E.L. Omenyo et al.

, IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 74-85

ISSN:2249-5347

IJSID

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries

Research Article

An International peer Review Journal for Science

Available online through www.ijsidonline.info

E.L. Omenyo*, M.D. Quain, E. Moses, H. Asumadu, P.P. Acheampong, and A. A. Ankomah CSIR- Crops Research Institute, P.O.Box 3785, Kumasi Ghana

FARMER PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT OF COCOYAM (XANTHOSOMA SAGITTIFOLIUM, LINN, SCHOTT) CULTIVARS

Received: 08-01-2013 Accepted: 14-02-2013

*Corresponding Author

ABSTRACT were carried out at four notable Cocoyam growing areas in the Forest Agro ecological zones of Ghana during the 2008/2009-2011/2012 growing seasons. This evaluation was conducted to identify clones which are high yielding and tolerant to major cocoyam Ghana. Parameters evaluated were cormel yield and Incidence of diseases. Sensory diseases to be released as varieties to mitigate the declining productivity of cocoyam in evaluation, proximate nutrient content, mineral composition and cost benefit analysis molecular diversity study. Yields between clones were all significantly different at all locations for the four years. Clones showed no symptoms to moderate symptoms to major size of cormels as key determinants of a good cocoyam. Three of the clones (2 purple and 1 white) identified as having higher yields, tolerant to disease and good cooking/eating characteristics. Based on the cost benefit analysis a farmer is always better off in adopting random primers Four years on station and on Farm evaluation of eight elite clones of Cocoyam

Address: Name: E.L. Omenyo Place: Kumasi Ghana E-mail: leoline2gh@yahoo.com

across locations were also carried out. Thirteen random primers were also used for cocoyam diseases. Stakeholders rated in order of preference colour of skin/flesh, taste and properties have been released as varieties to farmers. The molecular diversity studies grouped the cultivars into two groups and this corresponded with morphological any of the released varieties in any of the locations where the evaluation were undertaken.

Key Words: Cocoyam, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, genetic diversity, cost benefit analysis,

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E.L. Omenyo et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 74-85 world. It is a food security crop utilized mostly in the event of failure or shortage of other crops. On - farm yield in Ghana is at 6.7 mt/ha. The mean annual production growth rate has declined by 3.4 % since 2005. Per capita consumption is estimated to be about 40kg/head/year in Ghana (MoFA 2010). Decline in productivity could be attributed to lack of improved varieties and declining soil fertility status are other factors accounting for the low yields. and cocoyam dasheen mosaic virus) can reduce cormel yield to about 90% and 50% respectively. Pest prevalence, drought resulting from the narrow genetic base in the farming system and this problem still persists. Diseases (especially the root rot Only limited research has been carried out on cocoyam, which is very vital to the Ghanaian consumer. Improvement of the RAPDs was used in this particular study. Cocoyam is an important starchy staple in the diets of many inhabitants in the Tropics and Sub- tropical regions of the INTRODUCTION

crop requires the documentation of molecular diversity information. Molecular analysis has the advantage of revealing differences on the genetic level irrespective of stage of development of the crop. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) The objective of this study was to develop high yielding, disease and pest tolerant cultivars of cocoyam with acceptable are suited to particular agro-ecological niches and to ensure greater success of adoption of innovation by stakeholders. MATERIALS AND METHODS

can be used where there is no prior information such as simple sequence repeats (SSRs) available for crop of interest, hence culinary and eating properties. The farmer participatory approach was adopted in the study in order to develop varieties that (2002/2003-2004/2005) at cocoyam disease endemic areas of Nkakom (near Nkawie) in the Ashanti Region, Nsoatre and and Dasheen mosaic virus.

