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dF12
L d d cos 1 cos 1
cos 1 d2 cos 2
d 212
1 12 1
d12
M 1d1
M 1d1
r122
dF12
cos 1 cos 2
2
12
d2
F12
1
A1
cos cos
1
2
dA2 dA1
2
r12
A1 A2
define 9 possible view factors, 3 of which must be found independently, another 3 can be obtained from
Ai Fij Aj Fji , and the remaining 3 by Fij 1 .
j
WITH SPHERES
Patch to a sphere
Frontal
Case
From a small planar plate
facing a sphere of radius
R, at a distance H from
centres, with hH/R.
View factor
F12
Plot
1
h2
Level
Case
From a small planar plate
level to a sphere of radius
R, at a distance H from
centres, with hH/R.
View factor
F12
Plot
1
1 x
arctan 2
x h
with x h2 1
( F12 h1
1 2 2
h 1 )
2
Tilted
Case
View factor
-if ||</2arcsin(1/h) (i.e. hcos>1),
From a small planar plate
cos
F12 2
tilted to a sphere of
h
radius R, at a distance H
-if not,
from centres, with
1
hH/R; the tilting angle F12 2 cos arccos y x sin 1 y 2
h
is between the normal
sin 1 y 2
and the line of centres.
1
arctan
with x h2 1,
Plot
y x cot
View factor
Plot
1
F12 2r22 1
1
1 2
1
1
F12 1
2
1
1 2
View factor
Coaxial (=0):
arcsin s
1
s
F12
2 1 h
Plot
2h h 2
with s
1 h
Perpendicular (=/2):
F12
1
1 h
xE x dx
0 1 x2
with elliptic integrals E(x).
2
Tilted cylinder:
F12
1
arcsin
1 h 2
with
sin 1 z 2 d d
z cos cos
sin sin cos
View factor
Plot
F11 1
4
1
1
, F22 , F23 ,
F21
4r
2
2 4r
F31
2r
, F32 1
with
2r
, F34 1
2r
4r 2 1 1
r
Sphere to sphere
Small to very large
Case
From a small sphere of
radius R1 to a much
larger sphere of radius R2
at a distance H between
centres (it must be H>R2,
but does not depend on
R1), with hH/R2.
View factor
Plot
1
1
F12 1 1 2
2
h
Equal spheres
Case
From a sphere of radius
R to an equal sphere at a
distance H between
centres (it must be
H>2R), with hH/R.
View factor
Plot
1
1
F12 1 1 2
2
h
Concentric spheres
Case
Between concentric
spheres of radii R1 and
R2>R1, with rR1/R2<1.
View factor
F12=1
F21=r2
F22=1r2
(e.g. for r=1/2, F12=1, F21=1/4, F22=3/4)
Plot
Hemispheres
Case
From a hemisphere of
radius R (surface 1) to its
base circle (surface 2).
View factor
Plot
F21=1
F12=A2F21/A1=1/2
F11=1F12=1/2
1
1 ,
4
4
R2
4
1 1
F22 1 2 ,
2
R
1
1
,
F23 1 2 1
2 R 2 R2 1
F12 1
From a hemisphere of
radius R1 to a larger
concentric hemisphere of
radius R2>R1, with
RR2/R1>1. Let the
closing planar annulus be
surface 3.
, F13
, F21
F31
2R
, F32 1
2 R 2 1
with
1 1 2
1
R 1 R 2 2 arcsin
2
R
WITH CYLINDERS
Cylinder to large sphere
See results under Cases with spheres.
View factor
Plot
Between concentric
infinite cylinders of radii
R1 and R2>R1, with
rR1/R2<1.
