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26

Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics

Exercises

(1) Air enters the diffuser of an aircraft jet engine at a static pressure of 20 kPa and static temperature 217 K and a Mach number of 0.9. The air leaves the diffuser with a velocity of 85 m/s. Assuming isentropic operation, determine the exit static temperature and pressure. [249 K, 32 kPa] (2) Air is compressed adiabatically in a compressor from a static pressure of 100 kPa to 2000 kPa. If the static temperature of the air at the inlet and exit of the compressor are 300 K and 800 K, determine the power required per unit mass ow rate of air. Also, determine whether the compression process is isentropic or not. [503 kW, Not isentropic] (3) Air enters a turbine at a static pressure of 2 MPa, 1400 K. It expands isentropically in the turbine to a pressure of 500 kPa. Determine the work developed by the turbine per unit mass ow rate of air and the static temperature at the exit. [460 kW, 942 K] (4) Air at 100 kPa, 295 K and moving at 710 m/s is decelerated isentropically to 250 m/s. Determine the nal static temperature and static pressure. [515 K, 702 kPa] (5) Air enters a combustion chamber at 150 kPa, 300 K and 75 m/s. Heat addition in the combustion chamber amounts to 900 kJ/kg. Air leaves the combustion chamber at 110 kPa and 1128 K. Determine the stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure and velocity at the exit and the entropy change across the combustion chamber. [1198 K, 115 kPa, 168 m/s, 1420 J/kg.K] (6) Air at 900 K and negligible velocity enters the nozzle of an aircraft jet engine. If the ow is sonic at the nozzle exit, determine the exit static temperature and velocity. Assume adiabatic operation.

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One Dimensional Flows - Basics

27

[750 K, 549 m/s] (7) Air expands isentropically in a rocket nozzle from P0 = 3.5 MPa, T0 = 2700 K to an ambient pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the exit velocity, Mach number and static temperature. [1860 m/s, 2.97, 978 K] (8) Consider the capture streamtube of an aircraft engine cruising at Mach 0.8 at an altitude of 10 km. The capture mass ow rate is 250 kg/s. At station 1, which is in the freestream, the static pressure and temperature are 26.5 kPa and 223 K respectively. At station 2, which is downstream of station 1, the cross-sectional area is 3 m2 . Further downstream at station 3, the Mach number is 0.4. Determine (a) the cross-sectional area at station 1 (usually called the capture area), (b) the Mach number at station 2, (c) the static pressure and temperature at stations 2 and 3 and (d) the cross-sectional at station 3. [a) 2.5213 m2 b) 0.5635 c) Station2: 32.9 kPa, 236.52 K, Station3: 36.496 kPa, 243.74 K d) 3.8258 m2 ] (9) The ramjet engine shown in Fig. 2.4 does not have any moving parts. It operates at high supersonic Mach numbers (< 4). The entering air is decelerated in the diffuser to a subsonic speed. Heat is added in the combustion chamber and the hot gases expand in the nozzle generating

Source: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/propulsion/q0175.shtml
Fig. 2.4: Schematic of a ramjet engine

thrust. In an ideal ramjet engine, air is the working uid throughout

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28

Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics

and the compression, expansion processes are isentropic. In addition, there is no loss of stagnation pressure due to the heat addition. The air is expanded in the nozzle to the ambient pressure. Show that the Mach number of the air as it leaves the nozzle is the same as the Mach number of the air when it enters the diffuser. Sketch the process undergone by the air on T-s and P-v diagrams.

