Determinant

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Mr . Sherif Yehia Al Maraghy https://twitter.com/Mr_Sherif_yehia
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Algebra 3
rd
secondary Determinant - 36 -
Determinant
{ }
ij
The elements a R where i , j 1,2,3, ,n e e
( ) ( )
( ) n
For example:
The determinants are obtained from eliminating n 1 Unknowns for example : 2 unknowns
from linear equations for example : 3 equations .
if we have two equations in one variable.

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
a x b 1 , c x d 2
b
Then , from equation 1 : x , and by substituting in equation 2
a
b
Then , c d ad bc ad bc 0
a
The quantinty ad bc 0 can be written in the form :
a b
M
c
= =
=
= = =
=
=
( )
nd
2
, M means a determinant of order 2 2 degree
d

( ) ( ) ( )
This chapter has 3 parts about Determinant
1 Value of determinant 2 Properties of determinant 3 Cramer method

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11 12
2
21 22
11
The determinant of degree consists of rows and Columns, and it is denoted by
a a
M is called a determinant of second degree 2 2 2 rows 2 columns
a a
Where:
a : is the elem
=
Definition of determinant :
n n n
st st
st nd
12
nd st
21
nd
21
ent lies in the 1 row and the 1 Column
a : is the element lies in the 1 row and the 2 Column
a : is the element lies in the 2 row and the 1 Column
a : is the element lies in the 2 row and
nd
11 12 13
3 12 22 23
31 32 33
the 2 Column
a a a
M a a a is called a determinant of the Third Degree 3 3 3 rows 3 Columns
a a a
Also
=

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The Value of determinant

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Algebra 3
rd
nd
The value of the determinant of 2 degree:
11 12
2 11 22 21 12
21 22
11 22
21 12
a a
M a a a a
a a
Note : a , a are Called the Main diagonal
a , a are Called the Non main diagonal

= =
( )( )
( )
For example
2 2 2 2
2

2 5 4 -7
2 8 3 5 16 15 1 And 4 6 -7 2 24 14 38
3 8 2 6
Tan 1
Tan Sec -1 Note : 1 Tan Sec
Sec Tan
o
o o o o
o o
= = = = = + =
= = + =
1 2 3
1 2 3
Rows of any determinant usually denote by r , r , r And its Columns are
usually denoted by C , C , C
Rule (1)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rule (2)
The value of the Determinant of 3
rd
degree:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
11 12 13
22 23 21 23 21 22
3 21 22 23 11 12 13
32 33 31 33 31 32
31 32 33
3 11 22 23 23 32 12 21 33 23 31 13 21 32 22 31
11 22 33 12 23 31 13 21 32 11 23 32 12 21 33 13 22 31
a a a
a a a a a a
M a a a a a a
a a a a a a
a a a
M a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
+ +
= = +
= +
= + + + +

Very important notes:
(1)This determinant is called the determinant value with respect to the Cofactor of the 1
st
Row.
(2)The Cofactor is according to the Sign:
+ +
+
+ +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Example (1)
2 -3 4
Find the value of: -1 5 7
4 6 -2

Answer
We will find the value of determinant with respect to the Cofactor of the First Row
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( )
2 -3 4
5 7 -1 7 -1 5
-1 5 7 2 -3 4
6 -2 4 -2 4 6
4 6 -2
2 5 -2 7 6 3 -1 -2 7 4 4 -1 6 5 4 2 -52 3 -26 4 -26
-104 78 104 -286
= +
= + + = + + ( (

= =

Another solution:

We will find the value of determinant with respect to the Cofactor of the Second Row
( ) ( ) ( )
| | ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( )
2 -3 4
-3 4 2 4 2 -3
-1 5 7 - -1 5 7
6 -2 4 -2 4 6
4 6 -2
6 24 5 -4 16 7 12 12 -18 5 -20 7 24
-18 100 168 - 286
= +
= + + = + (

= =

Another Solution:
We will find the value of determinant with respect to the Cofactor of the Third Row
( ) ( ) ( )
| | | | | | ( ) ( ) ( )
2 -3 4
-1 5 2 -3 2 -3
-1 5 7 4 7 -2
4 6 4 6 -1 5
4 6 -2
4 -6 20 7 12 12 2 10 - 3 -104 -168 14 -286
= +
= + = + =

