25 October 2011

1
Limit state design and verification
Joost Walraven
25 October 2011 2
Flat slab on beams
To be considered:
beam axis 2
25 October 2011 3
b
b
1
b
1
b
2
b
2
b
w
b
w
b
eff,1
b
eff,2
b
eff
Determination of effective width (5.3.2.1)

b
eff
= E b
eff,i
+ b
w
s b

where b
eff,i
= 0,2b
i
+ 0,1l
0
s 0,2l
0
and b
eff,I
s b
i


l
3
l
1
l
2
0,15(l1 + l2 )
l =
0
l0 = 0,7 l2 l0 = 0,15 l2 + l3 l0 = 0,85 l1
25 October 2011 4
Cross-section of beam with slab

b
eff,i
= 0,2b
i
+ 0,1l
0
s 0,2l
0
and b
eff,I
s b
i

b
eff,i
= 0,22875 +0,1(0,857125) = 1180 mm (<2875mm)


b
eff
= E b
eff,i
+ b
w
= 21180 + 250 = 2610mm
25 October 2011 5
Beam with effective width
Cross-section at mid-span
25 October 2011 6
Beam with effective width
Cross-section at intermediate support
25 October 2011 7
Maximum design bending moments and
shear forces
Maximum design moments
M
ed
in kNm (values for
different load cases)


Maximum shear forces V
ed
in
kN (values for different load
cases)
25 October 2011 8
Maximum design bending moments and
shear forces
Maximum design moments
M
ed
in kNm (values for
different load cases)


Maximum shear forces V
ed
in
kN (values for different load
cases)
25 October 2011 9
Determination of bending reinforcement using method
with simplified concrete design stress block (3.1.7)
As
d
q fcd
Fs
x
cs
x
ccu3
Fc
Ac
400
) 50
8 , 0
ck

=
(f
for 50 < f
ck
s 90 MPa
= 0,8 for f
ck
s 50 MPa
q = 1,0 for f
ck
s 50 MPa
= 1,0 (f
ck
50)/200 for 50 < f
ck
s 90 MPa
25 October 2011 10
Factors for NA depth (n) and lever arm (=z) for concrete grade s 50 MPa
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
M/bd
2
f
ck

F
a
c
t
o
r

n 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.46
z 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.82
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17
lever arm
NA depth
Simplified factors for flexure (1)
25 October 2011 11
Factors for NA depth (=n) and lever arm (=z) for concrete grade 70 MPa
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
M/bd
2
f
ck
F
a
c
t
o
r

n 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
z 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17
Simplified factors for flexure (2)
lever arm
NA depth
25 October 2011 12
Determination of bending reinforcement (span AB)
Example: largest bending moment in span AB: M
ed
= 89,3
kNm


001 , 0
25 372 2610
10 3 , 89
2
6
2
=


=
ck
Ed
f bd
M
Read in diagram: lever arm
factor = 0,99, so:
2
6
,
563
435 372 98 , 0
10 3 , 89
mm
f z
M
A
yd
Ed
req sl
=


=

=
25 October 2011 13
Determination of bending reinforcement (span AB)
Example: largest bending moment in span AB: M
ed
= 89,3 kNm


Moreover, from diagram: neutral
axis depth factor is 0,02, so x
u
=
0,02180 = 4 mm. So height of
compression zone < flange
thickness (180 mm), OK
25 October 2011 14
Determination of bending reinforcement (intermediate
support B
Bending moment at support B: M
ed
= 132,9 kNm


154 , 0
25 372 250
10 0 , 132
2
6
2
=


=
ck
Ed
f bd
M
Read: lever arm factor 0,81
2
6
1014
435 372 81 , 0
10 9 , 132
mm
f z
M
A
yd
Ed
sl
=


=

=
25 October 2011 15
Maximum design bending moments and
shear forces
Maximum design moments
M
ed
in kNm (values for
different load cases)


