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Introduction
For the International Financial management course, we as a group have chosen Ashok Leyland as the acquiring company and Dana Corporation as the target company. We believe because of the recent trends in the automotive industry, Ashok Leyland can do an effective vertical integration to improve its business. Ashok Leyland1 Ashok Leyland is the second largest commercial vehicles manufacturer in India. It has it headquarters in Chennai, India. It sells about 60,000 vehicles and about 7,000 engines annually. They are owned by the Hinduja group. They have joint ventures with companies like Nissan (Nissan Ashok Leyland). There revenues for the 2008-09 period was about $1.4 billion and the market cap is around $1.5 billion. Dana Corporation2 Dana Corporation is a US auto parts and systems company. It has around 35,000 employees. It recently emerged from Chapter 11 Bankrupty (Feb 2008). Its key products include axles, driveshafts, frames and sealing & thermal management products. Valuation Current Market Capitalization of Dana Corporation: $1.4 billion. 20% premium, $1.7 billion Debt: $1.18 billion
We have considered different ways of raising the funds required for acquiring Dana Corporation. We have analysed it in the following sections.
1 2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Leyland http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Corp.
needs to be registered under SEC and has to follow U.S. GAAP. The cost incurred is also higher as compared to Level 1 ADR (in the range of $200,000 to $ 700,000). Even this method is a hypothetical scenario as Indian companies are not permitted to trade in Level 2 ADRs Level 3 ADRs Here the company is allowed to get fresh capital through public offering of ADRs from exchanges. The company ie. Ashok Leyland will have to be registered with SEC and has to follow U.S. GAAP as its accounting standards. Ashok Leyland has exports of 863 crores in the financial year 2009. Hence Ashok Leyland can raise an amount up to Rs. 8630 crores through the issue of Level 3 ADRs as it can acquire 100% of shares of DANA holding Corporation since the company is in the same area of core activity as Ashok Leyland. Procedure for issue Ashok Leyland will have to work out the ratio of shares in per ADR in consultation with its lead manager. Ashok Leyland would then issue its rupee denominated shares in the name of an Overseas Depositary bank like J.P.Morgan, Bank of New York, Citibank etc and these shares are kept under the custody of a domestic bank in India which is the custodian bank. Based on the ratio worked out the depository bank would then issue ADR to the U.S. investors. Pricing the ADR The ADR should not be priced lower than the higher of the following two averages 1. The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of Ashok Leyland quoted on the BSE/NSE during the six months preceding the issue date 2. The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of Ashok Leyland quoted on BSE/NSE during the two weeks preceding the issue date. Statutory requirements For issuing a level 3 ADR Ashok Leyland is required to submit full details of the issue in a form within 30 days from the date of issue. Ashok Leyland is also required to furnish a quarterly return to the RBI within 15 days of the close of the calendar quarter.
The details required in the form are 1. Name of the company 2. Address of the company 3. Address for correspondence 4. Existing business 5. Details of the purpose for which ADR is issued 6. Name and address of the depository board 7. Name and Address of lead manager/Investment banker, Sub managers to the issue, Indian custodians. 8. Details of FIPB approval 9. Details of sector specific caps if any 10. Details of Equity capital 11. Number of ADRs issued 12. Ratio of ADR to underlying shares 13. Issue related expenses 14. Details of funds are kept abroad. 15. Details of listing arrangement, Name of stock exchange, Date of commencement of trading 16. Date of launch of ADR 17. Amount raised (in US$) 18. Amount repatriated (in US$) A two way fungibility is also present in Level 3 ADR where the ADRs can be converted to Underlying shares and vice versa by investors. The entire Level 3 issue would cost Ashok Leyland a sum of $250,000 to $500,000.
Registration with Security and exchange Commission (SEC) For registration with SEC Ashok Leyland needs to furnish the following information to SEC in its form: 1. Description of Ashok Leylands properties and businesses 2. Description of securities offered for sale (ADR in this case) 3. Information about Ashok Leylands management 4. Financial statements certified by independent accountants In addition to this Ashok Leyland also needs to make a disclosure about acquiring complete stake in DANA Holding Corporation as a compliance requirement. Listing in New York Stock exchange (NYSE) For listing in the New York Stock exchange Ashok Leyland has to satisfy the distribution and financial criteria in either of the two standards 1. Domestic and 2. Worldwide For Ashok Leyland it is more suitable for the company to follow the worldwide standards as the domestic standards are more stringent and are mostly applicable for Non U.S. companies listed in some other exchange in U.S. The standards to be followed are as follows 1. Distribution: Ashok Leyland should have 5000 Round lot holders (share holders with lots of 100) worldwide Public shares worldwide 2.5 MM Public market value of $100 MM worldwide
2. Financials: Earnings: The aggregate pre- tax income should be $100 MM for the past 3 years and Minimum pre-tax income of $25 MM in the last two years OR The valuation of Ashok Leyland with cash flow test should be as follows: a) Global Market capitalization at least $500 MM b) Revenues in the last 12 months: at least $100MM c) Aggregate cash flow for last 3 years: at least $100 MM d) Minimum cash flow for the last 2 years: $25 MM The valuation of Ashok Leyland with pure valuation test should be as follows a) Global Market capitalization at least $750 MM b) Revenues in the last fiscal year: at least $75MM We see that Ashok Leyland has 524 MM public traded shares as on 31st March 2009 and a market value of $1500 MM. We also see that the average pre tax income over the last 3 years is about $105 MM. Ashok Leyland also has a pre tax income of $43 MM in the year 2009 and $128 MM in the year 2008. Hence we see that Ashok Leyland is eligible to be listed in NYSE. In case of ADR we see that if Ashok Leyland acquires DANA Holding Corporation completely through the ADR route it will have to raise an additional equity of Rs. 7867.37 crores. Thus the total market value of equity for Ashok Leyland becomes 6977.62+7867.37 = Rs. 14845 crores. Earlier the Owners stake was 51% of Rs. 6977.62 crores ie.Rs.3558.59 crores. Hence in the total equity the holding of the promoters will become (3558.59/14845) 23.97%. Thus we see that the owners equity reduces from 51% to 23.97%. The promoters cannot afford this decrease as they will lose their controlling stake.
