Eddy Flores ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPGHY Primary source: Almack, John.

History of Oregon Normal Schools The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society , Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1920), pp. 95-169 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20610163?&Search=yes&searchText=schools&searchText= Normal&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DNormal%2 Bschools%26Search%3DSearch%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3DFrancis%2BW%2BParker% 26hp%3D25%26acc%3Don%26aori%3Da%26so%3Drel%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff& prevSearch=&item=5&ttl=11626&returnArticleService=showFullText This source is helpful because it tells information on the expenses of the normal schools. This shows how much money of the society was imputed to these to these schools and also see how much of the citys income was going into these schools and if it was affecting the society their. This is a primary source because it is a chart of the expenses and also because it was made during the same period of time as normal schools started.

Auditorium at the Chicago Normal School, Light Exposure. 1905. Photograph. Chicago History Museum, Chicago. Library of Congress. Chicago Daily News. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/query/r?ammem/AMALL:@field(NUMBER+@band(ichicdn+n002999))>. This contributes by showing how the auditoriums where for normal schools and it is easily comparable to the ones students have today but the only difference is that areas are bigger because of the increase in the population and needing of more space. The publisher/author of this photo did a good job of capturing this image but it would've been more helpful if they took it when it was fool to see everybodys roles when an assembly was made. This is a primary source because it is an image and every image is a primary source.

Bass, William. Science in the Francis W. Parker School The University of Chicago Press.1903. Journal http://www.jstor.org/stable/993283?&Search=yes&searchText=W&searchText=Francis &searchText=Parker&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicResults%3Fla%3D% 26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff%26vf%3Dall%26bk%3Doff%26pm%3Doff%26jo%3Doff% 26ar%3Doff%26re%3Doff%26ms%3Doff%26Query%3DFrancis%2BW%2BParker%26 sbq%3DFrancis%2BW%2BParker%26si%3D1%26aori%3Da%26Go%3DGo%26so%3D rel%26hp%3D25&prevSearch=&item=3&ttl=3969&returnArticleService=showFullText This Journal Tells a lot of Francis Williams life. Which is good because it gives a background story about who he was. Also gives some good information about the techniques he was using for the teachers. To help understand how he taught the teachers and how he impacted them. By helping him impact the students with his knowledge. This is a Primary source because so he was there during the time period of Francis so he experienced everything first hand. This journal shows the significance on schools because they made this school named after him and still uses all the same techniques as he used to use. Benjamin Marshall Davis. Agricultural Education. State Normal Schools The University of Chicago Press. Vol. 10, No. 8 (Apr., 1910), pp. 376-387 http://www.jstor.org/stable/993009?&Search=yes&searchText=schools&searchText=Nor mal&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DNormal%2Bsc hools%26Search%3DSearch%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3DFrancis%2BW%2BParker%26h p%3D25%26acc%3Don%26aori%3Da%26so%3Drel%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff&prev Search=&item=4&ttl=11626&returnArticleService=showFullText This is a great article because it talks about State normal schools during 1910 which is a time period which normal schools were already established and including students into the buildings. It gives information about how the conditions were for the students and teachers. Also how the whole place was structured. This is a primary source because this person was there during that period of time and wrote it during that period as well which means he first handed saw all the normal schools and saw how they were affecting the society.

Brown, H. The Normal-School Curriculum The Elementary School Journal , Vol. 20, No. 4 (Dec., 1919), pp. 276-284 http://www.jstor.org/stable/993805?&Search=yes&searchText=schools&searchText=Nor mal&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DNormal%2Bsc hools%26Search%3DSearch%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3DFrancis%2BW%2BParker%26h p%3D25%26acc%3Don%26aori%3Da%26so%3Drel%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff&prev Search=&item=20&ttl=11626&returnArticleService=showFullText This journal gives information about the normal schools curriculum and how there teaching methods where as well as class set ups. Also gave what was expected of the students to achieve. This also gave a lot of information about the schools and how they were like life in them and how all these new expectations impacted the students. This is a primary source because it was written during the time period which the even was happening.