Maximum shear forces V
ed
in
kN (values for different load
cases)
Shear may be determined at distance d
from support, so V
ed
~ 115 kN
25 October 2011 16
Design of beams for shear (6.2.2)
First check (6.2.2): if V
Ed
V
Rd,c
then shear reinforcement is
required:


where: f
ck
in Mpa

k = with d in mm


l
=

with d = 372mm, b
w
= 250mm,
l
= 0,61%, f
ck
= 25MPa



so shear reinforcement is required






bd f k V
ck l c c Rd
3 / 1
,
) 100 ( ) / 18 , 0 ( =
0 , 2
200
1 s +
d
02 , 0 s
d b
A
w
sl
kN kN V
c Rd
115 8 , 47 10 372 250 ) 25 61 , 0 ( 73 , 1 ) 5 , 1 / 18 , 0 (
3 3 / 1
,
< = =

25 October 2011 17
Expressions for shear capacity at stirrup
yielding (V
Rd,s
) and web crushing (V
Rd,max
)
u Vu,2 occ1 =f =f uc u Vu,3 s z zcotuAf swyw
u
V
u,2
o
c c1
= f
= f u
c
u
V
u,3
s
z
z cot u
A f
sw yw
For yielding shear reinforcement:
V
Rd,s
= (A
sw
/s) z f
ywd
cotu

with u between 45
0
and 21,8
0

(1 s cot u s 2,5)
At web crushing:
V
Rd,max
= b
w
z u f
cd
/(cotu + tanu)

with u between 45
0
and 21,8
0
(1s cotu s 2,5)


v = 0.6 (1- fck/250)
25 October 2011 18
Design of beams for shear
Basic equation for determination of shear reinforcement:

V
Ed,s
= (A
sw
/s) z f
ywd
cotu

With V
ed,s
= 115000 N, f
ywd
= 435 Mpa, z = 0,9d, d = 372 mm and cot u = 2,5 it is
found that

A
sw
/s 0,32 e.g. stirrups C6mm 175mm

Check upper value of shear capacity (web crushing criterion)








V
Rd,max
= b
w
z u f
cd
/(cotu + tanu)

with b
w
= 250mm, d = 372mm, z = 0,9d, v = 0,6(1-f
ck
/250) = 0,54, f
cd
= 25/1,5 =
13,3 Mpa and cot u = 2,5 it is found that

V
Rd,max
= 1774 kN which is much larger than the design shear force of 115 kN


25 October 2011 19
Stirrup configuration near to support A
25 October 2011 20
Transverse shear in web-flange interface
25 October 2011 21
Shear between web and flanges of T-sections
25 October 2011 22
Shear between web and flanges of T-sections
Strut angle u:
1,0 cot u
f
2,0 for compression flanges (45
0
> u
f
> 26,5
0

1,0 cot uf 1,25 for tension flanges (45
0
> u
f
> 38,6
0
)

No transverse tension ties required if shear stress in interface
v
Ed
= AF
d
/(h
f
Ax) kf
ctd
(recommended k = 0,4)
25 October 2011 23
Check necessity of transverse reinforcement
MPa
h z
V
b
b
v
f
Ed
eff
f
Ed
86 , 0
180 372 9 , 0
115000
2610
1180
=

=

=
No transverse reinforcement required if v
Ed
s 0,4f
ctd

For C25/30 f
ctd
= f
ctk
/
c
=1,8/1,5 = 1,38 Mpa, so the limit value for interface shear is
0,4f
ctk
= 0,41,38 = 0,55 MPa.
Transverse shear reinforcement is required at the end of the beam.
25 October 2011 24
Maximum design bending moments and
shear forces
Maximum design moments
M
ed
in kNm (values for
different load cases)


Maximum shear forces V
ed
in
kN (values for different load
cases)
25 October 2011 25
Areas in beam axis 2 where
transverse reinforcement is required
25 October 2011 26
Areas in beam axis 2 where transverse
reinforcement is required
25 October 2011 27
Example: transverse reinforcement near to
support A
Required transverse reinforcement for V
ed
= 115 kN






e.g. C8 250 (=0,20 mm
2
/mm)






mm mm
zf
V
b
b
s
A
f yd
Ed
eff
f
st
/ 18 , 0
0 , 2
1
435 335
115000
2610
1180
cot
1
2
=

= =
u
25 October 2011 28
Design of slabs supported by beams
25 October 2011 29
Design of slabs supported by beams
Load transmission from slabs to beams
Simplified load transmission model