Aworowa in the Brong Ahafo region for yield and disease characteristics. Eight (8) clones (5 purple and 3 white) were identified as having relatively higher yields between 5-10 mt/ha. and also tolerant to major diseases especially the Root rot The eight (8) elite clones and local checks were grown with farmers in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications at Fumesua, Begoro, Assin Foso and Kukuom during the 2008/2009-2011/2012 major growing seasons. Plots plants/10,000 m2) giving 24 clones per plot. weeks after planting (24 WAP) the clones were screened for foliar diseases, whilst at the harvesting stage, twelve months after observed) (IITA, 1994). Yield (mt/ha) for each clone was also assessed at harvest. The fields were researcher managed and the clones tested under minimum input (i.e. no soil amendment and rain fed conditions). (1998) protocol. Thirteen Random primers (He et al., 1996) were used to screen the cocoyam accessions. The PCR Field days were organized with twenty farmers at each of the four sites. At the peak vegetative stage, twenty four

A total of 109 landraces of cocoyam were collected countrywide and screened for three major growing seasons

were 3m wide by 8m long. Planting was done at 1m between rows and 1m between plants within row (i.e. 10,000 planting (12 MAP) the corms and cormels were examined for root rot. Disease severity was scored on a modified 1-5 scale (where 1=no visible symptom of disease observed; 5 = tertiary symptoms with irreparable damage to tissue and organs Genomic DNA was isolated from young healthy leaves of nine clones of cocoyam using the modified Egnin et al.,

(Polymerase chain reaction) reaction mixture consisted of 50ng template DNA, 1x PCR buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTP, BIO -RAD MyCycler Thermal cycler. The PCR profile included an initial denaturation step at 94oC for 4min, 35 repeats of the following amplification cycles: 30sec at 94 oC, 1min at 45oC, and 1 min at 72oC; and a final extension step at 72oC for 10min. The International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

500 nM of Randon primers, and 0.25U Taq polymerase in a 10 uL reaction volume. PCR amplifications were carried out in a

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PCR products were kept at 4oC prior to electrophoresis. DNA loading dye was added to the PCR product and sample run on similarity among genotypes was evaluated using the unweighted pair grouping with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster PC computer programme version 2.02 (Rohlf, 1997). The proximate nutrient analysis and mineral composition were carried out by the methods of AOAC, 2000 (Association of Official Analytical Chemist) and the standard AOAC, 1990 respectively.

E.L. Omenyo et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 74-85

6% polyacrylamide gels. A 100 base pair invitrogen DNA marker was loaded alongside the PCR samples. Silver staining was used to visualise the PCR product. The gels were scored and data entered in excel as present or absent bands. Genetic method of Neis genetic distances (Sneath and Sokal, 1973). A dendrogram of genetic similarity was generated with the NTSYSOfficers. Some food products prepared from the clones helped to identify acceptable ones. The evaluation which involved both cassava), Nuhuu (peeled and boield cormels with soup), Eto( roasted and mashed cormels with palm oil) and Koliko (peeled, sliced and fried cormels. Tables 1 and 2. The soil and rainfall data of the experimental sites under which the experiments were carried out is recorded as shown in Fumesua 5.6 (Moderately acidic) 2.34** 0.11*** 4.27*** 100** 9.8*** Begoro 7.4 (Slightly alkaline) 4.67* 3.82*** 2.80*** 22.43* 0.22* Table 1 Edaphic Data Assin Foso 6.0 (Moderately acidic) 2.99** 6.93*** 2.14*** 1.34*** 0.22* Kukuom 6.2 (Slightly acidic) 2.47** 1.75*** 1.47*** 130* 3.2*** 0.12** Organoleptic tests were conducted across all four locations by Farmers, Marketers, and Agricultural Extension

males and females consisted of boiled cormels as Ampesi, Fufu (the cormels peeled, boiled and pounded into fufu without

PH %Organic matter % Nitrogen Available P ppm Ex. Ca++ me 100-1 Ex. Mg++ me 100-1 Brays ppm k Texture

Sandy loam 2008/2009 1,037.0 1,360.0 1,500.0 1,450.0 1,336.8

1.07***

Location Fumesua Kukuom Assin Foso Begoro Mean

Table 2 Annual Precipitation (mm) of the four Experimental sites 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 1,249.0 1,300.0 1,260.0 1,148.0 1,150.0 1,200.0 1,460.0 1,550.0 1,450.0 1,350.0 1,500.0 1,400.0 1,301.8 1,375.0 1,327.5 Source: Meteorological Services Department RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

227.65*

loam Sandy loam High* Moderate** Low ***

180.78*

Sandy loam

Mean across seasons 1,211.5 1,214.5 1,490.0 1,425.0

Yield

and Kukuom respectively. Significant statistical (P<0.05) differences in yield exist between the clones at all locations during the four growing seasons because the clones responded differently. The only exception was at kukuom during the 2009/2010 International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

growing season where there were no significant differences between the clones. Across seasons the yield ranges were 4.40

