Zootaxa 3352: 6068 (2012) www.mapress.

com / zootaxa/ Copyright 2012 Magnolia Press

ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

Article

ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)

Trichomycterus argos (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), a new species from the Doce River Basin, Eastern Brazil
Laboratrio de Ictiologia Sistemtica, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, CEP 31.270-901, Av. Antnio Carlos 6627- Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil. E-mail: anlezama@yahoo.com.br; triques@icb.ufmg.br Laboratrio de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, CEP 31.270901, Av. Antnio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil. E-mail: patriciasantos234@gmail.com

Abstract
Trichomycterus argos, new species, is described from the Rio Doce basin, situated in the Serra do Brigadeiro (part of the Serra da Mantiqueira) range, southeastern Brazil. The new species is diagnosed by the following characteristics: presence of six branched rays in the pectoral fin; presence of pelvic fins; tip of nasal barbels extending to posterior border of opercular plate of odontodes; presence of a large foramen for ramus lateralis accessorius facialis, visible in dorsal view, in the parietosupraoccipital bone; transverse and straight border between the parietosupraoccipital and frontal bones; pectoralfin ray prolonged as a filament; body covered with spots that seldom attain eye diameter; pelvic-fin origin placed one or two ocular diameters anterior to dorsal-fin origin; abscence of spots fused as elongated marks on dorsum or flank. Key words: catfishes, freshwaters, Neotropical Region, Serra do Brigadeiro

Introduction
Trichomycteridae are a family of Central and South American catfishes present in a wide array of environmental conditions, such as in Andean basins at 4,300 m above sea level (Arratia 1983), lacustrine systems (Arratia et al. 1978), cave systems (Trajano & de Pinna 1996) and in Atlantic rain forest rivers (Campanario & de Pinna 2000). A great diversity of lifestyles can also be observed in these fishes, such as burrowing in Eremophilus Humboldt (Eigenmann 1918), torrent-dwelling in Trichomycterus Valenciennes, lepidophagy in Stegophilinae, and hematophagy in Vandelliinae (de Pinna 1992). The family is divided into eight subfamilies (de Pinna 1998): Copionodontidae, Trichogeninae, Trichomycterinae, Vandelliinae, Stegophilinae, Tridentinae, Glanapteryginae and Sarcoglanidinae. Some works, such as Eigenmann (1918) and Arratia et al. (1978), include diagnoses of Trichomycterinae. However, the characters proposed were interpreted as not synapomorphic by de Pinna (1989), who considered the Trichomycterinae to be possibly paraphyletic. Arratia (1990 apud Arratia 1998) proposed four new synapomorphies for the subfamily. Posteriorly, Datovo & Bockmann (2010) considered these characters as not being synapomorphies for the Trichomycterinae. Trichomycterinae is composed by eight genera (de Pinna & Wosiacki 2003; Wosiacki 2005): Eremophilus, Hatcheria, Scleronema, Silvinichthys, Bullockia, Rhizosomichthys, Ituglanis and Trichomycterus. Trichomycterus is the most speciose genus of Trichomycterinae, with more than 130 valid species (e.g. de Pinna & Wosiacki, 2003) and probably with a significant number still to be described. Each species often is restricted to a short section of a river drainage (Alencar & Costa 2004; Alencar & Costa 2006; Costa 1992; Lima et al. 2008; Lima & Costa 2004; da Silva et al. 2010). In opposition to the other genera of the subfamily, Trichomycterus is not defined by any synapomorphy (de Pinna 1998). The objective of the present paper is to describe a new species of Trichomycterus from the limits of the Rio Doce and Rio Paraba do Sul basins (Minas Gerais State, Brazil) in the Serra do Brigadeiro range, itself situated in the Serra da Mantiqueira range (Fig.1), and to justify its allocation to the genus, using external morphological and osteological features.

60 Accepted by M. R. de Carvalho: 2 May 2012; published: 20 Jun. 2012

ANTNIO QUEIROZ LEZAMA , MAURO L. TRIQUES & PATRCIA S. SANTOS

FIGURE 1. Type locality of Trichomycterus argos. Smaller image at top indicates the State of Minas Gerais (gray) in Brazil and South America; smaller image at bottom indicates the Rio Doce basin in State of Minas Gerais (gray). Large image indicates the type locality (star) in the Rio Casca drainage, in the upper Rio Doce basin (gray).