Dead load G
1
= 0,1825 = 4,5 kN/m
2

Partitions, etc. G
2
= 3,0 kN/m
2


Variable load Q = 2,0 kN/m
2


G
ed
= 1,3(4,5 + 3,0) = 9,75 kN/m
2

Q
ed
= 1,52,0 = 3,0 kN/m
2

25 October 2011 30
Load transfer from slabs to beams
Loading cases on arbitrary strip
(dashed in left figure)
25 October 2011 31
Longitudinal reinforcement in slabs on beams
Examples of reinforced areas
25 October 2011 32
Floor type 2: flat slab d = 210 mm
From floor on beams to flat slab: replace beams by strips with
the same bearing capacity
25 October 2011 33
From slab on beams to flat slab
hidden strong strip
-Strips with small width and large reinforcement ratio favourable for punching
resistance
- Strips not so small that compression reinforcement is necessary
25 October 2011 34
Methods of analysis: Equivalent Frame
Analysis Annex I
(Informative)

lx (> ly)
ly
ly/4 ly/4
ly/4
ly/4
= lx - ly/2
= ly/2
= ly/2 A
B
B
A Column strip
B Middle strip

Negative moments
Positive moments

Column Strip

60 - 80%

50 - 70%

Middle Strip

40 - 20%

50 - 30%
Note: Total negative and positive moments to be resisted by the column and
middle strips together should always add up to 100%.

25 October 2011 35
Flat slab with hidden strong strips

25 October 2011 36
Punching shear control column B2

25 October 2011 37
Punching column B2
Junction column to slab
Vertical load from slab to
column V
ed
= 705 kN



Simplified assumptions for
eccentricity factor | according to
EN 1992-1-1 Cl. 6.4.3
| = 1,4
| = 1,5
| = 1,15
C
B A
25 October 2011 38
How to take account of eccentricity
(simplified case)
d u
V
v
i
Ed
Ed
| =
Or, how to determine | in equation
| = 1,4
| = 1,5
| = 1,15
C
B A
Only for structures where
lateral stability does not
depend on frame action and
where adjacent spans do
not differ by more than 25%
the approximate values for |
shown left may be used:

25 October 2011 39
Upper limit value for design punching
shear stress in design
cd Rd
Ed
Ed
f v
d u
V
v v
|
4 , 0
max ,
0
= s =

At the perimeter of the loaded area the maximum punching shear
stress should satisfy the following criterion:

where:

u
0
= perimeter of loaded area
u = 0,6[1 f
ck
/250]
25 October 2011 40
Punching shear column B2
1. Check of upper limit value of punching shear capacity


Further data: d
y
= 210 30 16/2 = 172mm
d
z
= 210 30 16 16/2 = 156 mm
Mean effective depth 0,5(172 + 156) = 164mm
v = 0,6(1 + f
ck
/250) = 0,54

v
Rd,max
= 0,4vf
cd
= 0,40,54(25/1,5) = 3,60 Mpa

v
Ed
= |V
ed
/(u
0
d) = 1,15705000/(4500164)
= 2,47 Mpa < 3,60 Mpa





25 October 2011 41
Definition of control perimeters
The basic control perimeter u
1
is taken at a distance 2,0d from
the loaded area and should be constructed as to minimise its length
Length of control perimeter of column 500x500mm: u = 4500 + 2t2164 = 4060 mm
25 October 2011 42
Punching shear capacity column B2
Punching shear stress at perimeter:





No punching shear reinforcement required if:




MPa
d u
V
v
Ed
Ed
22 , 1
164 4060
705000 15 , 1
1
=

= =
|
c Rd Ed
v v
,
<
25 October 2011 43
Limit values for design punching
shear stress in design
c Rd Ed
v v
,
s
The following limit values for the punching shear stress are used in
design:

If no punching shear reinforcement required

) ( ) 100 (
1 min 1
3 / 1
, , cp cp ck l c Rd c Rd
k v k f k C v o o + > + =
where:
where: k1 = 0,10 (advisory value)
25 October 2011 44
Punching shear capacity of column B2
No punching shear reinforcement required if v
Ed
< v
Rd,c




With C
Rd,c
= 0,12
k = 1 + \(200/d) = 1 + \(200/164) < 2, so k = 2,0
= \(
x

y
) = \(0,860,87) = 0,865%
f
ck
= 25 Mpa

It is found that v
Rd,c
= 0,67 Mpa

Since v
Ed
= 1,22 MPa> 0,67 MPa punching
shear reinforcement should be applied.