Tables 3-6 show cormel yield (mt/ha) during the four seasons across the four locations Fumesua, Begoro, Assin Foso

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mt/ha-6.15 mt/ha at Fumesua, 5.15 mt/ha-10.60mt/ha at Begoro, 3.4 mt/ha -9.4 mt/ha at Assin Foso and 3.85 mt/ha -6.43 mt/ha at Kukuom. All the introduced clones at Fumesua outperformed the local (Table3). At Begoro the local clone performed better than AGA 97/162, SCJ 98/009 (Table 4). Introduced clones AGA 97/162, ADE 011, BD96/183 and SW 011 at Assin Foso the local (Table 6). Generally yields at Begoro and Assin Foso were higher than Fumesua and Kukuom, though the lowest relatively higher rainfall (Table 2) recorded at Begoro and Assin Foso (1,425 and 1,490 mm respectively) during the growing moderate organic matter, high percentage of nitrogen, high potassium content and the loam to sandy loam soil) best favoured seasons were all higher than the 2009/2010 and 2011/2012 seasons at all the four locations. This is a reflection of a the yield of cocoyam varies from place to place depending on the cultivation methods and environmental conditions. Clone *ABN 01/004 *AGA 97/162 SCJ 98/009 ADE 011 *BD 96/183 SCJ 98/005 SW 011 RAX 93/008 Local(FC006F1) Mean Lsd Cv P<0.005 2008/2009 5.8 5.0 4.7 5.3 5.4 5.1 4.9 5.2 4.8 5.1 0.790 8.9 S Table 3 Cormel yield (mt/ha) across 4 seasons at Fumesua 2009/2010 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.8 5.0 4.1 5.0 0.82 9.4 S *White clones. 2009/2010 6.4 4.2 3.4 4.5 10.6 5.8 8.5 3.6 4.9 5.7 3.5 34.0 S 2010/2011 2011/2012 7.2 6.1 6.5 5.8 5.1 5.2 7.2 6.4 6.3 5.8 5.5 5.8 4.2 5.0 6.2 5.5 4.4 4.3 5.8 5.5 2.0 1.27 20.0 14.8 S S S- Significant, NS-Not Significant 2011/2012 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.8 8.6 6.3 5.5 4.9 4.5 5.7 1.46 14.8 S seasons best explains the higher yields than Kukuom and Fumesua. Again the soil conditions as shown in Table 1, (i.e. high to for optimal growth and development; any water stress can reduce the yield as reported by Torres et al., 1994, 2000. The growth and yield of cocoyam than that recorded at Kukuom and Fumesua. The mean yields for the 2008/2009 and 2010/2011 recorded lower yields than the local (Table 5). At Kukuom all the introduced clones except RAX 93/008 had higher yields than

E.L. Omenyo et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 74-85

yielding clone (RAX 93/008) was recorded at Assin Foso (Table 5). Cocoyam requires rainfall between 1400-2000 mm/year

corresponding higher rainfall recorded during the former season than the latter. Onwueme and Charles, 1994 reported that Mean across seasons 6.15 5.67 5.07 6.02 5.67 5.37 4.73 5.47 4.40

Clone ABN 01/004 AGA 97/162 SCJ 98/009 ADE 011 BD 96/183 SCJ 98/005 SW 011 RAX 93/008 Local(FC006F2) Mean Lsd Cv P<0.005

2008/2009 7.0 5.2 5.8 5.5 10.6 6.8 8.0 4.6 5.6 6.6 1.89 16.70 S

Table 4. Cormel yield (mt/ha) across 4 seasons at Begoro 2010/2011 7.6 5.0 6.0 6.0 12.6 7.6 8.3 4.0 5.6 7.0 2.4 20.4 S

Mean across seasons 6.75 4.97 5.05 5.20 10.60 6.62 7.57 5.50 5.15

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Clone ABN 01/004 AGA 97/162 SCJ 98/009 ADE 011 BD 96/183 SCJ 98/005 SW 011 RAX 93/008 Local(FC006F3) Mean Lsd Cv P<0.005 Clone ABN 01/004 AGA 97/162 SCJ 98/009 ADE 011 BD 96/183 SCJ 98/005 SW 011 RAX 93/008 Local(FC006F4) Mean Lsd Cv P<0.005

Table 7. Similarity matrice of genetic relatedness among nine cocoyam (clones) obtained using DNA amplification SCJ98 /005 SCJ98 /009 1.00 0.79 ABN0 1/00 4 BD96 /183 AGA9 7/16 2 ADE0 11 1.00 0.77 0.65 0.78 0.65 0.61 0.61 0.50 0.41 RAX9 3/00 8 1.00 FC00 6/FI SWO 11 fingerprinting data using 13 RAPDs marker.