Material and methods

Measurements were taken following Triques & Vono (2004), except for mouth width, which was taken following Tchernavin (1944). All measurements were taken point-to-point, with dial calipers, on the left side. The number of specimens included in counts is presented in parentheses. An asterisk indicates the count for the holotype. Osteological preparations were made following Taylor & Van Dyke (1985) and dissections followed Weitzman (1974). Most of the nomenclature for bones followed Arratia (1998), except for the foramen for ramus lateralis accessorius facialis, which followed Bockmann & Sazima (2004). Comparative material: Trichomycterus alternatus: DZUFMG 045, 1 ex., 41.4 mm SL; DZUFMG 060, 17 ex., 29.369.1 mm SL. Trichomycterus brasiliensis: DZUFMG 063, 2 ex., 4046.1 mm SL; DZUFMG 064, 6 ex., 41123.4 mm SL and 1 ex. C&S, 102.1 mm SL; DZUFMG 065: 1 ex., 64.6 mm SL; DZUFMG 066, 9 ex., 55124.4 mm SL; DZUFMG 081: 10 ex., 44,6101,8 mm SL; DZUFMG 082: 7 ex., 44123,5 mm SL; DZUFMG 083: 5 ex., 75,9107,8 mm SL; DZUFMG 084: 4 ex., 22,4112,3 mm SL; DZUFMG 085: 1 ex., 110,3 mm SL; DZUFMG 086: 5 ex., 85106,8 mm SL; DZUFMG 087: 1 ex., 63,6 mm SL; DZUFMG 092: 1 ex., 84,6 mm SL, C&S ; DZUFMG 093: 1 ex., 74,6 mm SL, C&S; DZUFMG 094: 1 ex., 77,8 mm SL, C&S; DZUFMG 095: 1 ex., 86,8 mm SL, C&S; DZUFMG 096: 3 ex., 28,185,2 mm SL, C&S; DZUFMG 097: 1 ex., 30,8 mm SL, C&S. Trichomycterus cf. immaculatus: DZUFMG 061, 48 ex., 49.790 mm SL; DZUFMG 062, 52 ex., 51.4138.6 mm SL. Trichomycterus itacambirussu: DZUFMG 001, 2 ex., 3545 mm SL, paratypes; DZUFMG 002, 1 ex., 57 mm SL, paratype. Trichomycterus jequitinhonhae: DZUFMG 003, 16 ex., 3072 mm SL, paratypes; DZUFMG 004, 78 ex., 28.254.6 mm SL, paratypes. Trichomycterus reinhardti: DZUFMG 065, 1 ex., 64.6 mm SL.

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Trichomycterus argos, new species (Fig. 2)