So, the determinant value doesnt change when changing the Cofactor of any Row Or Column
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Example (2)
x 0 1
Solve the equation: 8 1 x -x 0
x -1 1 x
=
+

Answer
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 2 3 3
Expand the det ermenat , we get :
1 x -x 8 -x 8 1 x
x 0 1 0
-1 1 x x 1 x x -1
x 1 x 1 x -x -1 0 8 -1 x 1 x 0
x 1 x x 1 -8 x x 0
x x x 8 x x 0 - x 8 0 x -8 x -2

+ =
+ +
+ + = (

+ + =
+ = = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (3)
-1 -2 3
3x 1
find x for which: 3 2 1 5
-3 2
-1 x 7
=
Answer
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L.H.S : 6x 3 3 2x 1 And R.H.S : 3 -1 7 5x 2 14 5 3 2x 1 3 11x 34
-11
2x 1 11x 34 9x -33 x
3
+ = + + + + + = + (

+ = + = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
(2) Properties of determinant

Property (1): Transpose
In any determine if the rows are replaced by the columns and the columns by the rows in the
Same order, the value of the determinant is unchanged.
For Example: the value of :
1 -3 5 1 4 8
4 0 7 -3 0 14
8 14 -3 5 7 -3
= And
-3 -2 4 -3 1 3
1 5 0 -2 5 -1
3 -1 4 4 0 4
=
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Property (2): "Taking the zero elements if exist"
The value of the determinant is unchanged by expanding it in term of the elements of any of its
rows (or columns)
Note: We have said before that the expansion of the 1
st
row = the expansion of the 2
nd
row=
the expansion of the 1
st
column = .
Find the value of:
4 -1 3
0 5 -2
0 -3 -1

Answer
Choose to use the Cofactor Containing zeroes, so by taking the first Column:
( ) ( )
3
5 -2 -1 3 -1 3
M 4 0 0 4 5 -1 -2 -3 -44
-3 -1 -3 -1 5 -2
= + = = (

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (1)
Find the value of :
-2 4 3
5 0 2
-1 4 -2

Answer
Expand the elements using the elements of the second row (As it has zero)
( ) ( )
3
4 3 -2 3 -2 4
M -5 0 2 -5 -8 12 - 2 -8 4 100 8 108
4 -2 -1 -2 -1 4
= + = + = + =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
3 1 3
a b c
M d e f , Then if we exchange for example r with r :
g h i
a b c g h i
d e f d e f
g h i a b c
=
=
Property (3): " Exchange"
In any determinant, if the positions of any two rows (Columns) are exchanged, then the Value
of the resulting determinant is equal to the value of the original determinant multiplied by (-1)

So if :

Example (2)
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 3 3 2 2 2
a b c c b a
Without expanding, prove that: a b c c b a
a b c c b a
=
Answer
( )
( )( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
rd st
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
nd rd
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c c b a
a b c -1 c b a By Exchanging the 3 Column with the 1 column.
a b c c b a
c b a
-1 -1 c b a By Exchanging the 2 row with the 3 row.
c b a
a b c c b a
a b c c
a b c
=
=
=
3 3 3
2 2 2
b a
c b a

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Property (4): " Zero rowsOr Columns"
The value of the determinant is zero if all the elements of any row (Column) in a determinant
are zeroes.

For example, If :
2 3
3 0 -2 8 2 -1
4 0 5 0 As C 0 & 5 4 3 0 As r 0
-1 0 6 0 0 0
= = = =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Property (5): "Common factor "
If there is a common factor in all the elements of any row (column) in a Determinant then
This factor can be taken outside the determinant.

