which leads to pittingcorrosion. Corrosion due to low inhibitor concentration : Systems where nitrites are used as corrosion inhibitorispronetoattackbynitrifyingbacteria.Nitrifying bacteriaoxidise nitriteanddueto nonavailabilityofnitritecorrosiontakesplace. Nodulesandcracks:Nitrateformedduringprocessofnitrificationareresponsibleforformationof nodules and inter granular cracking. These nodules and cracks are breeding site for nitrifying bacteria. E)Ironbacteria: Nature:Aerobic Source:1)Soilborn 2)Makeupwater Example:Gallionella Sphaerotilus Crenothrix Ironbacteriaareaerobicinnatureandoftwodifferenttypes: 1)Stalkede.g.Gallionella 2)Filamentouse.g.Sphaerotilus

Crenothrix Clanothrix Leptothrix Problemsassociatedwiththeirgrowth: SlimeformationIronbacteriasecretevoluminousslimewhichisbrownishincolour.Thisslime reducesheattransferacrosscoolingtowerandheatexchangers. Deposition/Underdepositcorrosion:Ironbacteriacausesoxidationofsolubleferrousironto insoluble ferric hydroxide which deposit in the system. This deposition prevents corrosion inhibitortoreachmetalsurfacei.e.underdepositcorrosion. Netreactionofironoxidisingbacteriais: 4Fe+++O2+4H+>4Fe++++2H2O Algae Nature:Aerobic SourceSoilborn Makeupwater ExampleTwotypesofalgaefoundincoolingtower: 1)Cyanobacteria:Nostoc Anabena Chorella Naricullaetc 2)Diatoms:Synedra Gomphonema Algaeareunicellular/multicellularhavingcolourlikegreen/bluishgreen/brownishwiththehelpof thepigmentchlorophyllitfixesatmosphericCO2andpreparesfoodwiththehelpofsunlightand inorganic salt. Some species like chorella grow in dark condition producing brownish nodule like growth. Algae have tremendous tolerance to pH and temperature fluctuations. Algae whichhavesilicaintheircellwallarecalledasdiatoms. Problemsassociatedwithalgalgrowth: Reduced heat transfer : Algal growth on cooling tower decks, fills, frame interfere with water droplet formation and reduce heat transfer across cooling tower. Algae also choke nozzlesofcoolingtowerandtubesofheatexchangerandfoulsthesystem.

 Slime and fouled odour : Mucilagenous sheath secreted by many algae give rise to algal slime.Manyalgaeproducemalodorousoilsintheircellsnotablyfurfurylalcoholwhichare releasedafteritsdeathgivemalodour. Electrochemical corrosion : During photosynthesis oxygen is liberated by algae which is responsiblefor"electrochemicalcorrosion". Fungi: Nature:Aerobic ExampleAspergillus,Nocardia Ascomycetes,Basidomycetes Problemsassociatedwoodrots Sourcesoil Fungiaresimpleplantswithoutchlorophyll.Theyaredependentondeadorganicmatterfortheir food. Fungi grow well at temperature between 2530oC but many species found in cooling wateralsogrowathighertemperature.TheypreferacidicpHfortheirgrowth.Fungisecrete enzyme that degrade cellulose and lignin from wooden structures of cooling tower. The excessivefungalgrowthonwoodiscalledaswoodrots. Problemsassociated: 1.Woodrotsexcessivefungalgrowthonwood RotscolourFungusinvolved WhiterotBasiodiomycetes BrownrotImperfecti SoftrotAscomycetes 2.Delignificationofwoodfungisecreteenzymethatdegradecelluloseandligninof woodenstructuresofcoolingtower. Alltheabovesaidproblemsaretackledchemically(KillingtheBacteria)usingOxidizing&Non OxidizingTreatmentMethodology. ROMEMBRANEFOULINGCAUSES&EFFECTS

MembranefoulingisoneofthemajorandseriousconcernsofaReverseOsmosissystemand hasadirectbearingontheperformanceefficiencyofthesystem.Thefollowingarethegeneral causesofmembranefoulinginanROsystem. ImproperorinadequatepretreatmentofFeedwater HigherMineralloadoverdesign,inFeedwater PresenceoflowsolublesaltslikethoseofAluminium,Barium,Strontiumetc.,inFeedwater Presence of Dual phase (Soluble/Colloidal) species like Iron, Silica, Manganese etc., in Feed water PresenceofhigherIronoverdesigninFeedwater PresenceofOilorOrganicsinFeedwater PresenceofMicroorganicspeciesinFeedwater Absenceof(or)inadequateonlineAntiscalantprogram Owingtotheabove,theROsystemsuffersthefollowingperformancedeficiencies. DrasticallyreducedYieldagainsttarget PoorProductwaterquality PoorSaltrejectionorincreasedSiltDensityIndex Pressurebuildupacrossthesystem;increasedenergycostofpumping IncreasedloadonPostROequipmentlikeDemineraliserorMixedbedPolisher Frequentplantoutageforcleaningandattendantproductlossandmaintenancecosts Prematurefailureofmembranesandattendanthighcostsofreplacement Overallimbalanceofeconomicsinproductwatercosts.AwelldesignedROsystem,operating withthemostappropriateonlineAntiscalantprogram,generallyrequiresamaintenance cleaningonlytwiceorthriceayear.Anyincreasedneedofcleaningfrequencywouldclearly establishtheincidenceofabovesaidproblems.