Ashok Leyland can exchange shares of Dana Holding Corporation with GDRs issued by Ashok Leyland within 30 days from the date of issue of GDRs in exchange for acquisition of shares of the foreign company under sub-regulation (1), Ashok Leyland is supposed to submit a report in form ODG to the Reserve Bank.
If Ashok Leyland has issued GDRs, it is allowed to acquire shares of Dana Holding Corporation as it is in the same area of operations.
It is better that Ashok Leyland raise fund by issuing GDR because it is less expensive than ADR and is less time consuming especially if it is issued on London and Luxemburg stock exchange. To calculate the net worth of Ashok Leyland for pricing of GDR issues, the share price of Ashok Leyland should be taken as the higher of the following two averages: Average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related shares quoted on the stock exchange during the six months preceding the relevant date.(Rs 53.4 for Ashok Leyland ltd) Average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related shares quoted on a stock exchange during the two weeks preceding the relevant date.(Rs 42.3 for Ashok Leyland ltd) Hence Rs 53.4 to be used for all pricing purposes. The relevant date means the date thirty days prior to the date on which the general body of shareholders to consider the issue of FCCB. The number of equity shares issued of Ashok Leyland are 150,00,00,000. Thus the net worth of Ashok Leyland is Rs 80.1 billion. When it is converted to US dollars it will be $ 1.73 billion. To acquire Dana Holding Corporation it has to raise $ 1.7 billion. This is less than the net worth of Ashok Leyland, thus they are able to fulfill this clause. The export of Ashok Leyland of last financial year was Rs 8620 million. To convert this to US dollars the exchange ratio of 1 USD = Rs 46.17 was used. This gives the total export as US $ 186 million. Ashok Leyland can exchange GDR with shares of Dana Holding Corporation upto 10 times export earnings. Thus, they are able to fulfill this clause as they need only $ 1.7 billion whereas they can raise $ 1.86 billion.
The problem with issuing GDR is that the promoters of Ashok Leyland will dilute their shareholding, making it unfavorable to the promoters.
DANA Holding DANA Holdings share price : USD 10.14 No of outstanding shares: 140039448 Current market capitalization: $1.42 billion Premium of 0.5% (per share) added towards goodwill: USD 10.19 (exercise price) Exchange rate: INR/USD = 46.17 The exercise value of DANA holding after adding premium of 0.5% per share on market value is INR470.5 For a 100% takeover, in order to buy all the promoter shares, the Swap ration must be 1:9 or 0.111. Hence for every 1 share of DANA, Ashok Leyland has to give 9 shares of its own. Hence the number of shares Ashok Leyland will give to DANA under this share swap is 1260355030. Which is a 95% of its total number of outstanding shares. Implications Brings about a major change in the owner ship structure. Hence this route is not feasible. Concerns Opportunity of Arbitrage Insider Trading
Minimum Average Maturity for FCCB can be 3 years for borrowing of up to US$ 20 million and 5 years in case the borrowing exceeds US$ 20 Million. The maximum all in all cost to be incurred on FCCB cannot exceed following limits: Average Maturity period of 3-5 years- 200 bps over 6 month LIBOR Average Maturity exceeding 5 years - 350 bps for over 5 years LIBOR.
The pricing of GDR and FCCB issues should be made at a price not less than the higher of the following two averages: Average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related shares quoted on the stock exchange during the six months preceding the relevant date.(Rs 53.4 for Ashok Leyland ltd) Average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related shares quoted on a stock exchange during the two weeks preceding the relevant date.(Rs 42.3 for Ashok Leyland ltd) Hence Rs 53.4 to be used for all pricing purposes. The relevant date means the date thirty days prior to the date on which the general body of shareholders to consider the issue of FCCB. After the amount has been raised through FCCB the total amount raised, names of non resident investors and the amount invested by them and details about the non residents Indian investors needs to be indicated to the RBI. Ashok Leyland ltd needs US$ 1.7 billion for the acquisition of Dana. This amount is higher than US$0.5 billion. Hence FCCB as a standalone instrument cannot be used for acquisition of Dana.
