Suport curs drept (texte juridice) sem 1 2012-2013 The adversary system The trial system in the United

States is an adversary system. This means it is a contest between opposing sides. The theory is that the trier of fact (the judge or jury) will be able to determine the truth if the opposing parties present their best arguments and show the weaknesses in the other sides case. If a criminal case goes to trial, the prosecution has the burden of proving the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In a civil case, the burden is on the plaintiff to prove his or her case by a preponderance of the evidence (greater weight of evidence). The standard of proof is more difficult in a criminal case. This is because of a belief that more evidence should be required to take away a persons freedom. The adversary process is not the only method for handling legal disputes. Many countries use the inquisitional system, in which the judge is active in questioning witnesses and controlling the court process, including the gathering and presenting of evidence. This differs from the adversary process, in which these matters are left to the competing parties and a decision is made by the judge or jury based on the arguments and evidence presented. The adversary process is often criticized. Critics say that it is not the best method for discovering the truth with respect to the facts of a specific case. They compare the adversary process to a battle in which lawyers act as enemies, making every effort not to present all the evidence. In this view, the goal of trial is victory, not truth or justice. On the other hand, the adversary process is the cornerstone of the American legal system. Most attorneys believe that approaching the same set of facts from totally different perspectives will uncover more truth than other methods. Crime GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Every crime is made up of certain elements. Elements are the conditions that make an act a crime. A crime cannot be committed unless all its elements are fulfilled. For example, robbery is defined
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as the unlawful taking of goods or money from someones person by force or intimidation. Thus, the elements of robbery are (1) the taking of the goods or money, (2) the use of force or intimidation, and (3) the lack of consent of the person from whom the goods or money are taken. If someone picks your pocket without your knowing it, the person cannot be convicted of robbery. This is because the person did not use force or intimidation one of the elements of robbery. However, the person could be convicted of larceny, because the elements of larceny do not include the use of force or violence. Almost all crimes require an act and an intent. Criminal intent means that the person intended or meant to commit a crime. Criminal intent usually involves knowing and willful action. If a person acts because of a mistake or some other innocent reason, there is no criminal intent. A few crimes are strict liability offences. These crimes do not require criminal intent. Strict liability offences make the act itself a crime regardless of the knowledge of the person committing the act. For example, the law makes it illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to minors. This is true regardless of whether or not the seller knew the buyer was underage. Intent is different from motive. The motive is the reason a person commits a crime. For example, in murder, the motive is the reason a person kills someone (for revenge, to obtain money, or the like). A good motive seldom justifies a criminal act. Robin Hood had a good motive. He stole from the rich to give to the poor, but his actions were still unlawful. A single act can be both a criminal and a civil wrong. For example, if Paul purposely sets fire to Floyds store, the state may file criminal charges against Paul for arson. Floyd may also brings separate civil action against Paul to recover for the damage to his store. STATE AND FEDERAL CRIMES There are both state and federal criminal laws. Some acts, such as simple assault, disorderly conduct, drunk driving, and shoplifting, can be prosecuted only in a state court unless they occur on federal property, such as a national park. Other acts, such as failure to pay federal taxes, mail fraud, espionage, and international smuggling, can be prosecuted only in a federal court. Certain crimes, such as illegal
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possession of dangerous drugs and bank robbery, can violate both state and federal law and can be prosecuted in either state or federal court. CLASSES OF CRIMES Crimes as classified as either felonies or misdemeanors. A felony is a crime for which the penalty is imprisonment for more than one year. Felonies are usually the more serious crimes. A misdemeanor is any crime for which the penalty is imprisonment for one year or less. Minor traffic violations are not considered crimes, although they are punishable by law. PARTIES TO CRIMES The person who commits a crime is called the principal. For example, the person who fires the gun in a murder is the principal. Accomplice is someone who helps another person commit a crime. For example, the person who drives the getaway car during a bank robbery is an accomplice. An accomplice may be charged with and convicted of the same crime as the principal. A person who orders a crime or who helps the principal commit the crime but who is not present (for example the underworld leader who hires a professional killer) is known as accessory before the fact. This person can usually be charged with the same crime, and can receive the same punishment, as the principal. An accessory after the fact is a person who, knowing a crime has been committed, helps the principal or an accomplice avoid capture or escape. This person is not charged with the original crime but may be charged with harboring a fugitive, aiding the escape, or obstructing justice.