2008/2009 6.3 6.1 7.5 6.5 6.6 7.6 6.6 4.9 4.3 6.3 1.89 17.5 S

2008/200 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 Mean across seasons 9 10.0 9.0 10.3 8.3 9.4 6.0 4.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 6.0 5.1 6.3 5.7 5.8 5.6 3.7 5.0 5.8 5.0 6.3 3.5 4.6 6.6 5.3 8.8 7.8 9.6 6.5 8.2 5.4 5.1 6.0 5.4 5.5 2.7 2.7 3.6 4.6 3.4 5.7 5.7 7.0 4.4 5.7 6.3 5.2 6.4 5.9 2.6 2.8 4.4 1.39 24.1 30.9 39.0 13.7 S S S S Table 6. Cormel yield (mt/ha) across 4 seasons at Kukuom 2009/2010 2.4 3.6 3.4 4.9 4.3 4.6 5.3 2.7 3.9 3.9 3.67 53.8 NS 2010/2011 6.3 5.6 7.0 6.0 6.6 7.0 5.6 3.3 4.3 5.7 2.1 21.3 S 2011/2012 5.8 5.9 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.5 5.5 4.5 4.1 5.6 1.54 15.9 S

Table 5. Cormel yield (mt/ha) across 4 seasons at Assin Foso

E.L. Omenyo et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 74-85

Mean across seasons 5.20 5.30 6.10 5.85 5.88 6.43 5.75 3.85 4.15

BD96/183 AGA97/162 SWO11 ABN01/004 SCJ98/005 FC006/FI ADE011 SCJ98/009 RAX93/008

1.00 0.66 0.72 0.71 0.75 0.64 0.60 0.52

1.00 0.65 0.67 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.50

1.00 0.74 0.66 0.72 0.57 0.46

1.00 0.70 0.72 0.60 0.53

1.00 0.71 0.65 0.62

1.00 0.65 0.51

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E.L. Omenyo et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 74-85

cocoyam RAPDs
Using nine varieties and twelve primers BD96/183

ABN01/004

White cormel

AGA97/162

FC006/FI

Local Check

AGA97/162MW

SCJ98/005

ADE011

SWO11

Purple cormel

SCJ98/009

RAX03/008
0.55 0.61 0.67 0.73 0.79

Coefficient

Diversity Studies

polymorphic, and 33% monomorphic. There were comparative number of bands observed in this study as also report by Offei RAX93/008 and BD98/183 were least related at 41.03%.

et al., (2004) where 120 bands were observed using 10 random primers, and 70 accessions. The RAPDs markers (Fig. 1, Table 7) related clones closely together (41-79%). RAX 93/008 and SCJ98/009 were the most closely related at 79% and being the most distantly related clones. Comparing the dendogram clusters with known morphological characteristics, the white skin coloured cormels were clustered in one subgroup and the purple cormel coloured were also grouped in a cluster. The dendogram generated (Fig. 1) had two major groups with SCJ98/009 and RAX93/008 in a cluster and BD96/183 The four clones selected for release were all clustered closely together with the local check (FC006/F1) as shown in

Diversity studies of eight elite cocoyam clones and one local check, using RADPs had 99 bands of which 66.66% were

Figure 1. Cocoyam RAPDs using 9 clones and 12 primers

the figure 1. As indicated in Table 7, relationship between the clones selected for release (AGA97/162, ADE011, SCJ98/005, and SW011), and the local check in terms of genetic distance was 75, 71, 70, and 59 percent respectively, hence SW011 was local check genetically at a distance of 61-65 percent. The four clones selected for release related to each other on a genetic which have white cormel) can thus be considered for further improvement and release in the future. As indicated above, the International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

the clone most distantly related to the local check. However, the four remaining clones that were not selected related to the

scale of 59-71 percent. However on comparison with the clones that were not selected, BD 96/183 and ABN 01/004 closely 65 percent. The two clones (BD 96/183 and ABN 01/004) that are closely related to the selected clones genetically (both of

related to the selected clones on a genetic scale of 61-78 percent, whereas RAX 93/008 and SCJ 98/009 distantly related at 50-

