Mahmmoud Mahdi

Understanding TCP/IP Addressing The Domain Name System (DNS) The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) The Routing & Remote Access (RRAS) service The Network Access Protection (NAP) service

Provide the logical "language" for communication Two computers must be configured with the same network protocols in order to communicate and transfer information.

The most common networking protocol Consists of a suite of different protocols that work in concert to allow computers to communicate on a TCP/IP network. By subdividing TCP/IP networks into smaller groupings called subnets.

In order for any computer or host, a computer, printer, or other device configured with a network interface, to communicate on a TCP/IP network, it must be configured with a valid IP address. IP address:
Is a software address, not a hardware address Used for finding hosts on a local network. Allow hosts on one network to communicate with a

host on a different network.

192.168.2.1

192.168.2.3

192.168.2.4 192.168.2.2
192.168.2.5

Each IP address consists of two components:

Network Address:
This portion of the IP address is shared by all TCP/IP hosts on a particular network or subnet.

Host Address:
This comprises the portion of me IP address that is unique to a particular computer or host.

IP address = the network address + the host address

must be unique across an entire TCP/IP network.

In addition to the IP address, each TCP/IP host must be configured with the following:
Subnet Mask Used to identify which network the TCP/IP host resides on by defining where the network address stops and the host address begins. Default Gateway Allows a host to communicate with devices that reside on a remote network or location.

The first implementation of the Internet Protocol (IP) It uses 32 bits (4 bytes, or octets) for addressing.
Represented using dotted-decimal notation
the decimal value of each byte is shown using providing a limit of 232 possible addresses

for example:

periods to separate the bytes

192.1.120.84 or 192.5.18.102

192.168.2.1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

128

64

16 32

128+64=192

Network address:
Uniquely identifies each network. Every host on the same network share that

network address as a part of its IP address Used in routing to send packets to a remote network
Ex: 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, 192.168.10.0

Host address:
Uniquely identifies each host on a network

Broadcast address:
Used by application and hosts to send

information to all nodes on a network. Ex: 255.255.255.255

all networks, all hosts

Ex: 172.16.255.255 all subnets and hosts on a network 172.16.0.0

Classful Addressing
The field for the network number was a

different length for different classes of network, and the remaining bits were used for the host number.

8 bits
Class A: Class B: Class C: Class D: Class E:

8 bits Host Network Network

8 bits Host Host Network

8 bits Host Host Host

Network Network Network Multicast Research

Network Class Class A Class B

Leading Bits for Bits Network Number 0 10 7 14

Number Bits for of Host Networks Number 126 16,384 24 16

Maximum Hosts 16,777,214 65,534

Class C

110

21

2,097,152 8

254

Class D 1110 (multicast) Class E (reserved) 1111

Class A
00000000 = 0 01111111 = 127

Class D
11100000 = 224 11101111 = 239

Class B
10000000 = 128 10111111 = 191

Class E
11110000 = 240 11111111 = 255

Class C
11000000 = 192
11011111 = 223

Network Class Class A Class B Class C Class E (reserved)

Starting Address 0.0.0.0 128.0.0.0 192.0.0.0 240.0.0.0

Ending Address 127.255.255.255 191.255.255.255 223.255.255.255

Bitmask 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0

Class D (multicast) 224.0.0.0

239.255.255.251
255.255.255.255

Address
Network address of all 0s Network address of all 1s Network 127.0.0.1

Function
Mean this network Mean all networks Reserved for loopback tests

Host address of all 0s

Host address of all 1s Entire IP address set to all 0s Entire IP address set to all 1s

Mean network address

Mean all hosts The default route, Any network Broadcast to all hosts on the current network

Two Types of IP Addresses

Public Obtained from ISP
One for every computer directly connected to the Internet Block A group of IP addresses sharing a single network ID The addresses included within the address block

Private Freely assigned in private network

Can be used on private network Not routable through the internet Creating a measure of well-needed security Saves valuable IP address space Network Address Translation (NAT)
Takes a private IP address and convert it for use

on the internet.

Address Class Class A Class B Class C

Address Range
10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 10.255.255.255 172.31.255.255 192.168.255.255

192.168.0.0 -

Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

169.254.0.0 169.254.255.255

Self-assigned private IP address

Allows computers to communicate without

requiring DHCP or manual IP configuration.

Contact Me: qursaan@yahoo.com