Chicago Daily Tribune. "Normal Schools:Plausible but Unfair." The Chicago Tribune [Chicago] 22 May 1879: n. pag. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. <http://search.proquest.com.covers.chipublib.org/hnpchicagotribune/docview/172041142 /abstract/13AC3EF9920323D14A0/1?accountid=135622> This primary source gives background knowledge on Normal Schools which helps strengthen the historical context for the topic. The main focus of this work is to show early reports of normal schools and how they were impacted by people and the causes of it. the only thing helpful about this work is that it gives a first hand account about normal schools which is good for reliable information. This source shows how times were during that time gives a brief summary of how people and society was during that time. This is a primary source because it is a first hand account that occurred during the time period. Chicago Normal School at West 68th Street and South Stewart Avenue under Construction. 1905. Photograph. Chicago History Museum, Chicago. Library of Congress. Chicago Daily News. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/query/r?ammem/AMALL:@field(NUMBER+@band(ichicdn+n002382))>. This image shows a normal school under construction. This school looks like a mixture of the white house and the lincoln monument. So that place was not always a school and since it was under construction normal schools began to use abandoned buildings and restoring them and when refurbished use for their students, and create more schools. This is a primary source because it is a first account.

Chicago Normal School. Digital image. Schools - Colleges & Universities. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. <http://chicagopc.info/Chicago%20postcards/schools/College%20-%20Univ/chicago%20 normal%20school%20normal%20park%20982.jpg>. This source shows a normal school in chicago. This contributes to my project by showing another normal school other than francis w parker school in chicago so we can see the differences between them and similarities. This is a primary source because its a first hand account. Chicago Normal College. Digital image. Schools - Colleges & Universities. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. <http://chicagopc.info/Chicago%20postcards/schools/College%20-%20Univ/chicago%20 normal%20college.jpg>. This shows a normal college. This shows significance in normal schools because after awhile of francis running chicago normal schools his ideas went from middle, and high schools to colleges and they picked up their methods and succeeded in getting the same positive results. This is a primary source because it is a first hand account.

Cook County Normal School. Digital image. ArchitectureChicago PLUS. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://2.bp.blogspot.com/HPw4MBf2c2Y/TbZLbmHZGiI/AAAAAAAAHNY/Qtx8rC6fp3k/s1600/rabernormalschool .jpg>. This image captures a normal school here in chicago which is great because it connects to chicago as well as being a normal school it is significant because it is one of the top normal schools. This is a primary source because its a first hand account. Cook County Normal School Faculty circa 1889. Digital image. A Brief History of Englewood. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://whgbetc.com/englewood/englewood-history-chirep.html>. This image shows the faculty at a normal school in chicago. This is a great picture because it shows all the different types of characters that are in the school and get a better understanding of what type of people are working there. Either separated by race or personality. This is a primary source because it is a first hand account. CHICAGO NORMAL SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION. Digital image. Cuckman Collection. N.p., July 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://chuckmancollectionvolume16.blogspot.com/2011/07/photo-chicago-chicagonormal-school-of.html>. This image shows music impacting students in a normal school thanks to francis parker. Creating bolder music programs to emphasize music into peoples lives. This is a primary source because it is a first hand account.