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four selected clones were not affected by root rot and have high tolerance to the Dasheen Mosaic disease. These traits could be genetic as the molecular studies in Figure 1 clustered them closely to each other. Diseases evaluation locations for the four seasons. The clones proposed for release (asterisked) showed no visible symptoms, mild symptoms to moderate symptoms of Root rot, Dasheen mosaic virus and Leaf blight diseases respectively as shown. Dasheen contributes to low yields in cocoyam production in susceptible cultivars. The four clones identified severity figures were based on a 1-5 scale) RR 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 Begoro DMV 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 LB 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 RR 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 mosaic Table 8 below indicates the mean disease severity of Root Rot, Dasheen Mosaic Virus and Leaf Blight across the four

E.L. Omenyo et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 74-85

disease is an important viral disease of cocoyam that reduces yield significantly in susceptible cultivars. Disease severity score other production constraints are controlled. The four clones exhibited moderate tolerance to leaf blight disease. Location Clone ABN 01/004 *ADE 011 *SW 011 RAX 93/008 BD 96/183 *AGA 97/162 *SCJ 98/005 SCJ 98/009 Local Mean S.E RR 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Fumesua DMV LB 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 Assin Foso DMV LB 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 RR 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 for release were not

of 1.0 - 2.0 recorded by the four clones intended for release is an indication of good diseases tolerance. Root rot disease Table 8. Reaction of cocoyam clones to Root Rot, Dasheen Mosaic Virus and Leaf Blight across locations, 2008-20012 (Disease Kukuom DMV LB 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.24 2.0 1.5

affected by root rot. This quality of the four clones is a very good attribute that will contribute to sustainable good yields when

Evaluation at peak vegetative stage

main determinants of a good cocoyam plant in decreasing order of importance as perceived by farmers in Table 9. Farmers preferred cocoyam plants with the following traits: Purple leaf margin, petiole sheath and corm flesh and skin. Such clones equally high economic and nutritional value and can be used in the preparation of soup, and stew, lager sizes and higher they can cause to cocoyam productivity hence ranked low.

produce cormels which have purple cormel skin and flesh, the prime choice of stakeholders. Because cocoyam leaves have number of leaves are key determinants of higher cormel yield but agreed that robustness of the plant does not always International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

Colour, size of leaves, number of leaves, and absence of disease, plant height, length and thickness of petiole were the

2.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.33 1.55 1.62 1.11 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.3 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.07 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.2 0.11 0.11 0.1 RR- Root Rot, DMV- Dasheen Mosaic Virus, LB Leaf Blight *Clones proposed for release.

number of leaves meant higher economic returns to the farmer. Farmers were of the opinion that bigger size and higher

translate into higher yields. Farmers however had a low perception of the importance of foliar diseases and the economic loss

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Parameter Colour Leaf size Number of leaves Absence of disease Plant height Length of petiole Thickness of petiole Evaluation after harvest and sensory test

Table 9.Farmers perception and ranking of a good cocoyam plant during the peak vegetative stage. Percentage score 100 100 100 60 30 10 10 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

E.L. Omenyo et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 74-85

criteria of importance in choosing a good cocoyam. Table 10 gives the general perception of stakeholders across the four higher market value and varied uses than the white.

locations. The key determinant was the colour of skin/flesh, followed by taste, texture, yield, disease /pest free cormels, shape and smoothness of the cormels in order of importance. Colour was ranked highest hence stakeholders preferred the purple to Stakeholders admitted that taste overrides yield in the choice of a good cocoyam and consequently ranked it next after