Holotype. DZUFMG 103, 95.4mm SL; Brazil: Minas Gerais State: Araponga municipality, Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, Crrego Serra Nova, headwaters of the Rio Casca, right bank tributary of Rio Doce at the limits of Rio Doce and Rio Paraba do Sul basins, 2043'19''S/ 4228'43''W, 1400 m asl; P. S. Santos, 7 October 2001. Paratypes. DZUFMG 058, 01 ex., 114.7 mm SL; DZUFMG 059, 14 ex., 56116.8 mm SL; DZUFMG 067, 1 ex., 101 mm SL, C&S; MZUSP 106274, 3 ex., 57.491.8 mm SL; all collected with holotype. Diagnosis. Trichomycterus argos differs from its congeners, excluding T. alternatus (Eigenmann), T. brasiliensis Ltken, T. brunoi Barbosa & Costa, T. candidus (Miranda Ribeiro), T. claudiae Barbosa & Costa, T. fuliginosus Barbosa & Costa, T. macrotrichopterus Barbosa & Costa, T. maracaya Bockmann & Sazima, T. mariamole Barbosa & Costa, T. mimonha Costa, T. mirissumba Valenciennes, T. novalimensis Barbosa & Costa, T. pantherinus Alencar & Costa, T. potschi Barbosa & Costa, T. rubiginosus Barbosa & Costa, and T. vermiculatus (Eigenmann) by the presence of six branched rays in the pectoral fin, and by having the first pectoral-fin ray prolonged as a filament. Trichomycterus argos is distinguished from T. brasiliensis by the absence of series of spots, as well as absence of confluent spots forming elongated marks or vermiculations (vs. presence of series of large [three times eye-diameter or more] spots dorsolaterally, laterally and ventrolaterally on flank in T. brasiliensis, more clearly visible in small specimens), by a transverse and straight border between the parietosupraoccipital and frontal bones (Fig. 3a) (vs. oblique and irregular border, in T. brasiliensis; Fig. 3b) and by a large foramen for the ramus lateralis accessorius facialis, visible in dorsal view, in the parietosupraoccipital bone (vs. foramen for the ramus lateralis accessorius facialis minute, at least four times smaller than in the new species, located on a ridge of the bone, and visible only in lateral view, in T. brasiliensis; Fig. 3b). Trichomycterus argos is distinguished from T. candidus by the presence of pelvic fins (vs. absence of pelvic fins, in T. candidus). Trichomycterus argos differs from T. alternatus, T. maracaya and T. pantherinus by having superficial and deeper layers of small spots that seldom reach eye diameter in size (vs. consistently different color patterns in these species). Trichomycterus argos differs from T. mimonha by the shorter head width (79.187.6% HL vs. 93.8 98.9 % HL, in T. mimonha), and by having the tip of nasal barbels extending to posterior border of opercular plate of odontodes (vs. not reaching origin odontodes of interopercular plate, in T. mimonha). Trichomycterus argos differs from T. mirissumba by the absence of stripes on the dorsum (vs. two dorsal stripes, from the nape towards dorsal-fin origin, in T. mirissumba) as well as by the absence of confluence of dark spots bellow horizontal midline. Trichomycterus argos differs from T. vermiculatus by the absence of vermiculations, formed by fused spots on the body, and by having pelvic-fin origin placed one or two ocular diameters anterior to dorsal-fin origin (vs. pelvic-fin origin in a vertical through dorsal-fin origin, in T. vermiculatus). Trichomycterus argos differs from T. potschi by the absence of spots fused as stripes on the lateral region of the body (vs. one or more stripes, in T. potschi). Trichomycterus argos differes from T. brunoi, T. claudiae, T. fuliginosus, T. mariamole, T. novalimensis and T. macrotrichopterus by the absence of stripes, vermiculations or reticulations, present in these species ( Barbosa & Costa, 2010). Trichomycterus argos differs from T. rubiginosus by a wider head (head width 79.187.6% of head length, vs. 72.278.9% in T. rubiginosus), larger eye (eye diameter 10.517.5% of head length, vs. 7.39.2 in T. rubiginosus) and smaller anal-fin base (7.28.8 % of standard length, vs. 9.09.9 in T. rubiginosus). Description. Morphometric data of holotype and paratypes are given in Table 1. Body elongate, cylindrical near head and gradually becoming more compressed towards tail. Caudal peduncle strongly compressed. Head wide and depressed. In dorsal view, small specimens with head much wider posteriorly than anteriorly, nearly triangle-shaped; large specimens with rounded head anteriorly. Smaller specimens with straight dorsal head profile, inclined upward from anterior nostril to supraoccipital posterior border; larger specimens with dorsal head profile slightly convex anteriorly, almost horizontal, from eye to supraorbital posterior border; dorsal body profile horizontal or slightly convex from supraoccipital posterior border to dorsal-fin origin, which is somewhat elevated. Dorsal-fin base profile straight and inclined downward, along base of first three rays, continuing straight and horizontal or slightly inclined downward toward end of base, then nearly straight and inclined upward to insertion of caudal fin. Ventral profile of head horizontal or slightly convex; slightly convex or straight towards origin of anal fin; anal-fin base straight and inclined upward (horizontal in small specimens), then nearly straight and inclined downward to insertion of caudal fin.