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book9x6

Normal Shock Waves

43

Exercises

(1) A shock wave advances into stagnant air at a pressure of 100 kPa and 300 K. If the static pressure downstream of the wave is tripled, what is the shock speed and the absolute velocity of the air downstream of the shock? [573 m/s, 302 m/s] (2) Repeat Problem 1 assuming the uid to be helium instead of air. [1644.97 m/s, 757.49 m/s.] (3) Air at 2.5 kPa, 221 K approaches the intake of a ramjet engine operating at an altitude of 25 km. The Mach number is 3.0. For this Mach number a normal shock stands just ahead of the intake. Determine the stagnation pressure, static pressure and temperature of the air immediately after the normal shock. Also calculate the % loss in stagnation pressure. Repeat the calculations for Mach number equal to 4. The high loss of stagnation pressure that you see from your calculations illustrates why the intake of a ramjet has to be designed carefully to avoid such normal shocks during operation. [30 kPa, 26 kPa, 592 K, 67%; 53 kPa, 46 kPa, 894 K, 86%] (4) A blast wave passes through still air at 300 K. The velocity of the air behind the wave is measured to be 180 m/s in the laboratory frame of reference. Determine the speed of the blast wave in the laboratory frame of reference and the stagnation temperature behind the wave in the laboratory as well moving frames of reference. [471.59 m/s, 410 K, 384 K] (5) A normal shock wave travels into still air at 300 K. If the static temperature of the air is increased by 50 K as a result of the passage of the shock wave, determine the speed of the wave in the laboratory frame of reference. [437.46 m/s] (6) A shock wave generated due to an explosion travels at a speed of 1.5

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book9x6

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Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics

km/s into still air at 100 kPa and 300 K. Determine the velocity of the air, static and stagnation quantities (with respect to a stationary frame of reference) in the region through which the shock has passed. [1183 m/s, 2.2 MPa, 1370 K, 9.1 MPa, 2067 K] (7) A bullet travels through air (300 K, 100 kPa) at twice the speed of sound. Determine the temperature and pressure at the nose of the bullet. Note that although there will be a curved, bow shock ahead of the bullet, in the nose region, normal shock relationships can be used. Also note that the nose is a stagnation point! [540 K, 565 kPa] (8) A pitot tube is used to measure the Mach number (M1 ) of a supersonic ow as shown in the gure. Although a curved shock stands ahead of the probe, it is fairly accurate to assume that the uid in the streamtube captured by the probe has passed through a normal shock wave. It is also reasonable to assume that the probe measures the stagnation pressure downstream of the shock wave (P0,2 ). If the static pressure upstream of the shock wave (P1 ) is also measured, then the Mach number M1 can be evaluated. Derive the relation connecting P0,2 /P1 and M1 .

M1

This is called the Rayleigh pitot formula.

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Quasi One Dimensional Flows

67

Exercises

(1) Consider the two tank system in Fig. 6.13. Assume the stagnation temperature to be 300 K and the throat diameter of the nozzles to be 2.54 cm. Sketch the variation of the exit pressure, mass ow rate, exit Mach number and the ambient pressure of nozzles A and B with time starting from time 0+ until steady state is reached. Although the proles can be qualitative, key instants should be marked with numerical values for these quantities. The pressure proles must be shown together in same gure using the same axes. (2) Consider again the two tank system in Fig. 6.13. Assume that only nozzle A is present and that it is a convergent-divergent nozzle of exitto-throat area ratio 2 with the same throat diameter as before. Sketch the variation of the exit pressure, mass ow rate, exit Mach number and the ambient pressure of nozzle A with time starting from time 0+ until steady state is reached. Although the proles can be qualitative, key instants should be marked with numerical values for these quantities. The pressure proles must be shown together in same gure using the same axes. (3) A reservoir of volume V initially contains air at pressure Pi and temperature Ti . A hole of cross-sectional area A develops in the reservoir and the air begins to leak out. Develop an expression for the time taken for half of the initial mass of air in the reservoir to escape. Assume that, during the process, the pressure in the reservoir is much higher than the ambient pressure and also that the temperature remains constant. (4) Consider a CD nozzle with exit and throat areas of 0.5 m2 and 0.25 m2 respectively. The inlet reservoir pressure is 100 kPa and the exit static pressure is 60 kPa. Determine the exit Mach number. [0.46] (5) Air at a pressure and temperature of 400 kPa and 300 K contained in a large vessel is discharged through an isentropic nozzle into a space