 WASTEWATERTREATMENT WastewaterMeansEffluentortheProcessLetoutwateraswasteshouldbetreatedpriortoits discharge.TreatmentmeansthenormsfixedbythePollutionControlBoardoftherespective State. WasteWaterShallbeSegregatedintoTwoWays 1,DomesticWasteWater 2,IndustrialWasteWater IntheaboveDomesticWastewillbecalledasSewage,IndustrialWasteasEffluent. EFFLEUNTTREATMENTPROCESS AsbeunderstoodtreatingtheWasteWatertoDischargeconsistofthefollowingParameters. 1,BOD(BiologicalOxygenDemand) 2,COD(ChemicalOxygenDemand) 3,TSS(TotalSuspendedSolids) 4,pH 5,Oil&Grease 6,TDS 7,Chlorides 8,Sulphates In the above Except TDS other parameters been reduced by adopting two kind of treating methodologyCalledAEROBIC&ANEROBICTREATMENT AEROBICTREATMENT KindOfTreatmentMethodologyadoptedbyvariousIndustries.UsingBacteriaAsmajorElement which Lives with the Help Oxygen feeded Continuously by Aerators maintaining the Oxygen levels enables the growth of Bacterial Load on the System and degrades the Organics in the Effluentthusreducingittothedesiredlimits. ANEROBICTREATMENT Similar Process of the Above the change here is Bacteria been developed and maintained withoutthehelpofOxygen.NormallythesekindofsystemsbeenusedonlyintheIndustrieslike Distilleries,Sugar,Paper(MakingVirginPulpUsingCotton&Wood&Pharma)whichallthe above carry a very high BOD, COD and other parameters to be reduced where Aerobic TreatmentwillnotbeveryEffectivetowardsreducingBOD&CODlevels.. PROCESSSCHEMEOFWASTEWATERTREATMENT 1,CollectionSump 2,PrimaryClarifier 3,PrimaryTreatedWaterSump

4,AerationTank 5,SecondaryClarifier 6,FinalTreatedWaterSump 7,PressureSandFilter 8,ActivatedCarbonFilter intheabovePrimaryClarifierwillnotbeincludedintheschemeforsewageTreatment. PRIMARYTREATMENT PrimaryTreatmentwidelydonebytheIndustrieslikeTextile,Automobile,Paper,OilIndustries. ProcessofCoagulation&flocculationadopted. COAGULATION The process where by dosing the Inorganic Chemical to reduce the inorganic load on the effluent which contributes to COD will reduced prior to the Secondary Aeration Biological Process for the further process of reduction of BOD & COD and other Parameters. Inorganic coagulantsLikeAlumwhichchargednegative(Cations)allowedtoreactwithAnionspresence in the effluent in form of TSS which contributes to COD majorly and BOD in accord with COD contributiontowardsBODwillbereduced.Meansreduced Load of the pollutants prior to the biological Treatment been obtained. Once Coagulated particlesformstinysizedSludgeagainFlocculatedwiththehelpofPolyelectrolyte(Polymers) which produce a big Polymeric chemical chain bonds the tiny sludges into bigger in size and settlesdownatPrimaryclarifierwhichagainbeendrainedtoSludgeDrainbeds. BIOLOGICALPROCESS Primary Treated (or) Clarified water been taken for the further process to Aeration Tank ( BiologicalProcess)whereBacteriabeenCultured(or)developedwiththehelpofCowdunk(or) ArtificialFreezedCultureBacteriainwhichMillionsofBacterialCountbeenloadedinamedium andreadyforuse.CulturebacteriaisagainanReplacementfortheusageofCowdunkwherethe Actual need ofcowdunkisaboutin tonsagainsttheculture bacteriawhichrequiredtousein Kgs. Aeration Tank Which consists of fixed Aerators (or) Surface Aerators ( Presently widely beenusedisDiffusedMembraneAerationTechnologywhichprovideElectricalCostsavingwith Enhanced Performance and maintenance free to operate at very low cost) which will Aerate ( feedingoftheAtmosphericoxygenintotheAerationTank)inordertomaintaintherequired Bacterialloadtermedas MLSS ( Mixed Liquid Suspended Solids ) . The level of MLSS is depends upon the Effluent howeveritmayvaryaccording totheBODloadand otherorganicPollutants.ThentheOutlet fromtheAerationTankMixedalongwithBiosludge beentakentothesecondaryClarifierand theBiosludgesettlesdownandTreatedwaterbeenfilteredandbeenDischargedtothesurface. Again the settled Biosludge been taken by means of a Circulation pump back to the Aeration Tank to enable the system to maintain the required MLSS at Aeration Tank. If the system is maintaining required mlss then the excess Biosludge been drained to Sludge Drain beds. HoweverSewageTreatmentprocesswillavoidthePrimaryCoagulation&FlocculationProcess sincetheDomesticWasteWaterdoesnotcarryofmuchInorganicLoad(COD)henceitwillbe simplytreatedBiologicallyandbeenrecycledforgardeningPurposeandforToiletFlushing.

 NOTE:SewageTreatedwaternotbeenrecycledforanyotherApplicationslikeCoolingTower Make up Water (or) as Feed Water to Steam Boilers since treatability does not remain consistent and any Increased BOD & COD and escaped Biosludges from the Filters will cause higherFoulingrateandCancausesevereBiologicalCorrosionandcanTamperwith.