Lec 1-3

Lecture 1
(I) Classification of organisms 3 domains: bacteria, archea and eukarya
(Source: Biology, 6th Edition) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order Family, Genius, Species (II) Different groups of microorganisms Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Helminths Have peptidoglycan in cell wall Reproduced by binary fission Cellulose cell wall Non-photosynthetic Aquatic Movement by pseudopodia Worm-like parasites Not microorganisms Microscopic stages in life cycle Acellular organisms Genetic materials covered by protein capsid With or without outer lipid envelope Cellulose cell wall photosynthetic
Virus
Algae
ABCT 232 Microbiology Lecture 1-3 Summary (1st Edition) Reference: Microbiology, 5th Edition, The McGrawHill Companies, 2002 Life The Science of Biology, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman, 2002 Biology, 6th Edition, Pretice Hall Modern Biology
(III) Historical Development of Microbiology Basic Historical Background: Spontaneous generation living organisms could develop from non-living matter 1. Antony van Leeuwenhoek: constructing simple microscopes animalcules Examine rain water and teeth scraping Give description of spirogyra and bacteria 2. Francesco Redi: Disapproval on Theory of Spontaneous generation 3 containers + meat Results: uncovered meat: maggots developed covered with paper, covered with fine gauze: no maggots developed 3. John Needham: Claim approval of Spontaneous generation microorganisms: spontaneous after boiling Problem: Not boiled long enough 4. Lazzaro Spallanzani proposed that air carried germs to the culture medium improved Johns experiment sealed and then boil the flask external air might be required for growth of animals in the medium. Problem: heating air in sealed flasks destroyed its ability to support life 5. Louis Pasteur: terminate spontaneous generation Use s-shaped flask Conclusion: any organisms in broths came from air Supported germ theory Fermentation Pasteurization Suggest: heat, expose to chemicals, filter them get rid of microorganisms
(Source: Life The Science of Biology, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman)

6. John Tyndall: Discovery of heat-resistant bacteria Gentle warming kill bacteria Discover heat-resistant bacteria 7. Joseph Lister Use phenol to sterilize surgical environment Clean hands and wear clean gloves 8. Robert Koch Bacteria disease Richard Petri: Petri dish Fannie Eilshemius: agar 1. microorganisms: present in every case, absent from healthy organisms. 2. Isolate and grow suspected microorganism in pure culture 3. Inject to healthy organisms cause same disease 4. Isolate same microorganisms from diseased host
(Source: Modern Biology) Exceptional cases: 1 pathogen different diseases Different pathogen same symptoms
9. Paul Ehrlich: Development of magic bullet targeted on organisms not patient 10. Alexander Fleming: Discovery of antibiotics Penicillin 2 chemists: purify the penicillin (II) Roles of microbes: Food Production Nutrient cycling Industry Bioremediation Carbon cycle
Lecture 2:
(I) Structure: Cocci: spherical cells Rod: bacillus Diplo: 1 plane Strepto: 2 planes Staphylo: 3 planes (II) General structure of bacteria
Periplasmic space Gas vacuole Inclusion bodies Nucleoid Fimbraie and pili Molecular Chaperones Mesosome Endospore
Nutrient processing and uptaking Buoyancy Storage Genetic material location Attachment on surface and mating Protection and protein transportation Unknown, (possibly: form cell wall, secretion) Resistant lethal environment
1. Capsule, slime layer and s-layer Capsule: hard to move Slime layer: easy to move Glycocalyx: mixture of capsule and slime layer Prevent desiccation Resist phargocytosis S-layer: resist pH changes, osmotic stress, enzyme 2. Cell wall Petidoglycan: 2 sugar derivatives + polysaccharide chains Gram positive Petidoglycan Teichoic acid Outermembrane Treatment with penicillin Thick x Become protoplast Peptide interbridges (i) Gram positive bacteria Gram negative Thin x Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis Become spheroplast (remain outer membrane and cell wall) Direct crosslinking of subunits
(ii) Gram negative bacteria
Lecture 3
Microscope Light Microscope Dark Field Microscope Phase Contrast Microscope Fluorescence Microscope Confocal Microscope Electron Microscpoe Media: Defined Media: Exact Complex Media: peptones, meat extracts and yeast extract Selective: substance: promote some of microorganisms growth, others inhibit Differential: Isolate bacteria type Differentiate closely related groups Characterize and identify bacteria Media Mannitol Salt (Differential + Selective) Keypoints Inhibit most bacteria growth (except Staphylococcus) Phenol red as indicator Yellow zone: Staphylococcus Red zone: non-mannitol fermenting bacteria 5% sheeps blood Streptococci: colonies around clear zone Support gram +ve bacteria (bile salt and crystal violet) Inhibit gram ve bacteria Red: ferment lactose Eosin-methylene Blue Support gram +ve bacteria (eosin and methylene blue) Inhibit gram ve bacteria Lactose fermenter: green sheen / purple / pink spots Very little contrast to the image Contrast by staining Light image against dark background Place polarizing filters Enhanced contrast between different parts of specimen Dye with fluorochromes Expose to UV,violet light emit light Laser light 3-D image Illuminate specimen
Blood (Differential) MacConkey (Differential + Selective)
Pour plate: Each Cell: individual colony Colonies grow in and on medium Spread plate: Cells: isolated colony Grow on surface only Streak Plate: Decrease the bacteria colony number Dilute and count coloies Fixing: Heat: Overall morphology Chemical: Intracellular component Staining (1) Gram: Crystal Violet Iodine Decolourizing agent Safranin Gram +ve: dark purple Gram ve: pink (2) Acid fast Carbon fushin Acid alcohol counterstain (3) Capsule Congo red Acid alcohol Fuchin stain
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(4) Endospore Malachite green Steam Counterstain Other tests Biochemical test Yellow: glucose by forming acid Purple: amino acids (decarboxylation) Fermentation test Single carbohydrate Invert Durham tube capture any gas formed
Archea: Similar to bacterial structure (absence of peptidoglycan)
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Lec 1-3

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Lecture 1

(I) Classification of organisms 3 domains: bacteria, archea and eukarya

(Source: Life The Science of Biology, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman)

(ii) Gram negative bacteria

Blood (Differential) MacConkey (Differential + Selective)

Archea: Similar to bacterial structure (absence of peptidoglycan)

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