After harvest and sensory evaluation 30 stakeholders (20males and 10 females) were involved in determining the

the white skin and flesh because it is the best choice in the preparation of Fufu a favourite Ghanaian dish. The purple has a colour. The white clones ABN 01/004 and BD 96/183 were rejected by stakeholders though they had higher yields (Tables 4 cormels. Table 10. Determinants of a good cocoyam (cormels) as perceived by stakeholders after harvest and sensory evaluation. Percentage score 100 100 100 80 80 50 50 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 and 5) than the purple they tasted bland and soggy in texture. They were not good for Fufu and too soft for Ampesi. Clones ABN 01/004 and BD 96/183 are also subject to early sprouting which reduces the nutrient content and market value of the Parameter Colour of skin and flesh Taste Texture Yield (number & size) Disease and pest Shape of cormel Smoothness of cormels Proximate composition

ranged between 30.22-43.81%, Ash 2.43-3.4g/100g, Crude Protein 5.65-10.49g/100 Crude fat 0.49-1.15g/100g, and Crude fiber 1.07-2.55g/100, Carbohydrate 44.63-54.95g/100g. Except for the moisture content all the asterisked clones proposed for protein 2.28 g/100g; total fat 0.28 g/100g, ash 1.56 g/100g; starch, 12.2 g/100g and crude fibre, 1.11 g/100g. Differences in composition could be attributed to genetic variation, season of harvest and the agronomic factors of the sampled varieties as 1990 that the main nutrient supplied by cocoyam, as with other root and tubers, is dietary energy provided by the

release were higher in crude protein, crude fat, ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate than those reported by Sefa- Dedeh and Agyir Sackey (2002) in which the mean values of the proximate composition of Xanthosoma spp. evaluated were; crude reported by Onwueme, 1978. The high level of carbohydrate observed in this study agrees with the findings reported by FAO, preparation of carbohydrate- based foods for the prevention of allergic diseases and fibre based foods for activation of International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

The mean proximate composition of cocoyam clones across the 4 locations is shown in table 11. Moisture content

carbohydrates. The clones proposed for release by virtue of their high carbohydrate content could be utilized in the

intestinal bifidobacteria for good digestion and vitamin synthesis as reported earlier by Rehm and Espig, 1991 and Sotozono,

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1989. King and Meadows, 2007 have reported that cocoyam starch granules are so small (ranging from 3to 20 m) rendering it very digestible thus making it a potential for the manufacturing of baby foods and composite bread production. Moisture content (%) ABN 01/004 36.03 *ADE 011 43.81 *SW 011 39.26 RAX 93/008 30.22 Local 42.66 BD 96/183 39.89 *AGA 97/162 40.12 *SCJ 98/005 41.78 SCJ 98/009 38.47 Mineral composition Clone Table 11. Proximate composition of cocoyam clones across 4 locations. Ash g/100 DM 3.09 2.43 2.69 3.47 2.53 3.07 2.84 2.73 2.56 Crude Protein g/100g DM 6.82 7.55 8.48 8.31 6.53 10.49 6.72 5.65 6.14 Crude fat g/100g DM 1.15 0.51 0.51 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.54 Crude fibre g/100g DM 1.15 1.07 1.19 2.55 1.15 1.12 1.17 1.11 1.15 Carbohydrate1g /100g DM 52.42 44.63 47.87 54.95 46.72 44.91 48.62 48.19 51.15

E.L. Omenyo et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 74-85

the most abundant mineral (300.00-908.21mg/100g) followed by Phosphorus (150.0-273.2mg/100g), Calcium (96.20 180.8mg/100g), Magnesium (36.9-77.7mg/100g), Iron (2.47-8.88mg/100g) and zinc (2.29-6.10mg/100g). The high level of where the experiments were conducted as shown in the soil data (Table 1). This finding is comparable to that of Ndabikunze,( SCJ98/005, ADE 011, RAX 93/008, SCJ 98/009, RAX 93/008, ABN 01/004) and low (300.0 mg/100g, 106.8 mg/100g, 36.9 mg/100g, 150 mg/100g, 2.47 mg/100g, 2.29 mg/100g) for ABN 01/004, AGA 97/162, Local, AGA 97/162, SCJ 98/009, ADE soil and the age of the plant have also been reported to influence variation of minerals in the different clones (Fenema, 1988). Clone ABN 01/004 *ADE 011 *SW 011 RAX 93/008 Local BD 96/183 *AGA 97/162 *SCJ 98/005 SCJ 98/009 Cost Benefit analysis Potassium (mg/100g 300.00 480.54 700.45 400.34 560.78 650.00 500.50 908.21 600.01 Calcium (mg/100g) 106.8 180.8 149.6 128.3 117.5 171.00 96.20 138.9 128.3 Table 12. Mineral composition Magnesium (mg/100g) 46.7 60.3 62.2 77.7 36.9 62.2 52.5 40.8 38.9 Phosphorus (mg/100g) 160.63 201.50 204.48 159.00 186.40 180.00 150.00 191.1 273.2 Iron (mg/100g) 2.56 7.02 7.06 8.88 7.10 3.82 6.38 2.73 2.47 Zinc (mg/100g) 6.10 2.29 4.17 3.69 5.57 3.72 3.10 2.74 2.81 Potassium. Considerable variations in mineral concentration exist between the different clones. The P, Ca, Mg, P, Fe and Zn Potassium reported in this study is commensurate with the high soil concentration of this mineral in three of the locations 2011), Njoku and Ohia, (2007), Enomfon and Umoh, (2004). According to FAO, 1990 the major nutrient in cocoyam is