Dewey, John Dewey. Significance of the School of Education The Elementary School Teacher , Vol. 4, No. 7 (Mar., 1904), pp. 441-453 http://www.jstor.org/stable/992709?&Search=yes&searchText=Schools&searchText=Co unty&searchText=Normal&searchText=Cook&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoB asicResults%3Fhp%3D25%26la%3D%26so%3Drel%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff%26acc %3Don%26vf%3Dall%26bk%3Doff%26pm%3Doff%26jo%3Doff%26ar%3Doff%26re %3Doff%26ms%3Doff%26gw%3Djtx%26Query%3DCook%2BCounty%2BNormal%2 BSchools%26sbq%3DCook%2BCounty%2BNormal%2BSchools%26si%3D26&prevSea rch=&item=50&ttl=672&returnArticleService=showFullText This is a very helpful source because it gives information of how normal schools were significant today. By introducing its methods of teaching and sociology aspects. Most of the information is very broad in some areas and in others very specific. But overall this source gives a lot of details on how normal schools were significant. Also it is very surprising on how much impact they had to all schools in the united states and it mostly sprouted and evolved in Cook County. This is a primary source because it is a journal written by a person in the time period the journal is talking about and experienced everything first hand. education: classroom in the Francis W. Parker School, Chicago. Photograph. Britannica Online for Kids. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-121751>. One of the earliest progressive schools in the United States. It shows students in a learning community. Where they have textbooks and nearby teachers. The image is captured in black and white because it was captured before there was color. This is a first hand account which makes it a primary source. Also this image shows a diverse community with different white races joined together.

Fparker. Digital image. Philosopedia. MediaWiki, 25 Sept. 2008. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://philosopedia.org/images/e/ed/Fparker.jpg>. This image is significant to normal schools because its the principal of the school and the one who changed the curriculum of the school. Which benefitted the school with inspiring new minds to learning. This is a primary source because its a first hand account. Francis Parker." Chicago Tribune. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/francis-parker>. This tribune shows recent and old records of sports achievements in Francis W Parker school which is great to show significance because Francis Parker was the one who introduced extra curricular activities. This is a primary source because everything that was written was written during the same time as the event.

Francis W Parker School Auditorium. Digital image. Morrisap. Morris Architects Planners, n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://www.morrisap.com/portfolio/viewproject.php?id=7>. This picture shows how the auditorium was changed into the favor of francis teachings. The new auditorium has several video screens, adjustable acoustics, and movable proscenium partitions that allow the space to be reconfigured for music performance, theatrical productions, school assemblies, or lectures. This is a primary source because its a first hand account. Francis W. Parker School. Digital image. World Art Chicago. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. <https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.digication.com/M6748bd425da31f53248ea309d246267 b.jpg>. This shows Francis w Parker School recently. This contributes to the significance of normal schools because the turning point school is still standing today and still using the same philosophical methods it always used. Show the impact of my project and shows students and faculty of the school right now. This is a primary source because it is a first hand account.

Hall, Marry. Local residents celebrate the laying of the corner stone. Science Hall: Local Resident April 1908.. Digital Image. http://www.jmu.edu/centennialcelebration/wm_library/1900MauryCornerStone.jpg This source is helpful because it shows the reality of how people were during that time and how they celebrated about it. This picture is shown in black and white because it was taken when they didn't have color. The sociology of this picture shows that all the people were festive for these schools openings and as well brought cheer to these towns. This is a primary source because it is a photograph and every photograph is a primary source because its one of a kind. Some observations I made were that not only students celebrated also parents did which kind of confused unless they were just happy that there childrens would be getting a better education.