For example :
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
a k b c a b c
a k b c k a b c
a k b c a b c
=
Note:
Multiplying any determinant by any number this means to multiply one of its rows (columns)
only by this number.
For example :
6 10 2 3 5 1
6 7 8 2 6 7 8
-1 0 4 -1 0 4
=
----------------------------------------------------------------
Example (3)
Without expanding the determinant, prove that:
7 -4 4 1 -4 2
42 -15 6 -42 -2 5 -1
21 2 12 3 2 6
=
Answer
( )
3
1 -4 4 1 -4 2 1 -4 2 1 -4 2
M 7 6 -15 6 7 2 6 -15 3 7 2 -3 -2 5 -1 -42 -2 5 -1
3 2 12 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6
= = = =
Note: The inverse of the property is true:
a b c a 3b c a b c
3 d e f d 3e f 3d 3e 3 f
g h i g 3h i g h i
=


Algebra 3
rd
Property (6): " Identical Or Multiples"
The value of the determinant is zero, if the corresponding elements in two rows (columns) of
Any determinant are equal.

For example:
1 2 1 3
3 3 5 2 3 5
1 1 4 0 As C C And 7 1 4 0 As r r
2 2 6 2 3 5
= = = =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
Without expanding the determinant, find the value of:
3 9 -2
-1 -3 5
2 6 7

Answer
3 9 -2 3 3 -2
Thus -1 -3 5 3 -1 -1 5 3 Zero Zero
2 6 7 2 2 7
= = =
So , If the elements of any row (Column) are multiples of the elements of another row or
Column , Then the value of the determinant equals zero
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)
Without expanding the determinant, prove that:
16 5 -1
16 -8 12 0
-20 10 -15
=
Answer
( ) ( )
3 2 3
4 5 -1 4 5 -1 4 5 -1
M 4 4 -8 12 4 -5 4 -8 12 4 4 -5 1 -2 3 -80 0 0 As r r
-5 10 -15 1 -2 3 1 -2 3
= = = = = =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Property (7): " Sum of two Determinant "
In a determinant, if all the elements of any row (column) are written as the sum of two
elements, the value of the determinant can be written as the sum of two determinant.
For example:
a b c x y z a x b y c z
d e f d e f d e f
g h i g h i g h i
+ + +
+ =
Note: the above property shows us how to add two determinants. They differ only in the
elements of one row (column). So we will keep the determinant as it is but with adding different
values only.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (6)
Prove without expanding that:
3 5 7 3 5 7 4 5 7
2 -1 6 -1 4 -4 1 3 2 0
4 -3 2 4 -3 2 -2 -3 2
+ + =
Answer
In the 1
st
and the 2
nd
determinant, we notice that the elements of the 1
st
and the 3
rd
rows are the
same. Hence we can write them as:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 5 7 4 5 7 3 5 7 4 5 7
2 1 -1 4 6 4 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2
4 -3 2 -2 -3 2 4 -3 2 - 2 -3 2
+ + = +
Again the 2
nd
and 3
rd
column are the same in the two determinants
1 3
3 4 5 7 7 5 7
L.H.S 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 0 As C C
4 - 2 -3 2 2 -3 2
+
= + = = =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Property (8): "Triangular form"
The value of any determinant in the triangle form is equal to the product of the elements of the
main diagonal.
For example:
A 0 0
If B D 0 ADF
C E F
=
Note: If all elements of a determinant above its main diagonal are zeroes, it is called a
Determinant of a lower triangle form.

For example:
X Y Z
If 0 E M XEK
0 0 K
=
Very important remark : if he asked you to solve the determinant without Expansion .
Then you must use the triangular form property
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Property (9): " Zero rows"
In any determinant, if we add to all elements of any row (column) a multiple of the elements of
other row (column), then the value of the determinant is unchanged.

Example (7)
3
13 3 23
Using Properties of Determinant , Prove that: M 30 7 53 1
39 9 70
= =
Answer
3 1
R 3R
13 3 23
13 3
30 7 53 1 91 90 1
30 7
0 0 1
= = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (8)
3
1 a b c
Without expanding the determinant, prove that: M 1 b c a 0
1 c a b
+
= + =
+

Answer
( )
3 2
3 1 3
C C
1 a b c 1 a a b c 1 a 1
M 1 b c a 1 b a b c a b c 1 b 1 0 As C C
1 c a b 1 c a b c 1 c 1
+
+ + +
= + + + = + + = =
+ + +


Algebra 3
rd
Example (9)
13 16 19
Using Properties of determiannt , find thevalueof : 14 17 20
15 18 21