The mean mineral composition of the nine cocoyam clones across four locations is shown in Table 12. Potassium was

levels were high (908.21 mg/100g, 180.8 mg/100g, 77.7 mg/100g, 204.48 mg/100g, 8.88 mg/100g, 6.10 mg/100g) for 011) respectively. Variation in mineral composition among the cocoyam clones is probably due to the differences in the genetic potential of each clone to obtain nutrients from the soil (Guchhait et. al., 2008).The Concentration of minerals in the

different locations. From the table the highest net benefit values were obtained from the improved clones in all the four

locations. SCJ98/005 had the highest net benefit value of 7,208.6 from the Assin Fosu location followed by SW011 which had

a net benefit value of 6563.8 from the Begoro location. The highest net benefit value of the local clone was 4,790.6 from the International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

Table 13 shows the cost benefit analysis of on-farm trails of improved and local clones of cocoyam carried out in four

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Assin Fosu location. From the remaining two locations (Kukuom and Fumesua) the improved clones still had better values than the local (Table 13). Benefit cost ratio analysis also showed that the improved clones compared with the local were more of SCJ98, he would recoup his 1.00 and an additional 6.81. Benefit cost ratio of 6.98 of SW011 also shows that if a farmer invested 1.00 in cultivating that variety on a hectare of land, he will recoup his/ her 1.00 plus an additiona l 5.98. were carried out from both the net benefit values and the benefit cost ratios. Kukuom SCJ98/ Local 005 6400 5500 5760 4950 6451.2 5544 Assin Foso SCJ98/ Local 005 8200 5700 7380 5130 8265.6 5745.6 Table 13.Cost benefit analysis of improved and local cocoyam at four locations. Begoro SW011 Local

E.L. Omenyo et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 74-85

beneficial. Benefit cost ratio of 7.81 for SCJ98 in Assin Fosu implies that when a farmer invested 1.00 in cultivating a hectare Table 13 has shown that all the improved cocoyam clones had advantage over the local in all the four locations where the trials Fumesua ADE011 Local

Average yield (kg/ha) 7600 5200 6500 4400 Adjusted yield(kg/Ha) 6840 3960 4680 5850 3960 Gross field benefit* 7660.8 5241.6 6552 4435.2 (/Ha) Cost of planting 175 175 225 225 180 180 200 200 material/Ha)* Cost of Herbicide 42 0 42 0 42 0 42 0 (/Ha) Cost of labour for 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 herbicide application (/Ha) Total cost for Slashing 220 220 180 180 250 250 240 240 (/ha) Total cost for 113 113 100 100 100 100 150 150 Planting(/ha) Total cost for 250 250 270 270 300 300 600 600 harvesting (/Ha) Total cost for Weeding 150 250 80 120 75 150 80 150 (/Ha) Total cost for Carting 50 50 60 60 50 50 80 80 (/Ha) Total cost that vary 1100 1058 1057 955 1097 1030 1492 1420 (/Ha) Net benefits (/Ha) 5351.2 4486 7208.6 4790.6 6563.8 4211.6 5060 3015.2 Benefit Cost Ratio 5.86 5.24 7.81 6.01 6.98 5.08 4.39 3.12 (BCR) * Average Yields adjusted 10% downwards to copy what farmers will get even under good management practices *Farm gate price in 2012 was 1.12/kg of cocoyam across all the locations CONCLUSION

cocoyam diseases, have good culinary and eating properties, nutritionally rich in carbohydrates and minerals especially cormel and taste are the ultimate determinants of a good cocoyam before yield. The molecular genetics studies provided development of molecular markers for the selection of clones with preferred traits towards future release of other cocoyam International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

potassium and phosphorus and favourable cost benefit analysis. From stakeholders perspective Purple colour of skin/flesh of

