Interval (music)

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For albums named Interval, see Interval (disambiguation).

Melodic and harmonic intervals.

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In music theory, an interval is the difference between two pitches[1]. An interval may be described as horizontal, linear, or melodic if it refers to successively sounding tones, such as two adjacent pitches in a melody, and vertical or harmonic if it pertains to simultaneously sounding tones, such as in a chord[2][3]. In Western music, the most commonly used intervals are those formed between the notes of thechromatic scale. Intervals smaller than a semitone, the smallest interval found in the chromatic scale, are called microtones. These are most commonly found in non-Western music using scales of more than 12 notes. Some of the very smallest named intervals stem from considerations of intonation. For example, the syntonic comma. However, intervals can theoretically be arbitrarily small, even if imperceptible to the human ear. In scientific terms, an interval is the ratio between two sonic frequencies. For example, any two notes an octave apart have a frequency ratio of 2. In fact, any two notes the same interval apart have the same frequency ratio. This means that successive increments of pitch by the same interval result in an exponential increase of frequency, even though the human ear perceives this as a linear increase in pitch. For this reason, intervals are often measured in cents, a unit derived from the logarithm of the frequency ratio. In Western music theory, the most common naming scheme for intervals describes two properties of the interval: the quality (perfect, major, minor, augmented, diminished) and number (unison, second, third, etc.). For instance, minor third or perfect fifth. These names describe not only the difference in semitones between the upper and lower notes, but also how the interval is spelled. The importance of spelling stems from the historical practice of differentiating the frequency ratios of enharmonic intervals such as G-G and G-A[4].

Updated 11:55 a.m., Oct.22) Blessed Pedro Calungsod, a teenage Catholic missionary who died a martyr in Guam more than three centuries ago, officially became the second Filipino saint on Sunday in canonization rites officiated by Pope Benedict XVI in the Vatican.

Calungsod was proclaimed saint with six others during a public consistory, or an assembly of Roman Catholic cardinals, celebrated by the Pope at the St. Peters Square. It brought to a close years of anticipation after Calungsod was beatified and given the honorific "Blessed" in 2000. His sainthood also provides a welcome respite to a Philippine church that has had little to celebrate this year, particularly in deeply devout Cebu, said to be Calungsod's native province. "We are not only relieved but inspired," said Rev. Gerry de la Victoria, parish priest in Ginatilan, the small Cebu town that claims Calungsod as its native son. The Cebu church hierarchy was rocked by an international scandal just last month when a leading clergyman in the province, Monsignor Cristobal Garcia, was featured in a National Geographic cover story as having a large collection of religious figurines possibly made of ivory from recently slaughtered African elephants. The controversy also led to revelations that Garcia had been suspended from ministerial duties by the Vatican as he is being investigated for sex abuse charges while a priest in California. In addition, the church stand against reproductive health has been challenged by increasingly assertive pro-RH advocates, comprised of many avowed Catholics, including President Aquino. Miracle attributed to St. Pedro Those troubles have been temporarily set aside as many Filipinos rejoiced over the choice of one of the youngest saints ever, a new icon certain to appeal to a young population tempted by popular alternative religious groups or disillusioned by a conservative Catholic church that seems to many to be resistant to change. Vice President Jejomar Binay represented the Philippine government at Calungsods canonization rites. Calungsod was made a saint a year after the Vatican officially recognized a second miracle attributed to himthe healing of a businesswoman from Leyte who fell into a coma in 2003.

Calungsod is the second saint to come from the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country. More than two decades ago, the Vatican proclaimed Lorenzo Ruiz, a missionary martyred in Japan in 1637, as the first Filipino saint. The Archdiocese of Cebu explains the act of canonization as an infallible and irrevocable decision of the Pope. It signifies that a person now reigns in eternal glory and must be accorded honor due to a saint by the entire Roman Catholic Church. Aside from Calungsod, also proclaimed saints were: Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha, Blessed Maria Anna Cope, Blessed Jacques Berthieu, Blessed Maria Schaeffer, Blessed Giovanni Battista Piamarta, and Blessed Maria del Carmen.

Ang tagalog ng Sunflower ay Mirasol. merasol