Crimes against the person include homicide, assault, battery and rape. All of those crimes are serious offences. A defendant found guilty of one of them may
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receive a harsh sentence. However, the law also protects the defendant by defining various levels of these crimes and by considering the circumstances of each offense. HOMICIDE Homicide- the killing of one human being by another is the most serious of all acts. Homicides may be either noncriminal or criminal. Noncriminal Homicide- is the a killing that is justifiable or excusable and for which the killer is deemed faultless. Examples of noncriminal homicide include the killing of an enemy soldier in wartime, the killing of a condemned criminal by an executioner, the killing by a police officer of a person who is committing a serious crime and who poses a threat of death or serious harm, and a killing performed in self-defense or in defense of another. Criminal Homicide Murder, the most serious form of criminal homicide, is a killing that is done with malice. Malice means having the intent to kill or seriously harm. At one time, there were no degrees of murder. Any homicide done with malice was considered to be murder and was punishable by death. To reduce the punishment for less grievous homicides, most states now have statutes that classify murder according to the killers state of mind or the circumstances surrounding the crime. First-degree murder is a killing that is premeditated (thought about beforehand), deliberate, and done with malice (with intent to kill) Second degree-murder is a killing that is done with malice but without premeditation. That is, the intent to kill did not exist until just before the murder took place. Felony murder is a killing that takes place during the commission of certain felonies, such as arson, rape, robbery or burglary. It is not necessary to prove intent to kill; felony murder includes most killing committed during a felony, even if the killing is accidental. Most states consider felony murder to be first-degree murder. Voluntary manslaughter is an intentional killing committed under circumstances that mitigate(lessen), but do not justify or excuse, the killing. Manslaughter is based on the idea that even the reasonable person may lose self-control and act rashly if sufficiently provoked.
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Involuntary manslaughter is an unintentional killing resulting from conduct so reckless that it causes extreme danger of death or bodily injury. An example is a killing that results from playing with a gun known to be loaded. Negligent homicide is the causing of death through criminal negligence. Negligence is the failure to exercise a reasonable or ordinary amount of care in a situation that causes harm to someone. Some states classify death by gross, or extreme, negligence as involuntary manslaughter. The most common form of negligent homicide is vehicular, or automobile homicide. This is a killing that results from operating a motor vehicle in a reckless and grossly negligent manner. Any death that results from careless driving may lead to a civil suit for damages, but it is usually not considered a crime unless the death results from gross negligence. ASSAULT AND BATTERY Assault is any attempt or threat to carry out a physical attack upon another person. An assault occurs when the threatened person reasonably believes that he or she is in real danger. For example, suppose John points an unloaded gun at Maggie. This is an assault if Maggie reasonably believes the gun is loaded. Battery is any unlawful physical contact inflicted by one person upon another without consent. Actual injury is not necessary. The only requirement is that the person intended to do bodily harm. Today, there is often not much difference in law or practice between the use of the words assault and battery. Just as there are degrees of murder, there are also different classifications for assault and battery. Aggravated assault and battery is an assault with intent to murder, rob, rape, or do serious bodily harm. For example, if John knocks Maggie down while trying to snatch her purse, he is guilty of aggravated assault as well as the crime of attempted robbery. Many states impose greater punishment when the assault is made with a deadly weapon (a weapon that could cause death). Many states also impose greater punishment for assaults on police officers, prison guards or other law enforcement officer.
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To deal with the growing problem of harassment, forty states now have anti-stalking laws. Stalking occurs when a person repeatedly follows or harasses another person and makes threats, causing the victim to fear death or bodily injury. Women are the targets of most of the 200000 cases of stalking that are estimated to occur each year. RAPE Traditionally, the law has recognized two types of rape. Forcible rape is the act of unlawful sexual intercourse committed by a man with a woman by force and without her consent. Statutory rape is sexual intercourse by a male with a female who has not yet reached the legal age of consent. In statutory rape cases, consent is not an issue. Sexual intercourse with an underage female is rape whether she consents or not. A number of states have recently rewritten their rape laws. The new laws classify the offense as sexual assault and make it applicable to both men and women.