F12=1
F21=r
F22=1r
(e.g. for r=1/2, F12=1, F21=1/2, F22=1/4)
View factor
Plot
View factor
F12
arcsin
Plot
1
h
View factor
F12
h 2 4 h 2 arcsin
2
Plot
2
h
View factor
Plot
F12
F21
2r
, F13 1
, F22 1
with
2r
, F23
4r 2 1 1
r
View factor
F12 1
Plot
f2 f4
1
arccos , F13 1 F12 ,
f1 2h
1
2
2 R 2 1 hf 7
F22 1
arctan
,
R R
h
2 R
F23 1 F21 F22
with f1 h2 R 2 1 , f 2 h2 R 2 1 ,
f3
f 4 f3 arccos
A 2
4R 2 ,
f2
1 f
f 2 arcsin 1 ,
Rf1
R
2
4R2
2h 2
f5
1 , f6 1 2 2
,
h2
R h 4R2 4
1
f 7 f5 arcsin f 6 arcsin 1 2 f5 1
R 2
View factor
Plot
F12
1
x4
ln
4wy
2
2
w 1 2w
with x 1 w2 and
w
y x arctan arctan w
x
(e.g. for W=H, F12=0.1998)
View factor
1 p
F12
ln s t , with
2
w1 q
Plot
p w2 w2 2 2
1
2
q x 2 2 y 2 2
x w2 w1 , y w2 w1
s u x arctan x y arctan y
u
u
t v x arctan x y arctan y
v
v
u x 2 4, v y 2 4
View factor
Plot
From face 1 to the others:
2
F15 x, F16 x, F17 za , F18 r ,
F 0, F r , F r , F r
1,10
1,11
1,12
19
From an internal-box face:
F71 z , F72 1 z 4, F73 0, F74 1 z 4,
1 a p
ln s t
z F71
2
4 a q
2
3 2a 3a 2
2
q 2 18 12a 18a
2
1 a
2
w
s u 2 arctan w arctan
u
u
2
w
t v 2 arctan w arctan
v
v
8 1 a 2
1 a
,w2
u 8, v
1 a
1 a
and:
r a 2 1 z 4
y 0.2 1 a
2
x 1 y za 4r 4
(e.g. for a=0.5, F11=0, F12=0.16, F13=0.10,
F14=0.16, F15=0.16, F16=0.16, F17=0.20,
F18=0.01, F19=0, F1,10=0.01, F1,11=0.01,
F1,12=0.01), and (F71=0.79, F72=0.05, F73=0,
F74=0.05, F75=0.05, F76=0.05, F77=0, F78=0,
F79=0, F7,10=0, F7,11=0, F7,12=0).
Notice that a simple interpolation is proposed
for yF13 because no analytical solution has
been found.
View factor
x12 y12
1
F12
ln
xy x12 y12 1
Plot
x
2 x y1 arctan arctan x
y1
y
2 y x1 arctan arctan y
x1
with x1 1 x 2 and y1 1 y 2
(e.g. for x=y=1, F12=0.1998)
Equal discs
Case
View factor
Plot
F12 1
1 4r 2 1
2r 2
Unequal discs
Case
View factor
x y
2
with x 1 1 r12 r22 r12 and
Plot
F12
y x 2 4r22 r12
(e.g. for r1=r2=1, F12=0.382)
Strip to strip
Case
View factor
F12 1 h2 h
Plot
View factor
Plot
1 cos
2
1 cos
Back side: F12
2
Patch to disc
Case
View factor
Plot
F12
1
1 h2
Perpendicular configurations
Square plate to rectangular plate
Case
From a square plate of
with W to an adjacent
rectangles at 90, of
height H, with h=H/W.
View factor
F12
Plot
1 1
1
1 h
h arctan h1 arctan ln h2
4
h
h1 4
with h1 1 h2 and h2
h14
h2 2 h2
View factor
1
1
1
F12 2 arctan 2 arctan
h
2h
Plot
1 h1h2
ln
4h 4
with h1 2 1 h2
1
and h2 1
h1
2 h2 1
View factor
F12
From a horizontal
rectangle of WL to
adjacent vertical
rectangle of HL, with
h=H/L and w=W/L.
Plot
1
1
1
h arctan w arctan
w
h
w
1
h 2 w2 arctan
2
2
h w
2
2
1
ln ab w c h
4
1 h 1 w ,
with a
2
1 h 2 w2
w2 1 h 2 w2
h 2 1 h 2 w2
b
, c
1 w2 h2 w2
1 h2 h2 w2
A2 2'
A
F2 2'1 2' F2'1
A1
A1
A2 2'
A
F22'11' F22'1' 2' F2'11' F2'1'
A1
A1
Strip to strip
Case
View factor
1 h 1 h2
F12
2
(e.g. F12
H W
Plot
2
0.293 )
2
Tilted configurations
Equal adjacent strips
Case
View factor
F12 1 sin
(e.g. F12
Plot
2
0.293 )
2
Triangular prism
Case
Between two sides, 1 and
2, of an infinite long
triangular prism of sides
L1, L2 and L3 , with
h=L2/L1 and being the
angle between sides 1
and 2.
View factor
F12
L1 L2 L3
2 L1
1 h 1 h 2 2h cos
References
Howell, J.R., A catalog of radiation configuration factors, McGraw-Hill, 1982.
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