Hardshin Charles. Modern-Language Instruction in Normal Schools The University of Chicago Press , Vol. 21, No. 10 (Dec., 1913), pp. 694-696 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1076954?&Search=yes&searchText=schools&searchText=N ormal&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DNormal%2Bs chools%26Search%3DSearch%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3DFrancis%2BW%2BParker%26 hp%3D25%26acc%3Don%26aori%3Da%26so%3Drel%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff&pre vSearch=&item=7&ttl=11626&returnArticleService=showFullText This Source is helpful by contributing its information on modern languages being introduced into normal school and how this impacted the people/students there. So it gives information about how they communicated and what type of modern languages they were learning to know how this benefited the students there because what's the need to learn different language if everyone speaks the one you know. This is a primary Source because this was written when modern languages where just being introduced into normal schools so the author had a first hand perspective. Heffron, Ida Cassa. Francis Wayland Parker; an Interpretive Biography. Los Angeles: I. Deach, Jr., 1934. Print. This source tells about how the training of teachers was improved and how the cook county board of education was persuaded into allowing the philosophical ideas to be in the schools. As well as fund the teachers institute. As well as Francis having 3 departments A Professional training class B Elementary School C High School. This is a primary source because it is a first hand account. Jones, W. Coarse of Study of the Cook County. Chicago: Stationery and Printing, 1893. Print. This source tells about Teachers having special training and preparation for their work is now a very general sentiment among educators and within the next 25 years the settlement will be universal. This is a primary source because its a first hand account. Meyers,Ira Benton. The Evolution of Aim and Method in the Teaching of Nature-Study in the Common Schools of the United States. The Elementary School Teacher Vol. 11, No. 5 (Jan., 1911), pp. 237-248 http://www.jstor.org/stable/993135?&Search=yes&searchText=Schools&searchText=Co unty&searchText=Normal&searchText=Cook&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoB asicResults%3Fla%3D%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff%26vf%3Dall%26bk%3Doff%26pm %3Doff%26jo%3Doff%26ar%3Doff%26re%3Doff%26ms%3Doff%26Query%3DCook %2BCounty%2BNormal%2BSchools%26sbq%3DCook%2BCounty%2BNormal%2BSc hools%26si%3D1%26aori%3Da%26Go%3DGo%26so%3Drel%26hp%3D25&prevSearc h=&item=23&ttl=672&returnArticleService=showFullText This source is very credible because it gives information of how the teaching methods progressed throughout time. Also gives information on how normal schools impacted them. This also brings new knowledge about there teaching methods. Teachers now

started to become more strict with the children and gave them harsh punishments to all misbehaviors. They thought discipline was the ultimate key to keep these children in order. This is a primary source because it is a journal written by a person in the time period the journal is talking about and experienced everything first hand. Normal School Building. Linen: David C. Lithgow,1932~1946. Painting http://www.albany.edu/lithgow/school_building.html This source is helpful because it shows how a normal school was pictured during the times that they began to pop up. The main focus of this painting is to show the community around the normal school to find out the sociological aspects. David C. Lithgow was a muralist and a real good one he would do all types of art. This image is a great contribution to the project because to get a persons perspective on normal school during the time they were being introduced is a big help. This is a primary source because the person painted it its his aspect on the normal schools were just seeing it through the internet in digital form. Northern Indiana Normal School Buildings, 1876 - Valparaiso, Indiana. Digital image.Flickr. Yahoo, 1876. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/shookphotos/4199899891/>. This image captures a Normal School before Francis impact on Normal Schools. This is a primary source because its a first hand account.

Orville T. Bright, Alfred H. Champlin and Kate S. Kellogg The Elementary School Teacher and Course of Study , Vol. 2, No. 10, In Memoriam. Colonel Francis Wayland Parker, Late Director of the School of Education, University of Chicago (Jun., 1902), pp. 720-726\ http://www.jstor.org/stable/992269?seq=2&Search=yes&searchText=Schools&searchTe xt=County&searchText=Normal&searchText=Cook&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction% 2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DCook%2BCounty%2BNormal%2BSchools%26filter%3 Diid%253A10.2307%252Fi241069%26Search%3DSearch%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff %26globalSearch%3D%26sbbBox%3D%26sbjBox%3D%26sbpBox%3D&prevSearch= &item=3&ttl=5&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null This source reveals information about the background on the teachers life was and how these conditions were. This mostly focuses on the social aspect of peoples lives around the times that normal schools started to pop out in chicago and also involves important people who helped out normal schools in spreading out and getting their teachings out to other communities. this is a primary source because it was written by this person from his own knowledge because he was there during the time period that normal schools showed up.

