AUTOMATIV STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER ABSTRACT: This rain detector alarm circuit project is an very simple circuit , that

will start an audio warning , if the liquid is present on the sense pad . This rain detector alarm circuit diagram is based on two transistors. When the sense pads conducts , Tr1 and Tr2 will generate a pitch sound . This rain detector will give you a heads-up the instant it starts to rain, hopefully giving you time to close windows and bring in possessions. The battery-powered circuit draws virtually no current when the sensor is dry and the current consumption is low when the buzzer is activated so a couple of AA cells will last a long time. Alternately, a molded power supply with a simple voltage regulator to drop the voltage to 3 volts could be used. The circuit is basically a handy flasher circuit that operates well on only 3 volts using ordinary silicon transistors. When the circuit is triggered, the buzzer is pulsed about once per second for a very short time, giving it a "dripping water" sound which seems appropriate. A slower, longer beep may be had by increasing the 1 uF capacitor. The 10 k resistor may be increased for a longer beep time without decreasing the beep rate but at some point the circuit will cease to function properly, depending on the gain of the transistors.

POWER SUPPLY
As we all know any invention of latest technology cannot be activated without the source of power. So it this fast moving world we deliberately need a proper power source which will be apt for a particular requirement. All the electronic components starting from diode to Intel ICs only work with a DC supply ranging from -+5v to +12v. We are utilizing for the same, the cheapest and commonly available energy source of 230v-50Hz and stepping down, rectifying, filtering and regulating the voltage. This will be dealt briefly in the forth-coming sections.

0.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

0.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Step Down Transforme r

Bridge Rectifie r Filter Regulat or Regulat or +24Volts

-24 Volts

Filter

0.3 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:

When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can either be stepped down or up depending on the value of DC needed. In our circuit the transformer of 230v/12-0-12v is used to perform the step down operation where a 230V AC appears as 15V AC across the secondary winding. One alteration of input causes the top of the transformer to be positive and the bottom negative. The next alteration will temporarily cause the reverse. The current rating of the transformer used in our project is 2A. Apart from stepping down AC voltages, it gives isolation between the power source and power supply circuitries. 2

0.4

RECTIFIER UNIT:
In the power supply unit, rectification is normally achieved using a solid state

diode. Diode has the property that will let the electron flow easily in one direction at proper biasing condition. As AC is applied to the diode, electrons only flow when the anode and cathode is negative. Reversing the polarity of voltage will not permit electron flow. A commonly used circuit for supplying large amounts of DC power is the bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier of four diodes (4*IN4007) are used to achieve full wave rectification. Two diodes will conduct during the negative cycle and the other two will conduct during the positive half cycle. The DC voltage appearing across the output terminals of the bridge rectifier will be somewhat less than 90% of the applied rms value. Normally one alteration of the input voltage will reverse the polarities. Opposite ends of the transformer will therefore always be 180 deg out of phase with each other. For a positive cycle, two diodes are connected to the positive voltage at the top winding and only one diode conducts. At the same time one of the other two diodes conducts for the negative voltage that is applied from the bottom winding due to the forward bias for that diode. In this circuit due to positive half cycle D1 & D2 will conduct to give 10.8v pulsating DC. The output obtained is not a pure DC and therefore filtration has to be done.

0.5 FILTERING UNIT:

Filter circuits which are usually capacitors acting as a surge arrester always follow the rectifier unit. This capacitor is also called as a decoupling capacitor or a bypassing capacitor, is used not only to short the ripple with frequency of 120Hz to ground but also to leave the frequency of the DC to appear at the output. A load resistor R1 is connected so that a reference to the ground is maintained. C1R1 is for bypassing ripples. C2R2 is used as a low pass filter, i.e. it passes only low frequency signals and bypasses high frequency signals. The load resistor should be 1% to 2.5% of the load.

1000 f/25v : for the reduction of ripples from the pulsating. 10 f/25v O, 1 f : for maintaining the stability of the voltage at the load side. : for bypassing the high frequency disturbances.