Crimes against property

The category of crimes against property includes crimes in which property is destroyed (such as arson and vandalism) and crimes in which property is stolen or otherwise taken against the will of the owner (such as robbery and embezzlement). ARSON Arson is the willful and malicious burning of another persons property. In most states, it is a crime to burn any building or structure, even if the person who burns the structure owns it. Moreover, burning property with the intent to defraud an insurance company is usually a separate crime, regardless of the type of property burned or who owned the property. VANDALISM

Vandalism, also known as malicious mischief, is willful destruction of, or damage to, the property of another. Vandalism causes millions of dollars in damage each year. It includes such things as breaking windows, ripping down fences, flooding basements, and breaking off car aerials. Depending on the extent of the damage, vandalism can be either a felony or a misdemeanor. LARCENY Larceny is the unlawful taking and carrying away of the property of another with intent to steal it. In most states, larceny is divided into two classes, grand and petty, depending on the value of the stolen item. Grand larceny involves the theft of anything above a certain value (often $100 or more) and is a felony. Petty larceny is the theft of anything of small value (usually less than $100) and is a misdemeanor. The crime of larceny also includes keeping lost property when a reasonable method exists for finding the owner. For example, if you find a wallet that contains the identification of its owner but nevertheless decide to keep it, you have committed larceny. Likewise, you may be guilty of larceny if you keep property delivered to you by mistake. Shoplifting is a form of larceny. It is the crime of taking items from a store without paying for them. Some states have a separate crime called concealment. This is the crime of attempted shoplifting. EMBEZZLEMENT Embezzlement is the unlawful taking of property by someone to whom it was entrusted. For example, the bank teller who takes money from the cash drawer or the stockbroker who takes money that should have been invested are both guilty of embezzlement. In recent years, a number of states have merged the crimes of embezzlement, larceny, and obtaining property by false pretenses (intentional misstatement of fact) into the statutory crime of theft. ROBBERY

Robbery is the unlawful taking of property from a persons immediate possession by force or intimidation. Though included here as a crime against property, robbery, unlike other offences, involves two harms: theft of property and actual or potential physical harm to the victim. In most states, the element of force is the difference between robbery and larceny. So, a pickpocket who takes your wallet unnoticed is liable for the crime of larceny. A mugger who knocks you down and takes your wallet by force is guilty of the crime of robbery. Robbery is almost always a felony, but many states impose stricter penalties for armed robberies. EXTORSION Extortion, popularly called blackmail, is the use of threats to obtain the property of another. Extortion statutes generally cover threats to do future physical harm, destroy property or injure someones character or reputation. BURGLARY Burglary was originally defines as breaking and entering the dwelling of another during the night with intent to commit a felony. Modern laws have broadened the definition to include the unauthorized entry into any structure with the intent to commit a crime, regardless of the time of day. Many states have stricter penalties for burglaries committed at night, burglaries of inhabited dwelling, and burglaries committed with weapons. FORGERY Forgery is a crime in which a person falsely makes or alters a writing or document with intent to defraud. This usually means signing, without permission the name of another person to a check or some other document. It can also mean changing or erasing part of a previously signed document. Uttering, which in many states is a separate crime, is offering to someone as genuine a document (such as a check) known to be fake.

RECEIVING STOLEN PROPERTY If you receive or buy property that you know or have a reason to believe is stolen, you have committed the crime of receiving stolen property. Knowledge that the property is stolen may be implied by the circumstances. In most stated, receiving stolen property is a felony if the value of the property received is more than $100 and a misdemeanor if the value is less that $100. UNAUTHORIZED USE OF A VEHICLE Several crimes may occur when a person takes a motor vehicle without the owners consent. The crime of unauthorized use of a vehicle is committed if the person only intends to take the vehicle temporarily. This crime, which includes joyriding, is usually punished as a misdemeanor. However, if the person intends to take the car permanently, then the crime may be larceny or auto theft. The crime of carjacking occurs if a person uses force or intimidation to steal a car from a driver. Carjacking is a federal crime and is punishable by a sentence of up to life in prison.