Answer
3 2 2 1
2 3
R R R R
13 16 19 13 16 19
14 17 20 1 1 1 0 As R R
1 1 1 1 1 1

= =
Note ( ) ( )
3 2 2 1
: you can say R R and R R in one step.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (10)
21 10 25
Without expanding, find thevalueof : 28 13 36
17 7 17

Answer
Without expansion means to solve using the triangular form
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 1 3 1
1 2
3 2
R 2R & R 3R
C 2C
23
R R
7
1 10 25 1 10 25
2 13 36 0 -7 -14
3 7 17 0 -23 -58
1 10 25
0 -7 -14 1 -7 -12 84
0 0 -12

= =

The last part: put the relation between the two rows you want to operate:
3 1
Number
R " Minus" R
Number

Then, divide the number in R
3
with the number in R
1

Another Answer
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 3 2 1 2
R 2R R R C 2C
-4 10 25 -4 10 25 -4 10 25
-8 13 36 0 -7 -14 0 -7 -14
0 7 17 0 7 17 0 0 3
D -4 -7 3 84
+

= =


Algebra 3
rd
Example (11)
1 4 -3
Without expanding, find the value of : -1 6 8
5 -2 1

Answer
1
st
Solution:
( )
1 2
2 3 1 2
10
R R
5R R R R
28
-135
0 0
0 10 5 0 10 5
14
-1 6 8 0 28 41 0 28 41
5 -2 1 5 -2 1 5 -2 1
-135
D 5 28 -1350
14
+ +

| |
= =
|
\ .

This was a wrong answer although we have solved it in a right waySo why is it wrong?
Because : we forgot that the triangular form must be either above or below the main diagonal.
2
nd
Solution:
( ) ( )
3 2
3 1 2 1
-22
R R
R 5R R R
10
1 4 -3 1 4 -3 1 4 -3
0 10 5 0 10 5 0 10 5
5 -2 1 0 -22 16 0 0 27
D 1 10 27 270
+

= =

3
rd
Solution :
( ) ( )
1 3 2 3
1 2
R 3R R 8R
-1
R R
11
1 4 -3 1 2 -3 16 -1 0 16 -1 0
-1 6 8 2 -1 3 8 2 -1 3 8 2 -41 11 0
5 -2 1 5 -1 1 5 -1 1 5 -1 1
135
0 0
11
135
2 41 11 0 2 11 1 270
11
5 1 1
+
=
(
= =
(


Algebra 3
rd

Example (1)
x -6 1
Prove that x 3 is a root of the equation: 3 -2x x 2 0
-2 3x x 3
= =
+

Answer
( )
1 2
To Prove that 3 is a root in the equation, we have to prove that when we Substitute x 3
the value of the determinant will be zero
3 -6 1
Put x 3, we get: 3 -6 1 0 As R R
-2 9 6
Thus x 3 is a root of the given ques
=
= = =
= tion

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)
( )
x 1 1 -3
Find the value of which makes x 2 is a factor of : 2 5 x 1
1 -4 x
o
o
+

+

Answer
( )
1 2
R R
In order that x 2 is a factor of the given determinant , then when we put x 2 in the
Given determinant , its value must be zero.
3 1 -3 1 -4 -4
Thus we must put x 2: 2 5 1 0 2 5 1
1 -4 2 1 -4 2
The value of t
o o
=
= =
+ +
1 3
he determinant 0 if R R 2 -4 -6 o o = = + = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mixed Examples


Algebra 3
rd
( )
( )
( )
2 1
2 1
1 1
1
1
2 1 1
2 1 1
Proof
y y
m 1
x x
And y y m x x
y y
m 2
x x
The equation of line :
y y y y

x x x x

=

Example (3)

( )( )( )
2
2
2
1 k k
Prove that : 1 m m k m m n n k
1 n n
=
Answer
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1 3 1
3 2
R R & R R
R R
Try to avoid Zeroes in the main diagonal :
1 k k 1 k k
0 m k m k 0 m k m k m k
0 n k n k 0 n k n k n k
1 k k 1 k k
M m k n k 0 1 m k M m k n k 0 1 m k
0 1 n k 0 0 n m
M m k n k n m

= +
+
= + = +
+ +
=

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 2
Prove that the Cartesian equation of the straight line, passing through x , y and x , y is :
1 1 1
M x x x 0
y y y
= =