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TABLE 1. Morphometric data for holotype and paratypes (n=19) of Trichomycterus argos, new species. Holotype Standard length (mm) Total length (mm) Head length (mm) Percentages of standard length Total length Body depth Caudal peduncle length Caudal peduncle depth Predorsal length Preanal length Prepelvic length Dorsal fin base length Anal fin base length Dorsal-caudal length Pelvic-caudal length Head length Percentages of head length Head width Head depth Interorbital width Internasal width Snout length Eye diameter Mouth width 85.2 55.2 26.6 19.2 40.9 13.3 44.3 79.187.6 47.260.2 24.629.4 16.420.6 37.446.9 10.517.5 32.847.4 84.3 53.0 26.9 18.9 42.0 9.7 39.2 114.8 13.8 20.4 15.8 63.1 72.0 58.7 10.9 8.4 37.3 42.7 21.3 114.8118 12.817.5 19.222.7 14.617.5 60.965.9 70.173.7 55.476.6 8.711.2 7.28.8 34.539.2 40.143.6 20.823.3 116.0 15.9 21.0 16.3 64.0 71.5 60.3 10.0 8.1 36.6 41.8 22.3 95.4 109.5 20,3 Range 56.0116.8 65.1134.9 12.626.3 Mean 83.9 97.1 18.6

Eyes small and elliptical, uniformly covered by skin; eyes dorsally on head, at middle or slightly at head anterior region, the former condition more common in large and medium-sized specimens, and the latter in small specimens. Mouth sub-terminal, with two fleshy lobes posterolaterally to inferior lip and medially to origin of rictal barbels. Branchial openings wide, with thick branchial membranes, anteriorly united to isthmus at a vertical through posterior edge of eyes. Opercle small and round, with 2022 conical and thick odontodes. Interopercle oblique, ranging from two to three times longer than opercle, with 3841 conical and thick odontodes, arranged in three series. Anterior nostrils surrounded by a fleshy skin fold medially and one nasal barbel laterally. Posterior nostrils antero-posteriorly elongated, surrounded anteriorly by a fleshy skin fold. Tip of nasal barbels reaching posterior border of opercular plate of odontodes. Tip of maxillary barbells extending to end of pectoral-fin base. Tip of rictal barbels reaching origin of pectoral fin. Barbels laminated and wide basally, gradually narrowing towards tip, thread-like. Anal and urogenital openings below anterior half of dorsal-fin base. Integument thick at base of all fins. Dorsal-fin rays i+7 (13*), ii+7 (6) or ii+6 (1); two unsegmented rays in C&S specimen; distal margin convex; origin nearly at two thirds of the standard length. Pectoral-fin rays i+6; distal margin convex; origin nearly at vertical by end of opercular plate of odontodes; first ray nearly an ocular diameter longer than others. Pelvic-fin rays i+4 (pelvic splint visible in C&S specimen); distal margin convex; origin from one to two ocular diameters in front of dorsal-fin origin and equidistant to tip of snout and end of caudal fin, or nearer to last one; distal margin surpassing anus and reaching one or two ocular diameters in front of anal-fin origin, being generally more anterior in large specimens than in small ones. Anal-fin rays i+5 (7*) or ii+5 (13); three unsegmented rays in C&S specimen; distal margin convex; origin at same vertical or slightly anterior to end of dorsal-fin base. Caudal-fin rays i+5; i+6; distal margin rounded or truncate.

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FIGURE 2. Holotype of Trichomycterus argos, DZUFMG 103, 95.4 mm SL, in dorsal (1), lateral (2), and ventral (3) views.

Coloration. Body and head background color cream, in small specimens, and dark brown dorsally to cream ventrally on flanks, in adults. Head and body with spots of superficial chromatophores that seldom reach eye diameter in size, coarse dorsally, progressively more sparse ventrally, to the level of pectoral and pelvic-fin insertions, not forming vermiculations. Smaller spots of deeper chromatophores present, from dorsum to level of pectoral and pelvic-fin insertions, over head and body, with nearly same concentration over its range of distribution, not forming vermiculations. Below level of pectoral and pelvic-fin insertions, spots very few and sparse, or absent over the greater part of this region; presence of a mid-ventral line of chromatophores, from anterior part of the isthmus towards level of the pelvic-fin origin, forming, in some cases, a narrow continuous stripe, rarely absent. Opercular membrane border with line of concentrated chromatophores. Chromatophores present on rays and ray-borders all through length of fins. Bases of dorsal, caudal and dorsal side of pectoral fin with superficial and deep spots. Fin membranes hyaline distally, exception in large specimens with dorsal, anal and caudal fins presenting clear brown background color, with dark roundish marks proximally, and hyaline membrane distally (only dorsal fin pigmented distally on membrane). Medial area of fins variably pigmented or hyaline. Barbels pigmented on each edge, becoming lighter towards tip; rictal barbels slightly lighter than others.