Parker 101: Sharing the Legacy of Progressive Education." YouTube. YouTube, 08 Nov. 2012. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYjZ5uHF0sE>. This video contributes to my project by showing th significance and how parkers teaching are still be used today in modern situations and how it has impacted the students a society around the school. This is a primary source because its a first hand account. Parker, Francis. The Elementary School Teacher and Course of Study. The University of Chicago Press, 1902. http://www.jstor.org/stable/992272 This source provides some information on Francis Parker who impacted normal schools by donating some land over to educational schools so they could start there social experiment. He has digital images included from the special collections and archives to see the first hand accounts written by francis parker. overall this website is a real help to by adding an important persons point of view who help cause the normal schools to happen and his input into it as well as what came out.This is a primary account because it is a first hand account. Parker, Francis W. Francis W Parker School Catalogue and Course of Study. Chicago: n.p., n.d. Print. Francis incorporated his philosophical ideas into his school after taking principal ship of a school in Chicago and still being the superintendent of Boston schools. Shows the different curriculums that revolved around the Francis W Parker school. The social aspect of the students and how they were impacted by new ideas. This is a Primary source because it was published during same time period as the event. School Store at Northern Indiana Normal School, 1898 - Valparaiso, Indiana. 1998. Photograph. Shook Photos, Valparaiso. Flickr. Flickr, 20 Dec. 2009. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/shookphotos/4200847466/>. This is a great illustration of a way that schools were similar to some we have today and how it has been significant because back then they began having normal school stores which actually people in schools in the chicago district today have. This is a great contribution toward the significance that normal schools had on us because as the schools started to expand and the need for more schools was needed. The councils began to begin these stores since they knew students would buy stuff and profits would go up and benefit them. This is a primary source

Tice, Joyce. Tri-Counties genealogy & history. Richmond, Tioga County PA:1906. Image. http://www.joycetice.com/schools/msns/1906msns.htm This photo shows students in a normal school in 1906. It shows them lined up in uniform either due to the school or they were in a baseball team so by 1906 normal schools already had school activities set up with competition. This is a good contribution to my project because it shows students and how they were during that peroid inside the schools. As well this is a primary source because its an image of the students during the period of time when there were normal schools. "The Education of Wolf Brins Daughters." The Bonar Family History Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://bonarhistory.wordpress.com/brin/education/>. This website gives information on cook county normal schools which is great especially to give someones personal aspect on the school as they went. Also gives maps and photos of the school itself. The image and information is a first hand account because those people went to the school and wrote about what they thought about it. The Francis W. Parker School. Digital image. 100 Years and Growing. Northern Illinois University, 2002. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www.lib.niu.edu/2002/ih090213.html>. This shows Francis W. Parker School right before it opened its doors in 1901 to 180 students. The kids and people in the image show a diverse educational community. The photographer captured the picture at a good angle to capture every characteristic of the place. This is a primary source because it is a first hand account.

The J. M. W. Jones Stationery- and Printing Co. "Full Text of "Course of Study of the Cook County Normal School, Cook County, Ill. The Internet Archive, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. <http://archive.org/stream/courseofstudyofc01cook/courseofstudyofc01cook_djvu.txt>. This shows the roles of all the participants of normal schools also shows there criteria and how these methods were set up. This gives a lot of information which could be bucketed in all the aspects. This is a primary source because it is a first hand account that was photo scanned and published electronically. This gives information of all the first students and teachers as well as shows letters sent and received from normal schools from people like the commissioner.

Thurston, Henry W. Chicago Normal School Outline for Teaching Civics in Elementary Schools. Introduced by a Brief Statement of the Relation of Civics to History as Implied in the New Chicago Course of Study. [Chicago]: Chicago Normal School Manual Training, 1903. Print. Outline of the curriculum of the schools francis was in charge of. Teachers workloads change and how they benefit the students and the society by expanding into other areas because of the successfulness of how good his ideas are being incorporated into schools. This is a Primary Source because this person was there during the time period of the event.

