Braner 1 Section 1: Introduction If you have ever seen any of the Matrix or Terminator movies, then you have

probably noticed one common thing among them. Humans built robots, and then gave them highly advanced Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) to the point where the machines could think on their own. One part of artificial intelligence is the idea of fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic is a different kind of logic that is the key to artificial intelligence. The first couple of sections will explain fuzzy logic and why it is so beneficial to the world of math. In the end, I will explain the applications of fuzzy logic in the real world and how it will be used in the future. Section 2: Basic Introduction to Fuzzy Logic The term fuzzy was invented Lotfi A. Zadeh, Ph.D from the University of California, Berkeley who is often referred to as the father of fuzzy logic. He first used the term in an engineering journal, Proceedings of the IRE, a leading engineering journal in 1962. In 1963, Dr. Zadeh became the Chairman of the Electrical Engineering department of the University of California in Berkeley (Sowell). Figure 2-1

Often, things we say or write is filled with vagueness and imprecise comments. For instance, Sally is tall or It is very hot today. We as humans can conceptualize

Braner 2 these two sayings, but to a computer, these comments mean nothing. To be more precise, you could say things like Sallys height is 152 cm or Sallys height is 1.2 standard deviations about the mean height for women of her age in her culture. This is the problem with translating human thought and words into computer logic (Brule). Here is the fuzzy logic method according to Thomas Sowell: 1. Receiving of one, or a large number, of measurement or other assessment of conditions existing in some system we wish to analyze or control. 2. Processing all these inputs according to human based, fuzzy "If-Then" rules, which can be expressed in plain language words, in combination with traditional non-fuzzy processing. 3. Averaging and weighting the resulting outputs from all the individual rules into one single output decision or signal which decides what to do or tells a controlled system what to do. The output signal eventually arrived at is a precise appearing, defuzzified, "crisp" value. Please see the following Fuzzy Logic Control/Analysis Method diagram: Figure 2-2

Fuzzy set theory is an improvement upon the more popular bivalent set theory. Bivalent set theory is a two-valued type of logic where each object is assigned a value of 1 or 0 or true or false. Because of this, bivalent set theory is limited when describing a humanistic or real life problem mathematically. Figure 2-3 shows the classification of temperatures in a room using a bivalent sets (Surprise 96). Figure 2-3 Bivalent sets to characterize temp. in room

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One of the main problems with using bivalent sets is that these sets are mutually exclusive. Opinion would vary as to whether 50 degrees Fahrenheit is cold or cool and it would be much easier to classify that as part of both groups. Also, it makes little sense why at 20 degrees Celsius, it is just warm, but at 21 degrees it is hot. Figure 2-4 shows this same classification set in a much more accurate manner (Surprise 96). Figure 2-4 Fuzzy sets to characterize the temp. of the room

Here are a few important definitions to help understand fuzzy logic: Universe of discourse The universe of discourse is the range of all possible values for an input to a fuzzy system Fuzzy set - A fuzzy set is any set that allows its members to have different grades of membership (membership function) in the interval [0,1]. Support - The support of a fuzzy set F is the crisp set of all points in the universe of discourse U such that the membership function of F is non-zero. Crossover point - The crossover point of a fuzzy set is the element in U at which its membership function is 0.5. Fuzzy singleton - A fuzzy singleton is a fuzzy set whose support is a single point in U with a membership function of one (Surprise 96).

Here are a few more definitions that will be used throughout this paper for defining fuzzy sets:

Braner 4 Definition 1: Let X be some set of objects, with elements noted as x. Thus, X = {x}. For example, if X were to equal the set of all common house pets, then X = {dogs, cats, fish, birds}, where x1 = dogs, x2 = cats, x3 = fish, and x4 = birds. Definition 2: A fuzzy set A in X is characterized by a membership function mA(x) which maps each point in X onto the real interval [0.0, 1.0]. As mA(x) approaches 1.0, the "grade of membership" of x in A increases (Brule). Now using the previous definition with X equal to the set of all common house, and x as an element in that list, mA(snakes) could equal somewhere between the interval of [0.0, 1.0], for instance .75 because it is quite a popular house pet, but many people still have them. Without fuzzy set theory, snakes would have to be a 1 and be included in that list or not included at all. So if you had mA(hamster), that could be assigned the value of .6, which could be interrupted as saying that hamsters are less popular than snakes. One real life example of this can be explained with the comparing a system to mimic the diagnostic powers of a physician. The designer soon learns that the physician's view of the world, despite her dependence upon precise, scientific tests and measurements, incorporates evaluations of symptoms, and relationships between them, in a "fuzzy," intuitive manner: deciding how much of a particular medication to administer will have as much to do with the physician's sense of the relative "strength" of the patient's symptoms as it will their height/weight ratio. You can see how some of these things a computer program would have a hard time trying to answer (Brule). In this example, we see an example of fuzzy logic, how it works and why it is so important. B = {set of young people} The set of young people can be defined as persons between the age of 0 and 20, so:

Braner 5 B = [0,20] This limit from 0 20 years seems to make sense for everything inside the group, but what if a person is 20 years and one day old? Does that make them not young any more? Why should one extra day exclude this person from the group? You could extend the range by a few extra years, but this will still pose the same problem, with a person being one day older than the group max being excluded. Using fuzzy logic, we can avoid this problem (Klement). Normal logic tells you that if they are between the ages of 0 20, then they would have a truth value of 1, and if they arent, then they get a truth value of 0. But what if we modify these rules to allow numbers in between 0 and 1? Here is a graphical representation of this: Figure 2-5