The current study has revealed that the clones for release are all higher yielding than the local, tolerant against major

indicate that there are genetically no duplicates among the released varieties. The available data can be utilized in the clones. The fingerprint is also available to track the performance of the clones in the field. Three of the clones released by the

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National Variety Release Committee were given varietal names and assigned to specific locations as shown in the table below. living standard of farmers by promoting the production of the improved varieties. Location Begoro Accession Name Variety Name Potential Yield (mt/ha) SCJ 98/005 (Purple) Gye me di(Trust me) 6.6 SW 011 (Purple) Akyede(Gift) 7.6 Assin Foso SCJ 98/05 (Purple) Gye me di (Trust me) 8.2 *AGA 97/162 (White) Ma Aye Yie(I am well off) 5.5 Fumesua *AGA 97/162 (White) Ma Aye Yie (I am well off) 5.7 SCJ 98/005 Gye Me Di (Trust me) 5.4 Kukuom SCJ 98/005 (Purple) Gye me di (Trust me) 6.4 *AGA 97/162(White) Ma Aye yie (I am well off) 5.3 * The white clone (AGA 97/162) though yields lower was selected because of its earliness (12 months as against 18 months for the purple) and high potential in the confectionery industry. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Findings of the current study will provide invaluable contribution towards alleviating food shortage, improved livelihood and

(WAAPP) and the Root and Tuber Improvement and Marketing Program (RTIMP) for financing this study. We wish to highly appreciate it. The active participation of all team members (Scientists and Technical Staff) is recognized. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. REFERENCES

thank the Extension Staff of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) of the Ejisu Juabeng Municipal Assembly, Fanteakwa, Asunafo South and Assin Districts and all the Farmers involved in this study. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Crops Research Institute (CRI) provided the enabling environment for the study and we AOAC 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th Ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington,D.C. (Arachis hypogaea L.). In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Plants 34:310318. cocoyam (Xanthosoma sgittifolium) Pak. J. Nutr., 3: 570-575. Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Chattopadhyay, A., and Das, A.K., of Vegetable Science 14: 304-321. AOAC 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th Ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C.

The authors acknowledge the immense contribution of the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program

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11. Ndabikunze B.K., Talwana H.A.L., Mongi R.J., Issah Zacharia A. Serem A.K., Palapala V and Nandi J.O.M., 2011. Proximate and mineral composition of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta L. and Xanthosoma sagittifolium L.) grown along the Lake 1978.Colocasia and Xanthosoma (Cocoyams). In: The Tropical tuber crops: yams, cassava, sweet potato and cocoyam. Eds. J.Wiley and sons Ltd. New York, pp. 589-606. J. Nutr., 6:616-619.

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13. Offei S K, Asante I K, Danquah E Y., 2004. Genetic structure of seventy cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Linn, Schott) 14. Onwueme I.C. and Charles W.B., 1994.Tropical roots and tuber crops production, perspective and future and future 15. Rehm S, Espig G., 1991. The cultivated plants of the Tropics and Subtropics. Priese, Gmbh, Berlin, German. 16. Rohlf F J, 1997. NTSYS-PC, Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System ver. 2.02. 18. Sneath P. H. A, Sokal R. O., 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. San Francisco: Freeman. (Xanthosoma spp) propado in vitro. Agronomia costarricense 24(1): 7-17. Xanthosoma sagittifolium and Colocasia esculenta cormels. J. Food Chem., 85: 479-487.

17. Sefa-Dedeh S, Agyir-Sackey E.K., 2000. Chemical composition and the effect of processing on oxalate content of cocoyam. 19. Sotozono M., 1989. Ice cream sherbet containing taro as main raw material. Japan Patent No 03098539A. 20. Torres, S.L., Gomez, F., Saborio and Valverde, R. 2000. Comportamiento en el campo de seite genotipos de tiqusqe (Xanthosoma spp.) In Costa Rica. In: Carribean Food Crop Society. 30 TH Annual. St Thomas, USA PP. 137-145.

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