The jury system The jury system, as it exists now, is entirely the creation of the British and American legal systems. Efforts to introduce trial by jury into the legal systems of other nations had some limited success in the 19th century. Beginning about 1850, however, juries were gradually abolished or used far less throughout Europe. In the 20th century, with the rise of Fascism, Nazism, and Communism in Europe and elsewhere, jury systems were abolished outright. They were done away with in Japan in 1943, during World War II. In the second half of the 20th century, more than 90 percent of all jury trials took place in the United States. Most of the remainder occurred in England and other nations of the Commonwealth, especially Australia and Canada. Selection. In the early centuries of the trial jury system there were some minimum requirements for service as a juror, such as ownership
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of property and clear mental competence. Women were not allowed to serve. This has changed in the 20th century. The principle of random selection from among qualified voters has come to be common in the United States, England, Canada, and Australia. Some Canadian provinces still have property qualifications, and in Quebec women are still not allowed to serve as jurors. In most places persons who are employed in certain professions lawyers, physicians, clergy, police are exempt from jury service. To be called for jury duty does not necessarily mean that one will actually serve. Before the trial begins, potential jurors are questioned by the judge and by lawyers for the defendant and the plaintiff. The law allows the lawyer to challenge jurors for cause, such as a specific bias in the case. A limited number of peremptory challenges are also allowed; these are challenges for which no cause need be stated. This screening process is called voir dire, meaning "to say the truth." It can become very complex and time-consuming, especially in a case that has received a great deal of publicity. Function. During a trial, whether civil or criminal, the jury is under the supervision of the judge. It is he who decides what evidence the jury may hear, according to complex and established rules of evidence. If the judge decides the evidence presented leaves no matter of fact to be resolved, he may direct a verdict of acquittal. This effectively ends the proceedings. In a civil trial the judge may, on his own, find in favor of the defendant or the plaintiff. But in a criminal trial he may not direct a guilty verdict; this is the responsibility of the jury. The judge, in most cases, also explains the legal aspects of the evidence and the duties of the jury. If the jury's verdict is completely at odds with the weight of the evidence, the judge may set it aside. The exception to this rule is acquittal in a criminal trial: acquittal is final, and the persons cannot be tried again for the same crime. This is called the principle of double jeopardy. In many jurisdictions, if a verdict of guilty is rendered by a jury, the jury must also be present for a hearing on sentencing and may be asked to decide what the sentence should be. In civil cases, the jury is asked to decide on the damages to be awarded to the plaintiff. In some jurisdictions the awarding of damages or sentencing are part of the original trial. In other places they become the subject of what is virtually a second trial. Where the death penalty is in effect and could be a sentence, a jury is required at least to express an opinion on whether it should be used.
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Merits and criticisms. Along with other parts of the political structure, the jury trial system has come under a great deal of criticism for its competence and performance. It has been claimed that because juries are drawn from such a wide range of the populace, they do not have the intelligence or sophistication to deal with the complexities of law. To counter this criticism, it is argued that a jury of nonexperts brings a good deal of common sense and openness to a trial. This results in cases being decided in the spirit of the law, rather than by the rigidity of individual statutes. A jury also may provide a useful counterweight to the biases (if any) of the judge and lawyers involved in a trial. Although juries are strictly confined by law to the finding of facts, their presence frequently injects a sense of justice into the proceedings, either on the side of the defendant or the plaintiff.

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Suport curs gramatica sem 1 2012-2013 NOUNS THE PLURAL FORM

In general the plural form of nouns is formed by adding the letter -s. pen pens dog dogs student students However words that end in ch, -x, or s will require an es to form the plural. dish dishes mix mixes kiss kisses Some nouns have irregular plural forms. child children woman women man men mouse mice Also there are a number of nouns that maintain their Greek or Latin form.
singular analysis appendix axis basis cactus criterion datum diagnosis index medium oasis octopus plural analyses appendixes/appendices axes bases cacti criteria data diagnoses indexes/indices media oases octopuses/octopi

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phenomenon syllabus thesis

phenomena syllabuses/syllabi theses

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form. deer- deer fish fish sheep- sheep Note: Some nouns (like news, mathematics, economics) appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb. This news is perfect. COUNT- NOUNS and MASS NOUNS Count-nouns are the nouns that can be preceded by one (can be counted) and may have a plural form. one boy two boys one chair two chairs one foot two feet Mass-nouns cannot have bread milk water cannot be preceded by one (cannot be counted) and a plural form. plastic aluminum publicity ice steel biology cloth glass history