Secondary Sources:
Campbell, Jack K. Colonel Francis W. Parker, the Children's Crusader. New York: Teachers College, 1967. Print. Francis wanted chicago the center of the new educational departure. His cousin was Charles Irving Parker who was a principle of a suburban high school. Francis was in charge of his first normal school in 1896. It was also in the center of the railroads which benefitted people traveling to and from the school. This is a secondary source because it was a biography on someone which means its not a first hand account.

Francis W. Parker School, Chicago." Francis W. Parker School, Chicago. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://www.fwparker.org/page.aspx?pid=395>. This source elaborates on the philosophical ideas and shows significance because the schools still stands up and they have still been using the same methods since back then. It also gives information about Francis himself and the impact he did to the school. This is a secondary resource because it was not written during the time period of the turning point. Gross, Martin. The Conspiracy of Ignorance The Failure of American Public Schools. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.Print. This source gives a good description of the psychologist/social work model. Also it shows what happened right after that which would be the short term impact of what happened right after the psychologists controlled the public education and impacted the kids in the schools and society. Some special features about this work was they included some real educational bills or contract decisions to see how they were shaped instead of the author trying to give a person an overview. This source gives background on the author as well as his information with his bibliography which he put all the resources he used and he used more than 20 which means his information should be really reliable. The author thinks that American public schools today are in much need for reforms.This is a secondary resource because he used other sources to gather his information which means his work is not a first hand account. Hall, Sherman. This week in Westerns History.

Macomb: Western Illinois University, 2012. web http://www.wiu.edu/vpaps/wiu_history/Nov5.php This source is a great contribution to the knowledge of normal school on aquiring the background and long term impacts because this tells about schools and normal schools at the time and it becomes easy to spot the differences from them. For background information they include stuff on the presidency occurring during the times to find the political point of view which comes to be very helpful. This is a secondary source because all this information was gathered from other places. The people who wrote this did not experience these things in real life.

Normal School." New World Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. <http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Normal_school>. This source contributes to the background information about the school it gives the specific facts about them before francis parker changed the curriculum so it gives a good inference of how much it was impacted and how much it changed throughout time. This also gives some example of the methods that they were using before hand so we can see how they have evolved as well. This is a secondary source because it is an encyclopedia which makes it a second hand account.

Normal Schools: Teaching the Teachers (1815-1850). American Eras.

Detroit: Gale Student Resources in Context. Web. 10 Dec.2012. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOver Type=&query=&prodld=SUIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=view&displayG roupName=Refernce&limiter=&currPage=disableHighlighting=false&source=&sortBy= &displayGroups=&search_within_results=&action=e&catld=&activityType=&scanld=& documentld=GALE%7CA145480324&userGroupName=cps7770&jsid=45d979bb5f3eda 2fa44ca215c934f26c This talks about the teachers point of view so it gives a good description of the teachers who taught at these normal schools. This gives information of people who hoped to improve teaching through the establishment of state normal schools which was the art of teaching. This work gives specific people who were involved in promoting normal schools. The author focused a lot on the sociology of the kids and teachers and how the teachers were impacted and how they impacted the students. This is a secondary source because it got some of its information from other works from other people as well as this is not a first-hand account. Normal School (teacher Education)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418257/normal-school>. This source elaborates Normal schools were established chiefly to train elementary school teachers for common school known as public schools. The first public normal school in the United States was founded in Lexington, Massachusetts. This is a secondary source because it is not a first hand account. This talks a lot about the successes that they went through as well as difficulties.

Rise of the normal schools.

Pennsylvania: Clarion University,2008. web http://www.clarion.edu/600/ This article comes with a lot of information including some background, key events , and special people. The constructors of this website separated the information into categories to become easier to read and to see what are reading about. I actually like this website because it has a lot of great information and some that i didn't even know it also includes some primary sources such as photos on it. Even though the article is a secondary source because the writers wrote this by researching on this topic. Rise of the Normal School." Rise of the Normal School. Clarion University, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.clarion.edu/600/?auth-view=private>. This source shows a lot of information on the beginning of the normal schools all the way to its rise of success and final product. It also gives another point of view about the topic which is greatful to take into consideration. This is a secondary source because it is not a first hand account.