Answer
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1 2 1
1 2 1
3 2 1 2
C C C C
0 1 1 0 1 0
x x x x 0 x x x x x 0
y y y y y y y y y
x x x x
M -1 - x x y y y y x x 0
y y y y
y y y y
y y x x x x y y
x x x x

= =

= = + =

= =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Example (5)
( ) ( )
y x 3
Prove that 2 -1 2 0 is the equation of a straight line passing through 2,1 and -5,5
0 5 4
=
Answer
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1
1 2
2 3 3 2
C C C 4C
y x 3 3 y x 3 3 4 x 3
2 -3 2 0 2 -3 14 0
0 1 4 0 1 0
y 15 4x
Then 1 0 14y 2 15 4x 0 14y 30 8x 0 2
2 14
Then 7 y 4x 15 0 1
y y y y
For 2,1 and -5,5 : The equation of the straight line
x x x x

= =
= = + =
+ =

=

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1

y 1 4
Then -7 y 7 4x 8 7 y 4x 15 0 2
x 2 -7
y x 3
from 1 and 2 : 2 -1 2 0 is the equation of a straight line passing through 2,1 and -5,5
0 5 4
= + = + =
=

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (6)
( )( )
2
x 1 2 3
Using properties, prove that : 2 x 3 1 x 6 x 3
3 1 x 2
+
+ = +
+

Answer
( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 2 3
3 2 2 1
2
R R R
C C C C
R
x 1 2 3 x 6 x 6 x 6 1 1 1
5 x 4 x 3 5 x 4 x 3 x 6 5 x 4 x 3
3 1 x 2 3 1 x 2 3 1 x 2
1 1 0 1 0 0
x 6 5 x 4 -1 x 6 5 x 1 -1
3 1 x 1 3 -2 x 1
x 1 -2
The determinant x 6 1 x 6 x 1 2 x 6 x 3 R.H.S
-1 x 1
+ +

+ + + +
+ + + + = + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+
= + = + = + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
( )( ) ( )( )( )
1 2
R R
Or We Can Say:
2 0 0
x y x z 1 1 0 2 x y x z y z
- y -x y z
+
+ + = + + +
+
( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
( )( )( )
We Can Say :
1 -1
x y x z y z
1 1
x y x z y z 1 1
M 2 x y x z y z
+ + +
+ + + +
= + + +
( )( )( )
1 3
3 1 3 2
2 3
R R
C C C C
R R
b 0 -b 1 0 -1
b d c b c b b d c b c
- d b c b c -d b c b c
1 0 0 1 0 0
b b d c 2b d c b b d c 2b d
- d b c b c d -d b c 2b d
1 0 0
b b d 2c b 0 b 1 2c b 2b d R.H.S.
-d b c 2b d
+ +
=
+ +

+
= =

Example (7)
x y z -z - y
Factorize -z x y z -x to its simplest factors.
- y -x x y z
+ +
+ +
+ +

Answer
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 1
1 3
3 2
R R
R R
C C
x y z -z - y x y z -z - y
x y x y - x y x y 1 1 -1
- y -x x y z - y -x x y z
x z - x z x z 1 -1 1
x y 1 1 1 x y x z 1 1 -1
- y -x x y z - y -x x y z
1 -1 0
x y x z 1 1 0
- y -x y z
+
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
+

We have one of two ways

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (8)
Without expansion , prove that: ( )( )
b d b c c
b d c b c b 2b d 2c b
- d b c b c

=
+

Answer


Algebra 3
rd
Example (9)
2
2
2
1 a a bc
Prove that : 1 b b ca 0
1 c c ab

Answer
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
3 2
2 1
R R
R R
1 a a bc 1 a a bc
1 b b ca 0 b a b ca a bc
0 c b c ab b ca 0 c b c ab b ca
1 a a bc
b a b a b a c b a
M 0 b a b a bc ca 1
c b c b c b a c b
0 c b c b ca ab
b a b a b a c 1 a b
b a c b
c b c b c b a
| |
|
\ .