Some mass-nouns can be pluralized when we use them to express a type: The waters of the Danube are polluted. The French are famous for their cheeses and their wines . Many mass-nouns name abstractions (and are called abstract nouns): peace courage liberty anger progress culture Note: Some abstract nouns do have in certain situations (usually with a change of meaning) a plural form: This position requires experience.
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He had a lot of unpleasant experience s as a police officer. My work is boring. The work s of Leonardo impressed people for centuries. Gender of Nouns Gender has the same relation to nouns that sex has to individuals, but while there are only two sexes, there are four genders: masculine - the masculine gender denotes all those of the male kind feminine - the feminine gender all those of the female kind neuter - the neuter gender denotes inanimate things or whatever is without life common - common gender is applied to animate beings, the sex of which for the time being is indeterminable, such as fish, mouse, bird, etc Sometimes things which are without life as we conceive it and which, properly speaking, belong to the neuter type of noun, are, by a figure of speech called Personification, changed into either the masculine or feminine, as, for instance, we say of the sun, He is rising; of the moon, She is setting. The English language, unlike most others, applies the distinction of Masculine and Feminine only to the names of persons and animals: man, woman; boy, girl; lion, lioness. Nouns which denote things without animal life are said to be Neuter or of Neuter Gender When the same name is used for male and female, it is said to be Common or of Common Gender : bird, fish, parent, sovereign, friend. There are three ways of indicating difference of Gender in Nouns:1. By adding a suffix -ess ex. lion - lioness 2. By using compound words ex. boy-friend, landlord, he-wolf 3. By distinct words ex. father-mother

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Masculine and feminine gender

actor author bachelor boy actress authoress spinster girl

bridegroom brother conductor count czar dad daddy duke emperor father father-in-law gentleman giant god governor grandfather headmaster

bride sister conductress countess czarina mum mummy duchess empress mother mother-in-law lady giantess goddess matron grandmother headmistress

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heir hero host hunter husband king lad landlord lord man manager manservant master milkman monk Mr. murderer nephew papa poet postmaster prince prophet proprietor shepherd

heiress heroine hostess huntress wife queen lass landlady lady woman manageress maidservant mistress milkmaid nun Mrs. murderess niece mama poetess postmistress princess prophetess proprietress shepherdess

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sir son son-in-law step-father step-son steward sultan uncle waiter wizard

madam daughter daughter-in-law step-mother step-daughter stewardess sultana aunt waitress witch boar buck sow doe

bull bull-elephant

cow cow-elephant

cock cock-pigeon dog drake drone fox gander he-bear he-goat

hen hen-pigeon bitch duck bee vixen goose she-bear she-goat

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he-wolf leopard lion peacock ram stallion tiger tom-cat turkey-cock

she-wolf leopardess lioness peahen ewe mare tigress tabby-cat

turkey-hen

THE VERB

The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and expresses actions, events, or states of being. The verb is (or is an essential part of) the predicate of a sentence. There are three properties which characterize verbs in English--tense, voice, and mood. In English the fourteen verb tenses express the time or relative time in which an action or condition occurs. The voice of a verb, passive or active, expresses whether the action is being received by the subject or being done by the subject. In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action expressed in the verb; the subject acts. The man drives the car. In sentences written in passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed in the verb . The car is driven by the man. The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is conceived or intended. In English there are three verb moods. Indicative, a verb stating an apparent fact or asking a question. This is the way verbs are
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normally used in English. Imperative, a verb stating a command or request. Go away! Please leave! Subjunctive, a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition contrary to fact. If I were you, I would drive more carefully I wish that his report were longer. Verbs are also classified according to function. Action verbs show action or possession. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs carry the action of a subject and apply it to an object. They tells us what the subject does to something else (object). He bought a shirt. She lost her wallet. Intransitive verbs do not take an object; they express actions that do not require the subjects doing something to something else. He runs. She dances. Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are used with other verbs to change the tense, voice, or condition of the verb. Conditional verbs are verbs conjugated with could, would, or should to show a possible condition. The principal parts of a verb are the four forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. In English the four principal parts are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, the past participle, and the present participle. Since the present participle is always formed the same way (add -ing), some lists of principal parts omit it. To make the past tense or past participle form of most verbs (regular verbs) we simply add ed at the end. Past Tense: I walked home. Past Participle: I have walked home. Irregular verbs are not that simple. We sometimes need a dictionary to help us write the different forms of irregular verbs. (see appendix for a list of irregular verbs) Past Tense: We saw the plane crash. Past Participle: We have seen them.

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TIMPURILE VERBELOR LIMBII ENGLEZE

Timpul The present tense simple

Forma Aff. Neg. Int.

Cum se formeaz S + vb(prima form) S + dont/doesnt + vb(prima form) Do/Does + s + vb (prima form

Meniuni

____________________

Ex:I always go to school every day. Aff. The present tense continous Int. Ex:I am going to the school now. Aff. The future tense simple Int. Neg. Neg.