Rowland, Ann.THE INFLUENCE OF COLONEL FRANCIS W. PARKER ON THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS FOR THE CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Batavia:2002. http://rerowland.com/parker.html This source talks about Francis Parker's life like a biography of him which is good to understand because his life impacted the teachers of normal schools. So this could express what caused him to be so influential. As well shows some of his techniques which worked on them to teach the students. Ann gives a lot of specific details about francis which is a good contribution to my project even though this is a secondary source because she used other sources to acquire this information.

Rury, John. "Education." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 111-120. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 2 Jan. 2013. <http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOve rType=&query=&prodId=SUIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view &displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&disp layGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityTyp e=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3401801315&userGroupName=cps7770&jsid =eeb588468f5bfdcd47b109a66c2c45f1> This source shows how school laws contributed to normal schools and how they were one of the biggest impacts to society during that time. The author separates his work into categories to find the information people are looking for easier and is more efficient. Its gives a lot of background information about normal schools because it talks about the colonial and revolutionary periods and wars that impacted the society during that time. The author concludes that school has changed alot since the past and it is at a peak but it could reach maximum potential with a little more reforms and made it reach its major peak. This is a secondary account because this work used other works to gather information and is not a first-hand account.

Stone, Marie Kirchner. Between Home and Community: Chronicle of the Francis W. Parker School, 1901-1976. Chicago: School, 1976. Print. This source elaborates on how francis inspired a real education and brought that living force in bringing his life work to chicago. His general purpose of education was the youth and how they waste their inner human values and how he could help them preserve them and develop them. This is a secondary source because its a book and not from someone during the same time period as the event. Stone, Marie Kirchner. The Progressive Legacy: Chicago's Francis W. Parker School, 1901-2001. New York: P. Lang Pub., 2001. Print. This book elaborates on successes of Francis w Parker. His ideas of improving the normal schools as well as his impact to chicago. Which is a great connection. Also gives a lot of data information of his progression throughout being a teacher to principal to superintendent. This is a secondary source because it is not a first hand account.

Tyack, David. School The Story of American Public Education.

Boston: Beacon Press, 2001.Print. This source gives a brief summary as well as some important details of what a normal school and how it became. The main focus of this book is the story of American public education but it gives some good information on normal schools in Chicago and how the society was during that transition and period of time. They gave a lot of photos which were primary sources because they werent drawings they were real photos taken during that time. The background of this piece its basically that right after it gives readers a lot of details it gives you a brief overview like an abstract which is really helpful to pinpoint the information you want to read and not any non essential information. I thought the author was really detailed especially because this book had a lot of editors which means and had a lot of input not only from different sources but different people. This source is a secondary source because this account was not published during the time of normal schools and gathered information from other accounts so they werent there personally.

Yu, Henry. "Chicago School of Sociology." The Encyclopedia of Chicago. The Newberry Library, 2005. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/265.html>. This is a helpful resource because it talks about the social aspect of chicago schools in the 1920s. Which was around the time period of normal schools but a little later which is good to see how the normal schools impacted the sociology of the schools. This is also a reliable source because it comes from an encyclopedia, even though it is a secondary source because the author is not from that time period he researched everything and wrote what he learned.

Zilversmit, Arthur. "School Architecture." The Encyclopedia of Chicago. The Newberry Library, 2005. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. <http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1120.html>. The chicago fire burned almost all the schools and caused them to reconstruct and looking at their architecture and seeing if there are any better ways they could change them. This is a historical context because this happened right before normal schools were constructed which is something to keep in mind because when the thinking of the architectures of schools was the way the school where set up what impacted the movement of social aspects. Which led up to Normal schools. This is a secondary source because it comes from the encyclopedia so it is not a first hand account.