ECB can be accessed under two routes, viz. Automatic Route Approval Route
1. Eligible borrowers a. Corporates registered under the Companies Act except financial intermediaries (such as banks, financial institutions (FIs), housing finance companies and NBFCs) are eligible.
2. Recognized Lenders a. Borrowers can raise ECB from internationally recognized sources such as i. international banks ii. international capital markets iii. multilateral financial institutions (such as IFC, ADB, CDC etc.,) iv. export credit agencies, (v) suppliers of equipment v. foreign collaborators, and vi. foreign equity holders 3. Amount and Maturity a. ECB up to USD 20 million or equivalent with minimum average maturity of three years b. ECB above USD 20 million and up to USD 500 million or equivalent with minimum average maturity of five years
c. The maximum amount of ECB which can be raised by a corporate is USD 500 million during a financial year. d. ECB up to USD 20 million can have call/put option provided the minimum average maturity of 3 years is complied before exercising call/put option.
4. All-in-cost ceilings All-in-cost includes rate of interest, other fees and expenses in
foreign currency except commitment fee, pre-payment fee, and fees payable in Indian Rupees. Moreover, the payment of withholding tax in Indian Rupees is excluded for calculating the all-in-cost. The all-in-cost ceilings for ECB are indicated from time to time. The following ceilings are valid till reviewed. Average Maturity Period Three years and up to five years More than five years All-in-cost Ceilings over 6 month LIBOR* 300 basis points 500 basis points
5. End-use
a. ECB proceeds can be utilized for overseas direct investment in Joint Ventures
(JV)/Wholly Owned Subsidiaries (WOS) subject to the existing guidelines on Indian Direct Investment in JV/WOS abroad.
6. Parking of ECB proceeds overseas The funds should be invested in such a way that the investments can be liquidated as and when funds are required by the borrower in India. 7. Procedure a. Borrower may enter into loan agreement complying with ECB guidelines with recognized lender for raising ECB under Automatic Route without prior approval of RBI. The borrower may note to comply with the reporting
arrangement under paragraph 1(C)(i). The primary responsibility to ensure that ECB raised/utilized are in conformity with the ECB guidelines and the Reserve Bank regulations/directions/circulars is that of the concerned borrower and any contravention of the ECB guidelines will be viewed seriously and may invite penal action. The designated AD is also required to ensure that raising/utilization of ECB is in compliance with ECB guidelines at the time of certification.
Implications of ECBs The debt equity ratio of Ashok Leyland will be adversely affected if it opts to source its entire funds through ECBs. Ashok Leyland may opt for ECB to meet some portion of the requisite funds while sourcing the major portion of the funds through other means.
2. Owner's Equity: $175million 3. ADR/GDR: $600 million 4. Total Equity: $775 million 5. Debt: $2000 million
Ashok Leyland/Hinduja Group ALey, Inc (incorporated in USA) Additional debt: ~0.82 GDR in AIM (Europe), $0.78m Funds for take over: $2.7 billion
Dana Corporation
An US company taking over another US company has lower regulatory issues. Therefore, it is easier to create an SPV which is incorporated in the USA. Ashok Leyland contributes $175 million as equity capital to this SPV. Routes Route for ADR/GDR Share Premium: $2.43 for every $1 share value. The GDR is issued in London Stock Exchange (AIM). This is because Ashok Leyland has issued GDRs in the UK market in 1995 (for $115 million) and is considerably well known in that market. So, we believe it will be able to get a better premium and subscription in the UK market than in any other international market. The SPV raises about $600million via this route. Route for Debt SPV gets debt at marginally higher rates from banks in international markets (especially from banks in JAPAN) which look for investments in USA. This debt would be looked at as high risk and high gain from the banks perspective. The banks could be convinced into transfer the
existing loans to the SPV, thereby reducing the additional (~900 million) debt required for the takeover. Post Transaction Owner's Equity Ashok Leyland/Hinduja Group: $175 million(50%) Public/Others: $175 million (50%) Share Premium: $425 million Total Equity: $600 million Debt: $2000 million (Original: $1180 million) Debt:Equity: 2.5:1 Debt:Fixed Assets: 1.09 Repaying debt and merger The debt can be repaid in the faster pace and the SPV can be merged with the parent company. The GDRs can be then converted to equivalent value of Ashok Leyland GDRs.
Conclusion
We suggest going with LBO method, considering the legal & regulatory frameworks of the countries, the share holding pattern, debt equity ratio and the possibility of raising the required funds from the different methods. The other methods tend to decrease the shareholding of the promoters to below 51% which would mean the Hinduja group would loose its controlling stake. This might not be acceptable to the Hinduja group. The debt if taken by Ashok Leyland Ltd, would actually increase the leverage of the company which would again decrease the borrowing capacity of the company for future expansion. LBO is the most feasible option for Ashok Leyland.