+
+ +
+ +
= + =
+ +
+
+ + +
= =
+ +
( )( )( )
c 1 1
b a c a a b c 0
1 a b c 1 1
+
= + + =
+ +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (10)
x 2x 1 3x 2
Solve the equation : 2x 1 3x 2 4x 3 0
3x 3 5x 6 10x 9
+ +
+ + + =
+ + +

Answer
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
1 2
2 1
3 2 2 1
C C C 2C
R R
C C
x 1 3x 2 x 1 3x 3
2x 1 -x 4x 3 0 2x 1 -x 3x 3 0
3x 3 -x 10x 9 3x 3 -x 9x 9
x 1 1 -x 1 1 x 0
3x 3 2x 1 -x 1 0 3x 3 2x 1 -x 1
3x 3 -x 3 3x 3 -x 3
-x 1 0 0
x 1 1
3x 3 2x 1 x 1 1 3x 3 -x 1 0
2x 3 3
3x 3 2x 3 3
3 x
+
+
+ +
+ + = + + =
+ + + +
+
+ + = + +
+ +
+
+ + + + =
+
+ +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) | | ( )
2
2 2
x 1 1
1 - x 1 0 -3 x 1 3 x 1 2x 3 0
2x 3 3
-3 x 1 3x 3 2x 3 0 -3x x 1 0 x 0 Or x -1
+
+ + = + + + = (

+
+ + = + = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Example (11)
Using the properties of determinant, prove that:
( )( )( )( )( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c bc
b c a ca a b c a b a c b c a b c
c a b ab
+
+ = + + + +
+

Answer
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 1
1 2
1
C C
R R
R R
a a b c bc a 1 bc
b a b c ca a b c b 1 ca
c a b c ab c 1 ab
a b 0 bc ca a b 0 -c a b
a b c b 1 ca a b c b 1 ca
c 1 ab c 1 ab
a b a b 0 - c a b a b 0 -c
a b c b 1 ca a b c a b b 1 ca
c 1 ab c 1 ab
+
+ +
+ + = + +
+ +

+ + = + +
+ +
+ + = + +
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
a b 0 c
a b c a b b 1 ca
c b 0 ab ca
a b 0 -c a b 0 -c
a b c a b b 1 ca a b c a b b c b 1 ca
- b c c b 0 a b c - c b 0 a
M a b c a b b c 1 a a b c c b
M a b c a b b c a ab c cb a b c a b b c a c b a c
M a b c a b b c a
+
+ +

+ +
+ + + +
+ +
= + + + +
= + + + = + + +
= + + ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
c a c b a c
M a b c a b b c a c a b c
+ +
= + + + + (

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Cramers Method

We use Cramers method to solve three linear equations in 3 unknowns
1 2 3
Solving the 3 linear equations in x, y and z means to find the value of x, y and z which
makes the L.H.S. equal to the R.H.S.
Solving by this method depend on the value of , , and .
Note This method
A A A A
can be generalized for any number of equations, Provided that the
number of equations is equal to the number of unknowns.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (1)
Using Cramers method , find the solution set of the equations:
2x y 2z 10 , 3x 2y 2z 1 , 5x 4y 3z 4 + = + + = + + =

Answer
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
: 2x y 2z 10
3x 2y 2z 1
5x 4y 3z 4
2 1 -2
2 2 3 2 3 2
3 2 2 2 1 2
4 3 5 3 5 4
5 4 3
2 6 8 1 9 10 2 12 10 -7
Zero , Thus the system has a unique solution.
10 1 -2
1 2 2 10 -2 1 -5 2 -4 -7
4 4 3
2
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
A = =
A = A =
A =
A = = =
A =
Put the equation below each other
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) { }
3
1 2 3
10 -2
3 1 2 -5 10 -1 2 7 -14
5 4 3
2 1 10
3 2 1 2 4 1 7 10 2 21
5 4 4
-7 -14 21
x 1 And y 2 And z -3
-7 -7 -7
The solution set is 1 , 2 , -3
= =
A = = + =
A A A
= = = = = = = = =
A A A


Algebra 3
rd
Example (2)
Using Cramers method, find the solution set of the equations:
3x 2y z 8 , 2x 3z 16 , 5y 2z 7 + + = = + =