In figure 2-5, we see that a person with age 25 is given a truth value of being young as .5 or 50%. This allows for much more leniencies when trying to categorize things (Klement). Section 3: Operations on Fuzzy Sets In regular set theory, when you AND two sets together, you put the elements that are contained in both sets into one. For instance, take the sets A = {0,1,2,3,4} and B = {2,3,4,5,6}, and perform the AND operation on them and you get the set A AND B =

Braner 6 {2,3,4}. You can also do an OR on two sets, and combine all the elements from each into one. If you were to perform the OR operation on these two sets, you would get the result A OR B = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}. In fuzzy set theory, these same concepts apply. Figure 3-1 Figure 3-2

In figure 3-1, you see the fuzzy interval between 5-8 and figure 3-2 is the fuzzy number about 4. In figure 3-3, you can see the result (the dark line), when you AND these two fuzzy sets together. In 3-4, the dark line is the result of doing an OR on the two sets. Figure 3-5 shows the negation of the two fuzzy sets (Klement). Figure 3-3 Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5

Section 4: Fuzzy Controllers An important application to fuzzy theory is the use of fuzzy controllers which use linguistic variables. Linguistic variables are defined as a quintuple (X, T(X), U, G, M,), where X is the name of the variable, T(X) is the term set, i.e. the set of names of linguistic values of X, U is the universe of discourse, G is the grammar to generate the names and M is a set of semantic rules for associating each X with its meaning (Klement).

Braner 7 Fuzzy control is a control method based on fuzzy logic. Just as fuzzy logic can be described simply as computing with words rather than numbers, fuzzy control can be described simply as control with sentences rather than equations. A fuzzy controller can include empirical rules, and that is especially useful in operator controlled plants (Jantzen). The collection of rules is called the rule base and normally these rules are defined in the if-then format with the if-side being the condition and the then-side being the conclusion. The rule base controller is stored in a natural language format and not in an equation based description. This makes it easier to understand and to maintain, even for a non-specialist who is trying to interact with the system (Jantzen). Figure 4-1 Direct Controller Figure 4-2 Feedforward control

In a direct controller environment (Figure 4-1), the fuzzy controller is in the forward path of the feedback system. If there is a deviation, the controller takes action according to the control strategy. In feedforward control, a measurable disturbance is being compensated. It also requires a better model, and if a mathematical model is hard to attain, a fuzzy model will also work (Jantzen). Section 5: Hedging

Braner 8 Another important feature of fuzzy logic is hedging. These are used to allow close ties to our language and for the generation of fuzzy statements through mathematical calculations. Lets use the example of Jane is old and we want to transform it to Jane is very old. The hedge very can be defined as mveryA(x) = mA(x)^2. Thus, if mOLD(Jane) = 0.8, then mVERYOLD(Jane) = 0.64 (Brule). Other regular hedging terms include more or less [SQRT(mA(x))], somewhat, rather, sort of, etc. These definitions are subjective to the designer, but there purpose and operation are the same. You can use these to transform truth values with mathematical functions (Brule). Section 6: Applications of Fuzzy Logic Using fuzzy logic is used for very complex processes, where there is no simple mathematical model, processes which are highly nonlinear, and when processing of expert knowledge is needed. It is however not useful when an easily solvable mathematical model already exists or if the problem is not solvable (Klement). Fuzzy logic does have many uses in the real world. Some of these applications include: Automatic control of dam gates Simplified control of robots Camera aiming at sporting events Cruise control in automobiles Optimized planning of bus schedules Improved fuel-consumption in automobiles Improved nuclear safety

Here is how fuzzy logic is used for Camcorder Image Stabilization which is used by Matsushita. First the camcorder saves the still frame and divides the picture into 4 parts with 30 points each. It then saves the signals received at these points. It then takes the

Braner 9 next shot and compares the signals received by the new shot with the saved ones. If the changes are small, equally oriented deviations (= vibrations) then transmit the saved shot. If there are big (= intended) or unequally oriented deviations (= movements) then transmit and save the new shot. Here is a flowchart which shows this process a little more clearly (Klement). Figure 6-1

Section 7: Conclusion It is clear to see how fuzzy logic is an improvement over the usual bilateral sets we are used to. It allows for much more vagueness and better interactivity with the human language. Fuzzy logic isnt just a thing of the future, it is now. There are many applications of it in the real world and hopefully in the future it will become even smarter.

Braner 10 Works Cited 1. Brule, James F., Fuzzy Systems A Tutorial. http://www.ortechengr.com/fuzzy/tutor.txt , 1985. 2. Jantzen, Jan. Tutorial on FuzzyLogic, http://www.iau.dtu.dk/~jj/pubs/logic.pdf , 1998. 3. Klement, Erich P. Introduction to Fuzzy Logic. http://www.flll.unilinz.ac.at/navigation/main_navigation/frame_whatisfuzzy.html , 2002. 4. McCarthy, John. Basic Questions. http://wwwformal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html#SECTION00010000000000000000 , 2003. 5. Sowell, Thomas. Fuzzy Logic for Just Plain Folks, http://www.fuzzylogic.com/Ch1.htm . 6. Surprise 96. Fuzzy Logic and Its Uses: Article 2. http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol2/jp6/article2.html .