0.6 VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

The voltage regulators play an important role in any power supply unit. The primary purpose of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter circuit in providing a constant DC voltage to the device. Power supplies without regulators have an inherent problem of changing DC voltage values due to variations in the load or due to fluctuations in the AC liner voltage. With a regulator connected to the DC output, the voltage can be maintained within a close tolerant region of the desired output. IC7812 and 7912 is used in this project for providing +12v and 12v DC supply.

SWITCH
In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit,

interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open', meaning the contacts are separated and no conducting. A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically-operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another work piece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by 5

another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be pad-locked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock.

1.1 ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

Since the advent of digital logic in the 1950s, the term switch has spread to a variety of digital active devices such as transistors and logic gates whose function is to change their output state between two logic levels or connect different signal lines, and even computers, network switches, whose function is to provide connections between different ports in a computer network. The term 'switched' is also applied to telecommunications networks, and signifies a network that is circuit switched, providing dedicated circuits for communication between end nodes, such as the public switched telephone network. The common feature of all these usages is they refer to devices that control a binary state: they are either on or off, closed or open, connected or not connected.

A Push Switch or Push to make switch, allows electricity to flow between its two contacts when held in. When the button is released, the circuit is broken. So it is called a non-latching switch. Other forms are push to break which does the opposite. I.e. when the button is not pressed, electricity can flow, but when it is pressed the circuit is broken. 6

RELAY
It has 3 terminal NO (normally open), NC (normally close), C (Input terminal). After

energizing the relay coil the NO contact gos to closed position, and the NC contact goes to open position. Here we implement 12v relay.

2.1 RELAY OPERATION

All relays operate using the same basic principle. Example will use a commonly used 4 - pin relay. Relays have two circuits: A control circuit (shown in GREEN) and a load circuit (shown in RED). The control circuit has a small control coil while the load circuit has a switch. The coil controls the operation of the switch.

2.2 RELAY ENERGIZED (ON)

Current flowing through the control circuit coil (pins 1 and 3) creates a small magnetic field which causes the switch to close, pins 2 and 4. The switch, which is part of the load circuit, is used to control an electrical circuit that may connect to it. Current now flows through pins 2 and 4 shown in RED, when the relay is energized. 7

2.3 RELAY DE-ENERGIZED (OFF)

When current stops flowing through the control circuit, pins 1 and 3, the relay becomes de-energized. Without the magnetic field, the switch opens and current is prevented from flowing through pins 2 and 4. The relay is now OFF.

RELAY OPERATION
When no voltage is applied to pin 1, there is no current flow through the coil. No current means no magnetic field is developed, and the switch is open. When voltage is supplied to pin 1, current flow though the coil creates the magnetic field needed to close the switch allowing continuity between pins 2 and 4.

2.4 NORMALLY DESIGNED

Relays are either Normally Open or Normally Closed. Notice the position of the switches in the two relays shown below. Normally open relays have a switch that remains open until energized (ON) while normally closed relays are closed until energized. Relays are always shown in the de-energized position (no current flowing through the control circuit OFF). Normally open relays are the most common in vehicles; however either can be use in automotive applications.

2.5
Normally Open (NO)

Normally Closed (NC)

NORMALLY CLOSED RELAYS

The operation of a Normally Closed relay is the same to that of a Normally Open relay, except backwards. In other words, when the relay control coil is NOT energized, the relay switch contacts are closed, completing the circuit through pins 2 and 4. When the control coil is energized, the relay switch contacts opens, which breaks the circuit open and no continuity exists between pins 2 and 4. DE - ENERGIZED (OFF) ENERGIZED (ON)

2.6 ACTUAL RELAY DESIGN

Current flows through the control coil, which is wrapped around an iron core. The iron core intensifies the magnetic field. The magnetic field attracts the upper contact arm and pulls it down, closing the contacts and allowing power from the power source to go to the load.

