Density of 14th Group Elements: The elements from the 14th group of the Periodic table were gathered,

and their mass and volume were measured, and then multiplied by each other to derive the density of those elements. The elements used here (Silicon, Tin, Lead and Carbon) were all part of the same group of the periodic table, and the data collected for these metals. Three trials were conducted for each element. The data is shown below:Substance Silicon Silicon 2 Silicon 3 Tin 1 Tin 2 Tin 3 Lead 1 Lead 2 Lead 3 Carbon 1 Carbon 2 Carbon 3 Mass Uncertainty Volume Uncertainty Density Uncertainty 6.13 0.01 3.00 1.00 2.04 0.33 4.25 0.01 2.70 1.00 1.57 0.37 7.42 0.01 3.20 1.00 2.32 0.31 16.67 0.01 2.60 1.00 6.41 0.39 15.34 0.01 2.10 1.00 7.30 0.48 15.12 0.01 2.30 1.00 6.57 0.44 50.35 0.01 3.80 1.00 13.25 0.26 49.99 0.01 4.10 1.00 12.19 0.24 49.41 0.01 4.40 1.00 11.23 0.23 15.61 0.01 6.70 1.00 2.33 0.15 15.79 0.01 7.00 1.00 2.26 0.14 15.46 0.01 7.10 1.00 2.18 0.14

The data for Density will then be analysed graphically to determine a trend from which the related value of Germanium can be determined. Considering that there were only three metals used, but there were three trials for each metal, the values for each metal are averages to create a single data point for the trend. The order of group 14 elements in the periodic table, from top to bottom in order of atomic number, are given below.

Density of 14th Group Elements

14.00 Density (g oerc cubic meter) 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 Silicon Carbon Tin Lead Elements in ascending order from the periodic table

There seems to be a clear trend between density and the order (from top to bottom) of the periodic table. It seems logical that an increasing atomic number would be accompanied by a higher density, as the atomic radius and molar mass increases, and therefore there will be a greater mass in every cubic meter, and a higher density. The next task is to identify the density of Germanium from the trend given above. Considering that it is situated in between Carbon and Tin in the ascending order identified above, Germaniums density (if it were used in the lab) would be somewhere in between Carbon and Tin. Therefore, Germaniums density being greater than 2.25 but less than 6.76 kilograms per cubic meter. To get the value of Germanium, it will be possible to compare the correlation between atomic number and density as well as the correlation between atomic radius and density, both given below.

Atomic Number v Density

14.00 Desnity(g per Cubic Meter) 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 0 20 40 60 80 100 Atomic Number Average Expon. (Average)

The trend here can be identified as a clear exponential trend, as described before. To plot Germanium on this trend indicates that the molar mass of Germanium will be a value between 4 and 6 kilograms per cubic meter as Germanium has an atomic number of 32. The approximate position of Germanium on that graph is represented by the black dot above. With Atomic Radius, it

might be possible to get a slightly more precise value for Germanium as the relevant values of atomic radius are much smaller.

Atomic Number vs Density

12.98 12.48 11.98 11.48 10.98 10.48 9.98 9.48 8.98 8.48 7.98 7.48 6.98 6.48 5.98 5.48 4.98 4.48 3.98 3.48 2.98 2.48 1.98 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 104 109 114 119 124 129 134 139 144 149 154 159 164 169 174 179 Atomic Number

Considering that Germanium has an atomic radius of 125, the value on the trendline can be more precisely calculated. The red point on the graph represents the projected value of Germanium given the appropriate trendline. The uncertainty for this value is half of the smallest scale division on the density scale ((1/2)*.5) =.25). The points density value is 5.2, and that value concurs with the other graph, where the value was identified as being above 4 g per cubic meter. To make the trendline a more precise indicator of density across the group, it would be helpful to add another element from the group to the graph. The heaviest element in the group is Flerovium, and the same process can be applied as with the other two graphs.

Desnity(g per Cubic Meter)

Atomic Number vs Density

23.98 22.98 21.98 20.98 19.98 18.98 17.98 16.98 15.98 14.98 13.98 12.98 11.98 10.98 9.98 8.98 7.98 6.98 5.98 4.98 3.98 2.98 1.98 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 104 109 114 119 124 129 134 139 144 149 154 159 164 169 174 179 Atomic Number Desnity (g per Cubic Meter)

In this graph, the trendline was slightly higher, and the resulting, but more precise, value of Germanium Density is 5.6 g per cubic meter. However, the smallest scale division on the y-axis was increased to 1, and the uncertainty for the density value was therefore increased to 0.5. Conclusion and Error Analysis: The accepted value for Germanium density is 5.3 grams per cubic meter. The experimental value derived above was 5.6 g per cubic meter. The difference between the two is 0.3, a value which is within the boundaries of the uncertainty for that value. Considering this, the percentage error calculation for the density of Germanium will be as follows:-

(Absolute Value (5.6-5.3))/5.3)*100 (.3/5.3)*100 =5.66% The very small percentage error is virtually the same as the percentage uncertainty(5 percent), indicating that there was no great divergence between random and systematic error in the experiment. It is always possible to further fine-tune the experiment by doing more trials with Flerovium, to find an extra experimental value to make the trendline. In terms of sources of error, the values for mass were not measured with a white holder, and this could distort some of the values for mass. For volume, the water displacement method could be distorted by the fact that most of the metals were not fully immersed, or could not be fully immersed, due to differences in size and shape.