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Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics

at a pressure of 100 kPa. Find the mass ow rate if the nozzle is (a) convergent and (b) convergent-divergent with optimum expansion ratio. In both cases, the minimum cross-sectional area of the nozzle may be taken to be 6.5 cm2 . [0.6067 kg/s in both cases] (6) A student is trying to design an experimental set-up to produce a correctly expanded supersonic stream at a Mach number of 2 issuing into ambient at 100 kPa. For this purpose the student wishes to use a CD nozzle with the largest possible exit area. There is a 10 m3 reservoir containing air at 1 MPa and 300 K available in the lab. The nozzle is connected to the reservoir through a settling chamber. The settling chamber is reasonably large and allows the stagnation pressure just ahead of the nozzle to be xed at the desired value. Determine the largest possible exit area for the nozzle that will allow the student to run the experiment continuously for at least 15 minutes. Neglect frictional losses in the pipes and assume that the temperature of the air remains constant ahead of the nozzle. [9.34 105 m2 ] (7) What is the stagnation pressure required to run the nozzle described in the previous question at the desired Mach number? [782.4 kPa] If a supersonic diffuser is now connected to the end of the duct to diffuse the air to ambient pressure (thereby eliminating the normal shock), what is the stagnation pressure required to drive the ow? [100 kPa]

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Flow of Steam through Nozzles

91

Exercises

(1) Dry, saturated steam enters a convergent nozzle at a static pressure of 800 kPa and is expanded to the sonic state. If the inlet and throat diameters are 0.05 m and 0.025 m respectively, determine the velocity at the inlet and exit and the stagnation pressure. [70.56 m/s, 452 m/s, 806 kPa] (2) Dry saturated steam at 1.1 MPa is expanded in a nozzle to a pressure of 15 kPa. Assuming the expansion process to be isentropic and in equilibrium throughout, determine (a) if the nozzle is convergent or convergent-divergent, (b) the exit velocity, (c) the dryness fraction at the exit and (c) the exit to throat area ratio. [1147 m/s, 0.8, 11] (3) Superheated steam at 600 kPa, 200 C in a steam chest is expanded through a nozzle to a nal pressure of 20 kPa. The throat diameter is 10 mm. Assuming the expansion process to be isentropic and in equilibrium throughout, determine (a) the mass ow rate, (b) the exit velocity, (c) the dryness fraction at the exit and (c) the exit diameter. [0.068 kg/s, 1053 m/s, 0.87, 23.4 mm] (4) Dry saturated steam at 1.2 MPa is expanded in a nozzle to 20 kPa. The throat diameter of the nozzle is 6 mm. If the total mass ow rate is 0.5 kg/s, determine how many nozzles are required and the exit diameter of the nozzle. Assume the expansion process to be isentropic and in equilibrium throughout. [10] (5) Superheated steam at 850 kPa, 200 C expands in a convergent nozzle to a pressure of 480 kPa. Determine the exit velocity, assuming the expansion process to be isentropic and in equilibrium throughout. [472 m/s] (6) Superheated steam at 700 kPa, 250 C expands in a nozzle to a pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the throat area and the exit area if the mass ow

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Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics

rate is 0.1 kg/s. Assume the expansion process to be isentropic and in equilibrium throughout. [1.04 104 m2 , 1.88 104 m2 ] (7) Steam which is initially saturated and dry expands from 1400 kPa to 700 kPa. Assuming the expansion to be in equilibrium (n=1.135), determine the nal velocity and specic volume. If the expansion is out of equilibrium (n=1.3), determine the nal velocity, specic volume, supersaturation ratio and the degree of undercooling. [512 m/s, 0.259 m3 /kg; 512 m/s, 0.2593 m3 /kg, 1.2, 7 C] (8) Superheated steam at 500 kPa, 170 C is expanded in a nozzle to pressure of 170 kPa. Assuming the expansion process to be isentropic and in equilibrium determine the exit velocity. Assuming the ow to be isentropic and supersaturated, determine the supersaturation ratio, the degree of supercooling and the exit velocity. [622 m/s, 4.92, 43 C, 613.6 m/s] (9) For each of the stagnation condition given below, determine the pressure, velocity and degree of supercooling just before the onset of condensation shock for a limiting value of supersaturation ratio of 5. Assume the expansion process to be isentropic. (a) 87000 Pa, 96 C, (b) 70727 Pa, 104 C and (c)25000 Pa, 85 C. [45037 Pa, 453 m/s, 35 C; 29918 Pa, 518.6 m/s, 33 C; 10127 Pa, 518 m/s, 28 C]