Answer
( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
Put the equation below each other 3x 2y z 8
2x 3z 16
5y 2z 7
3 2 1
0 -3 2 -3 2 0
2 0 -3 3 2 3 15 2 4 10 47 0
5 2 0 2 0 5
0 5 2
There is a unique equation
8 2 1 3 8 1 3 2 8
16 0 -3 94 2 16 -3 141 2 0 16
7 5 2 0 7 2
+ + =
=
+ =
A = = + = + = =
A = = A = = A =
( ) { }
y
x z
-188
0 5 7
94 141 -188
x 2 , y 3 , z -4
47 47 47
S.S. 2,3,-4
=
A
A A
= = = = = = = = =
A A A
=

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (3)
Using Cramers method, find the solution set of the equations :
x y z 3 , z x y 1 , y x 2z 0 + + = + = + =

Answer
( ) ( )
( ) { }
x y z
Put the equation below each other x y z 3
x y z 1
x y 2z 0
1 1 1
-1 1 1 1 1 -1
1 -1 1 1 -3 2 6 0
1 -2 1 -2 1 1
1 1 -2
There is a unique equation
3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
1 1 1 6 1 1 1 6 1 -1 1 6
0 1 2 1 0 -2 1 1 0
6
x y z 1 S.S. 1,1,1
6
+ + =
+ =
+ =
A = + = + = =
A = = A = = A = =
= = = = =


Algebra 3
rd
Example (4)
Using Cramers method , find the solution set of the equations:
x y 5 , - y z 6 , x y z 4 = + = + + =

Answer
( ) { }
x y z
Put the equation below each other x y 5
y z 6
x y z 4
1 1 0
0 -1 1 -3 There is a unique equation
1 1 1
5 -1 0 1 5 0 1 3 5
8 -1 1 -6 , 0 8 1 9 , 0 -1 8 15
4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4
-6 9 -15
x 2 , y -3 , z 5 S.S. 2,-3,5
-3 -3 -3
=
+ =
+ + =
A = =
A = = A = = A = =
= = = = = = =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
General exercise on determinant
Example (1)
x 2 2x 3 3x 4
Solve the equation: x 4 2x 9 3x 16 0
x 8 2x 27 3x 64

=

Answer
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
2 1 3 1
R R & R R
x 2 2x 3 3x 4 x 2 2x 3 3x 4
-2 -6 -12 0 -2 -6 1 3 6 0
-6 - 24 -60 1 4 10
We can use the expansion directly
x 2 30 24 2x 3 10 6 3x 4 4 3 0
6 x 2 4 2x 3 3x 4 0 x 4

= =
+ =
+ = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)
Put the following determinant in its triangle form and find its value:
4 11 2
1 3 5
3 2 -2
A =
Answer
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
1 3 2 1
3 2
R 6 R
C C R R
C 14C
6 11 2 6 11 2 0 -1 14 1 2 -2
6 3 5 0 -8 3 0 -8 3 0 -8 3
1 2 -2 1 2 2 1 2 -2 0 -1 14
1 2 26 1 26 2
0 -8 -109 0 -109 -8 1 -109 -1 109
0 -1 0 0 0 -1
+
+
=
= A = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (3)
2 x 1 3
Find the value of k which makes x 2 is a root of the equation : 2x 1 3 k 0
3x 2 x 3 4
+
= =
+

Answer
( ) ( )
2 3 3
Put x 2 3 3 k 0 2 12 5k 3 12 4k 3 3 0
4 5 4
2k 3 0 k 1.5
= = + =
= =


Algebra 3
rd
Example (4)
a x a x a x
Solve the equation a x a x a x 0
a x a x a x
+
+ =
+

Answer
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) | | ( )
2 1
R R
2
1 3 1 2
C C C C
2a a x a x 3a x a x a x
2a a x a x 0 3a x a x a x 0
2a 2x a x a x 3a x a x a x
1 a x a x 1 a x a x
3a x 1 a x a x 0 3a x 0 2x 0
1 a x a x 1 a x a x
1 a x
3a x 2x 3a x 2x a x a x 0
1 a x
3a x 2x a x a x 4x 3a x 0
+ +

+ = + =
+ +

+ =
+ +
= + = (

+
+ + = = x 0 And x 3a = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)
x a b c
Solve the equation c x b a 0
a b x c
+
+ =
+