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FIGURE 3. Dorsal views of the cranium and Weberian complex of a) Trichomycterus argos (DZUFMG 067, 101 mm SL, paratype) and b) Trichomycterus brasiliensis (DZUFMG 064, 102,1 mm SL). Abbreviations: AP, autopalatine; EP, epioccipital; FF, frontal fontanels; FR, frontal; IO, tendon-bone infraorbital; LE, lateral ethmoid; ME, mesethmoid; MX, maxilla; PM, premaxilla; PS, posttemporosupracleithrum; PT, pterotic ; RF, foramen for the ramus lateralis accessorius facialis; SC, cephalic sensory canal; SO , tendon-bone supraorbital; SPP, sphenotic-prootic-pterosphenoid compound bone; SU, parietosupraoccipital; WC, Weberian capsule. Scale bar = 1cm.

Etymology. The epithet argos (Gr.), meaning a hundred-eyed monster (Brown, 1956: 312), refers to the eye-spotted color pattern of the new species, not forming vermiculations. Biological data. Sampling for study of habitat use was conducted between October 2001 and September 2002 at Serra Nova stream and two of its tributaries, in the same area where the holotype was collected, in a region of the Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro called Fazenda da Neblina. The local climate presents two well defined seasons, one predominantly mesothermic (Kppens Cwb climate classification) with annual mean temperature of 15C, with possible occurrence of minimum temperatures below 0C. Mean annual precipitation is 1,500 mm, with the dry season extending from July to August. Twenty funnel traps with double entrances were installed monthly in each stream. The height of the water column was measured, and each trap was used for 72 hours/month. The 49 specimens of Trichomycterus collected throughout the study period (SL between 4 and 17 mm) occupied habitats with depth and temperature varying from 13 to 44 cm and from 14 to 19C. A larger number of specimens (15) was collected in July 2002, possibly a reflection of the lower water flow which did not promote the downstream flow of specimens. Twenty nine of the 49 specimens belong to T. alternatus, a clearly different species than T. argos, on the basis of body color pattern and other features. Predation of tadpoles of Scinax gr. catharinae by specimens of T. argos was observed under laboratory conditions.