S + to be + vb-ing S + to be (negativ) + vb-ing To be + s + vb-ing S + shall/will + vb(short inf) S + shant/wont + vb(sh.inf) Shall/Will + S + vb(sh.inf.) Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow next year , next month. ____________________

Ex: I will go to my parents next month. Aff. The future tense continous Int. Neg.

S + shall/will + be + vb-ing S+shant/willnt + be + vbing

Exprim o aciune viitoare n desfaurare ntr-un viitor.

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Shall/will + S + be + vb-ing Ex: They will be watching T.V. this time in week-end. Aff. S + vb-ed(VB REGULATE) Exprim o aciune care s-a The past tense simple Neg. Int. Ex: I played football last year. Aff. The past tense continous Neg. Int. Was/Were + vb-ing Ex: While my brother was plaing football , I was listening the radio. Aff. S + had + vb(a-3-a The past perfect tense simple Int. Had + s + vb(a-3-a form) Ex:I had come home before my mother arrived from office. Aff. The past perfect tense continous Int. Ex:I had been writing a letter for 20 minutes. Had + s + been + vb-ing Neg. S + hadnt + been + vb-ing S + had + been + vb-ing Exprim o aciune care s-a desfsurat continuu pe o perioada de timp i s-a ncheiat naintea unui alt timp. Neg. forma)/ed S + wasnt/werent + vbing S + vb(a doua coloana) S + didnt + sh. Int) Did + S + vb(sh.int) desfurat i s-a ncheiat ntr-un moment trecut precizat (adv.timp): the day befor yesterday, last year. S + was/wer + vb-ing Exprim o aciune trecut n desfurare : ,,this time yesterday Arat doua aciuni n desfurare simultan.

Exprim o aciune care a avut loc i s-a petrecut naintea unui alt timp

S + hadnt + vb(a-3-a form)/ed trecut.

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The present perfect tense simple

Aff.

S + have/has + vb(a-3-a form)

1)Exprim o aciune ce a avut loc i s-a ncheiat ntr-un moment trecut care nu este precizat; rezultatele acestei aciuni se pot vedea n prezent. 2)Exprim o aciune care sa ncheiat recent. 3)Exprim o aciune trecut care a avut loc intr-un

Neg.

S + havent/hasnt + vb(a-3-a form)/ed

Have/Has + s + vb(a-3-a form)/ed Int.

moment trecut ce face parte dintr-o perioada de timp care nu s-a ncheiat nc. 4)Se folosete cu adverbele de frecven : always , sometime offen . 5)Exprim o aciune care tocmai s-a ncheiat : ,just 6)n propoziiile interogative se folosete adverbul ,,alreadypentru a arta uimirea vorbitorului.

Ex: 1) People have polueted the planet. 2) I have just done my homework. 3)My parents have alwais enjoi to country. Aff. S + have/has + been + vbThe present perfect tense continous ing Neg. S + havent/hasnt + been + Int. vb-ing Have/Has + s + been + vb22 Exprim o aciune care a nceput n trecut i continu n prezent.

ing

Ex:The boys have been plaing football for ten minutes.

LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE to be to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to bite to blow to break to bring to build to burn to burst to buy to catch was, were bore beat became began bent bit blew broke brought built burnt burst bought caught been borne, born beaten become begun bent bitten blown broken brought built burnt burst bought caught

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to choose to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find to fly to forbid to forget to forgive to freeze to give to go to grow

chose came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze gave went grew

chosen come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen given gone grown

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to hang to have to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to keep to kneel to know to lay to lead to lean to learn to leave to lend to let to lie to lose to make to mean to mow to meet to pay to put to read

hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led leant learnt, learned left lent let lay lost made meant mowed met paid put read

hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led leant learnt, learned left lent let lain lost made meant mown met paid put read

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to ride to ring to rise to run to say to see to seek to sell to set to sew to shake to shine to shoot to show to shrink to shut to sing to sink to sleep to slide to smell to sow to speak to spell to spend to spill

rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold set sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank slept slid smelt sowed spoke spelt spent spilt

ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold set sewn shaken shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk slept slid smelt sown spoken spelt spent split

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to spread to stand to stea1 to stick to stride to strike to strive to swear to sweep to swim to take to teach to tell to think to throw to understand

spread stood stole stuck strode struck strove swore swept swam took taught told thought threw understood

spread stood stolen stuck stridden struck striven sworn swept swum taken taught told thought thrown understood

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