. DC MOTOR
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DC motors are fairly simple to understand. They are also simple to make and only require a battery or dc supply to make them run. The brushed DC motor will generate torque directly from DC power applied to the motor leads. Brushed DC motors require a significant amount of maintenance to work properly. This involves replacing the brushes and springs which carry the electric current as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator. Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. At higher speeds, brushes have increasing difficulty in maintaining contact. Brushes may bounce off the irregularities in the commutator surface, creating sparks. This limits the maximum speed of the machine. The current density per unit area of the brushes limits the output of the motor. Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance. The commutator assembly on a large machine is a costly element, requiring precision assembly of many parts. Brushless DC motor In this motor, the mechanical "rotating switch" or commutator/ brush gear assembly is replaced by an external electronic switch synchronized to the rotor's position. Brushless motors are typically 8590% efficient, whereas DC motors with brush gear are typically 75-80% efficient.

Figure 7.1: Brushless Dc Motor

Synchronous types, like the brushless DC motor and the stepper motor will lock up on DC power, and require external commutation to generate torque. Advantages of the brushless motor include long life span, little or no maintenance, and good efficiency. Disadvantages include high cost and more complicated motor speed controllers. Brushless motors use a rotating permanent magnet and with stationary electrical magnets on the motor housing. This eliminates the complication of getting power to a rotating system. 11

It has a permanent magnet external rotor, three phases of driving coils, one or more Hall effect sensors to sense the position of the rotor, and the associated drive electronics. The coils are activated, one phase after the other, by the drive electronics as cued by the signals from the Hall effect sensors. In effect, they act as three-phase synchronous motors containing their own variable-frequency drive electronics. A specialized class of brushless DC motor controllers utilize EMF feedback through the main phase connections instead of Hall effect sensors to determine position and velocity. In a BLDC motor, the electromagnets do not move, instead, the permanent magnets rotate and the armature remains static. The brush-system/commutator assembly is replaced by an electronic controller. The controller performs the same power distribution found in a brushed DC motor, but using a solid-state circuit rather than a commutator/brush system. BLDC motors are often more efficient at converting electricity into mechanical power than brushed DC motors. This improvement is largely due to the absence of electrical and friction losses due to brushes. The enhanced efficiency is greatest in the no-load and low-load region of the motor's performance curve. BLDC motors offer several advantages over brushed DC motors, including higher efficiency and reliability, reduced noise, longer lifetime (no brush erosion), elimination of ionizing sparks from the commutator, and overall reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI). With no windings on the rotor, they are not subjected to centrifugal forces, and because the electromagnets are attached to the casing, the electromagnets can be cooled by conduction, requiring no airflow inside the motor for cooling. This in turn means that the motor's internals can be entirely enclosed and protected from dirt or other foreign matter. The maximum power that can be applied to a BLDC motor is exceptionally high, limited almost exclusively by heat, which can damage the magnets. BLDC's main disadvantage is higher cost, which arises from two issues. Brushless DC motors are commonly used where precise speed control is necessary, computer disk drives or in video cassette recorders the spindles within CD, CD-ROM (etc.) drives, and mechanisms within office products such as fans, laser printers and photocopiers. They have several advantages over conventional motors: Compared to AC fans using shaded-pole motors, they are very efficient, running much cooler than the equivalent AC motors. This cool operation leads to much-improved life of the fan's bearings. 12

 Without a commutator to wear out, the life of a DC brushless motor can be significantly longer compared to a DC motor using brushes and a commutator. Commutation also tends to cause a great deal of electrical and RF noise; without a commutator or brushes, a brushless motor may be used in electrically sensitive devices like audio equipment or computers. The same Hall effect sensors that provide the commutation can also provide a convenient tachometer signal for closed-loop control (servo-controlled) applications. In fans, the tachometer signal can be used to derive a "fan OK" signal. The motor can be easily synchronized to an internal or external clock, leading to precise speed control. Brushless motors have no chance of sparking, unlike brushed motors, making them better suited to environments with volatile chemicals and fuels. Brushless motors are usually used in small equipment such as computers and are generally used to get rid of unwanted heat. They are also very quiet motors which is an advantage if being used in equipment that is affected by vibrations. Modern DC brushless motors range in power from a fraction of a watt to many kilowatts. Larger brushless motors up to about 100 kW rating are used in electric vehicles. They also find significant use in high-performance electric model aircraft.