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Discussion
Trichomycterus argos is placed within Trichomycteridae because it contains all seven synapomorphies proposed by de Pinna (1998) for that family: interopercle modified into a compact structure, with a large ventroposterior platform forming the support of a patch of odontodes; opercle modified as an odontode-bearing structure; anterior portion of the opercle compact and roughly cylindrical in cross-section, fitting into a dorsal concavity on the dorsal margin of the interopercle; opercle and interopercle united by a strong ligament; posterior portion of the opercle supporting a patch of odontodes (except for Copionodontinae and only a few feeble odontodes in Trichogeninae); presence of rictal barbels with internal cores extending to the soft tissue ventral to the maxilla; scapula-coracoids not running in parallel at midline. Trichomycterus argos has the synapomorphies proposed for non-copionodontine, non-trichogenine trichomycterids: sphenotic, prootic, and pterosphenoid fused; incomplete infraorbital branch of the of the latero-sensory canal system; Weberian capsule with a small opening, much smaller than its lateral profile; interhyal absent; anterior cranial fontanel partially or completely closed; five or fewer pelvic-fin rays; dorsal caudal-fin plate with six or fewer rays; ventral caudal-fin plate with eight or fewer rays; dorsal caudal-fin lobe with five or fewer branched rays; and ventral caudal-fin lobe with six or fewer branched rays (de Pinna 1992, 1998; Bockmann & Sazima 2004; Datovo & Bockmann 2010). Trichomycterus argos does not have any of the synapomorphies for the TSVSG clade (sensu de Pinna 1998): absence of a posterior process of the parasphenoid; extreme reduction or absence of the metapterygoid; and reduction of the interopercular patch of odontodes that renders that patch nearly as long as deep (Costa & Bockmann 1993; de Pinna 1998; Datovo & Bockmann 2010). Trichomycterus argos does not share any of the synapomorphies of the other genera of Trichomycterinae. It is distinguished from Silvinichthys by having pores of the ampullary organs restricted to the head and to the sides of the anteriormost part of the trunk (vs. entire surface of body perforated by pores of ampullary organs; Silvinichthys, Arratia 1998). It differs from Eremophilus by the presence of ventral fins (vs. absence of ventral fins; Eremophilus, Eigenmann 1918). It differs from Hatcheria by having a short dorsal fin with a convex upper border (vs. long dorsal fin with concave upper border; Hatcheria, Arratia et al. 1978), and by having fewer than 10 dorsal rays (vs. more than 17 dorsal rays, in Hatcheria). It is distinguished from Bullockia by having a compressed caudal peduncle (vs. cylindrical and narrow caudal peduncle; Bullockia, Arratia et al. 1978) and by having the origin of the dorsal fin in the posterior half of total length (vs. origin of the dorsal fin approximately in the middle of total; Bullockia, Arratia et al. 1978). It differs from Rhizosomichthys by the absence of a thick fat tissue forming folds covering the entire body (vs. presence of a thick fat tissue forming folds on entire body; Rhizosomichthys, Wosiacki 2004). It is distinguished from Ituglanis by not having the supraoccipital fontanelle reduced to a small posterior round orifice and by the absence of a deep concavity on the medial margin of the palatine (Costa & Bockmann 1993). It differs from Scleronema by the absence of a long osseous base at the maxillary barbell (maxillary bone) and by not having the interopercular spines in a much more restricted area than in species of Trichomycterus (Eigenmann 1917). No exclusive features were found for Trichomycterus argos and the separation from its congeners was based on a combination of characters, mainly by the presence of six branched rays in the pectoral fin and by the first pectoral-fin ray prolonged as a filament. The number of pectoral-fin rays provides a currently used character to diagnose species (e.g. Costa 1992; Barbosa & Costa 2008, 2010, 2011). This character is described even in summarized older descriptions, making it possible to establish comparisons with new taxa (Barbosa & Costa 2011). Bockmann and Sazima (2004) indicated that the pectoral-fin ray number is apparently a conservative feature within the Trichomycterinae and classified the low number of pectoral-fin rays as a possible synapomorphy for the T. brasiliensis species-complex. The first pectoral-fin ray prolonged as a filament has also been largely used as a diagnostic character (e.g. Wosiacki & Oyakawa 2005; Wosiacki 2004, 2005) and it is frequently either described or illustrated in older descriptions (e.g. Eigenmann 1918), facilitating comparisons between species. Together, these characters separate T. argos from a very large number of Trichomycterus species. From among the species listed in the diagnosis, Trichomycterus argos could be easily mistaken with T. brasiliensis, T. mirissumba and T. vermiculatus, that also have documented occurrences either for the Rio Doce or adjacent basins (Eigenmann 1918; Ferraris 2007) and share a great visual similarity with the new species. However, as pointed out in the diagnosis, T. argos can be clearly separated from T. brasiliensis by osteological characters and from T. vemiculatus by the position of the pelvic-fin relatively to the dorsal-fin origin. It also differs from both species by color pattern. Finally, the presence of two dorsal stripes from the nape towards dorsal-fin origin and

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the confluence of dark spots bellow horizontal midline were respectively indicated in the description and in the diagnosis of of T. mirissumba by Costa (1992). The absence of both characters in T. argos clearly separate these two species.

Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr. Jaime Bertoluci, for organizing the collecting trips; to FAPEMIG for the optical equipment (CRA 2146/97) and a scholarship to the first author (APQ-00566-08); to Dr. Mario Cozzuol for installation of new laboratory equipment; to Tiago Leite Pezzuti and Ivan Luiz Fiorini de Magalhes for photographs; to Larissa Moraes Lacerda for the map of the type locality, and to Mnica Rico for help in editing the manuscript, which also benefited from critical comments from two anonymous reviewers.

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