Answer
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 1 3 1
2
1 2 1 3
R R & R R
R R & R R
x a b c b c 1 b c
x a b c x b a 0 x a b c 1 x b a 0
x a b c b x c 1 b x c
1 b c
x a b c 0 x a c 0
0 0 x
x a b c x 0 x 0 Or x - a b c

+ +
+ + +
+ + + + = + + + + =
+ + + + +
+ + + =
+ + + = = = + +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Example (6)
2 3
2 3
2 3
x x 1 x
If y y 1 y 0 , Then Prove that: x y z -1
z z 1 z
+
+ = =
+

Answer
2 3 2 2 3 2 2
2 3 2 2 3 2 2
2 3 2 2 3 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
x x 1 x x x 1 x x x x x 1 1 x x
y y 1 y y y 1 y y y y y 1 x y z 1 y y 0
z z 1 z z z 1 z z z z z 1 1 z z
x x 1 x 1 x x x 1 x x 1
y y 1 x y z y 1 y y y 1 x y z y y 1 0
z z 1 z 1 z z z 1 z z 1
1 x y z 0 x y z -1
+
+ = + = + =
+
= + =
+ = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (7)
( )
3
a b c 2a 2a
Prove that 2b b c a 2b a b c
2c 2c c a b

= + +

Answer
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 3 1 2
R R R R
We can use the expansion method directly since he didnt say
without expansion Or using properties .
a b c a b c 2a 2b a b c a b c a b c
2b b c a 2b 2b b c a 2b
2c 2c c a b 2c 2c c a b
a
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2 3
3 1
2 1
C C
C C
1 1 1 1 1 0
b c 2b b c a 2b a b c 2b b c a 0
2c 2c c a b 2c 2c -c a b
1 0 0
a b c 2b -c b a 0
2c 2c -c b a
Then the determinant is a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c
+ + + +

+ +

+ + + + = + + + + = + +

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Example (8)
( )( )( )
x a b
Prove that : a x b x a x b x a b
a b x
2sin 1 -1
Thus use this result in solving the equation: 1 2sin -1 0 , Where 0 180
1 -1 2sin
u
u u
u
= + +
= s s

Answer
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )( )
( )
&
1 2 1 3
&
2 1 3 1
C C C C
R R R R
x a b a b 1 a b
x a b x b x a b 1 x b
x a b b x 1 b x
1 a b
x a b 0 x a 0 x a b x a x b
0 b a x b
2sin 1 -1
1 2sin -1 Mean that : x 2sin , a 1 , b -1
1 -1 2sin
2sin 1 -1
1 2sin -1 2sin 1 2si
1 -1 2sin
u
u u
u
u
u u
u
+ +

+ +
+ + = + +
+ +
+ + = + +

= = =
= ( ) ( )
( )( )
1 1 1
n 1 2sin 1 1
2sin 1 2sin 1 2sin 0
1 1
sin Or sin - Or sin 0
2 2
1 1
sin 30 sin 30 " refused" sin 0 0
2 2
Or 180 30 150 Or 180 30 210 " refused" Or 180 0 180
Then the s
u u
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u u

+ +
+ =
= = =
= = = = = =
= = = + = = =
{ }
olution set 30 ,150 ,0 ,180

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Algebra 3
rd
Example (9)
Solve the following equations using Cramer's method :
x y -z , x y 5 , y z -1 + = = =

Answer
x y z 0
x y 5
y z -1
+ + =
=
=

x Z y
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 -1 0 3 , 5 -1 0 9 , 1 5 0 -6 , 1 -1 5 -3
0 1 -1 -1 1 -1 0 -1 -1 0 1 -1
9 -6 -3
x 3 & y -2 & z -1
3 3 3
A A A A = = = = = = = =
= = = = = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (10)
Solve the following equations : x y 3z 5 , y z 0 , 2x 4z -2 + + = = =
Answer
x y 3z 5
y z 0
2x 4z -2
+ + =
=
=

x
y
Z
1 1 3 5 1 3
0 1 -1 -12 , 0 1 -1 -12
2 0 -4 -2 0 -4
1 5 3 1 1 0
0 0 -1 -12 , 1 -1 5 -12
2 -2 -4 0 1 -1
x y z 1
A A
A A
= = = =
= = = =
= = =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Determinant

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