FEATURES BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR Long life span and no maintenance High efficiency(85-90) High reliability Noise reduction and elimination of commutator losses 13

 High cost Complexity of motor speed control Require external communication like controller to generate torque Transferring of power from driver to rotor is easy It consists of permanent magnets external to rotor 3-phase driving coils One or more hall effect sensor Uses where exact speed control is necessary

LEDS AND SWITCHS

A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic light source. LEDs are based on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased, electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. The LED is usually small in area with integrated optical components to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. Applications of LEDs are diverse. They are used as low-energy and also for replacements for traditional light sources in well-established applications such as indicators and automotive lighting. The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in communications technology.

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Figure 8.1: Led

Leds are connect to the ports of microcontroller by using transistors and resisters. Transistor is used to decrease power dissipation and Leds are glow from external supply instead of microcontroller.

SWITCH
In electronics, a switch is an electronic electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open', meaning the contacts are separated and non conducting.In this at the time of switch pressed(supply applied) the voltage across resister 8.2Kohms is VCC as capacitor is short circuit. And this switches are connected to LEDs by using microcontroller program. When we release the switch the capacitor get charges to VCC.

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Figure 8.2: Internal Circuit Of A Manual Switch

Figure 8.3: Switches

CONCLUSION
The project VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM USING RF COMMUNICATION has been successfully designed and tested.

It has been developed by components used. Presence of and placed carefully thus unit. Thus the data to be sent is so that a well designed receiver

integrating features of all the hardware every module has been reasoned out contributing to the best working of the encoded within the transmitted signal can separate the data from the signal

upon reception of this signal. The decoded data can then be used to perform specified tasks. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented. This is a very useful technique to control the vehicle speed automatically. 16

By using Microcontroller , we Controlled the speed of the vehicle according to zones It is mainly useful in the areas where high rate of accidents are recorded. As in city traffic control to conserve the fuel and implement the traffic rules.

POWER SUPPLY
The power supply unit is used to provide a constant 5V of DC supply from a 230V of AC supply. These 5V DC will acts as power to different standard circuits. It mainly uses 3 devices

1. Bridge wave rectifier 2. Voltage regulator

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram Of Power Supply

BRIDGE WAVE RECTIFIER

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. The term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC.

A bridge-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Bridge-wave rectifier converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a center tapped transformer (9-0-9) is used.

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Figure 3.2: Bridge Wave Rectifier

For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back(i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) can form a full-wave rectifier. Many windings are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage.
In this only two diodes are activated at a time i.e. D1 and D3 activate for positive cycle and D2 and D4 activates for negative half cycle. D2 and D4 convert negative cycle to positive cycle as it as negative supply and negative cycle as positive cycle at its output.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
This is most common voltage regulator that is still used in embedded designs. LM7805 voltage regulator is a linear regulator. With proper heat sink these LM78xx types can handle even more than 1A current. They also have Thermal overload protection, Short circuit protection.

This will connect at the output of rectifier to get constant Dc supply instead of ripple voltages. It mainly consists of 3 pins

1. Input voltage 2. Output voltage 3. Ground

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The capacitor C2 is used to get thee ripple voltage as input to regulator instead of full positive cycles.

Vr = I load/Xc

Figure 3.3: Voltage Regulator

For some devices we require 12V/9V/4V Dc supply at that time we go for 7812/7809/7804 regulator instead of 7805 regulator. It also have same feature and pins has 7805 regulator except output is of 12V/9V/4V instead of 5V. The general circuit diagram for total power supply to any embedded device is as shown below.

Figure 3.4: Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply

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