3 / 1
, ,
) 100 (
ck l c Rd c Rd
f k C v =
25 October 2011 45
Punching shear reinforcement
Capacity with punching shear reinforcement
V
u
= 0,75V
Rd,c
+ V
S

Shear reinforcement within 1,5d from column is accounted for with
f
y,red
= 250 + 0,25d(mm) s f
ywd

25 October 2011 46
kd
Outer control
perimeter
Outer perimeter of shear
reinforcement
1.5d (2d if > 2d from
column)
0.75d
0.5d
A
A
Section A - A
0.75d
0.5d
Outer control
perimeter
kd

Punching shear reinforcement

The outer control perimeter at which
shear reinforcement is not required,
should be calculated from:
u
out,ef
= V
Ed
/ (v
Rd,c
d)
The outermost perimeter of shear
reinforcement should be placed at a
distance not greater than kd (k =
1.5) within the outer control
perimeter.

47
Design of punching shear reinforcement
The necessary punching shear reinforcement per perimeter is found from:
1 ,
,
( 0, 75 )
1, 5
r Ed Rd c
sw
ywd ef
u s v v
A
f

=
with:
v
Ed
= 1,22 N/mm
2

v
Rd,c
= 0,67 N/mm
2

u
1
= 4060 mm
f
yd,ef
= 250 + 0,25 164 = 291 N/mm
2

s
r
= 0,75 164 = 123 mm 120 mm

It is found that: A
sw
= 800 mm
2
per
reinforcement perimeter

25 October 2011 48
Design of column B2 for punching shear

Determination of the outer perimeter for which v
Ed
= v
Rd,c





The distance from this perimeter to the edge of the column follows from:



The outer punching shera reinforcement should be at a distance of not more
than 1,5d from the outer perimeter. This is at a distance 5,22d 1,5d = 3,72d
= 610 mm.

The distance between the punching shear
reinforcement perimeters should not be larger
than 0,75d = 0,75164 = 123mm.
mm d v V u
c Rd Ed out
7378 164 67 , 0 /( ) 705000 15 , 1 ( ) /(
,
= = = |
d mm h u a
out
22 , 5 856 ) 2 /( ) 500 4 7378 ( 2 / ) 4 ( = = = = t t
25 October 2011 49
Punching shear design of slab at column B2
Perimeters of shear reinforcement


25 October 2011 50
Design of column B2

25 October 2011 51
General background: Second order effects at axial
loading (EC2, 5.8.2, 5.8.3.1 & 5.8.3.3

- Second-order effects may be ignored if they are smaller than 10% of the
corresponding 1th order effects

- Slenderness: is defined as = l
0
/i where i = \(l/A)
so for rectangular cross-section = 3,46 l
0
/h
and for circular cross section = 4l
0
/h

- Second order effects may be ignored if the slenderness is smaller than
the limit value
lim

- In case of biaxial bending the slenderness should be calculated for any
direction; second order effects need only to be considered in the
direction(s) in which
lim
is exceeded.
25 October 2011 52
General background: Slender versus short columns
Definition of slenderness
) / (
0 0
A I
l
i
l
= =
l
0
effective height of
the column
i radius of gyration of the
uncracked concrete section
I moment of inertia around the axis
considered
A cross-sectional area of column
Basic cases
EC2 fig. 5.7
25 October 2011 53
General background: when is a column slender?
Relative flexibilities of rotation-springs
at the column ends 1 en 2

k = (u/M)(EI/l)

where

u = rotation of restraining members for
a bending moment M
EI = bending stiffness of compression member
l = height of column between rotation-springs
25 October 2011 54
General background: when is a column slender?
)
45 , 0
1 )(
45 , 0
1 ( 5 , 0
2
2
1
1
0
k
k
k
k
l l
+
+
+
+ =
) 10 1 (
2 1
2 1
0
k k
k k
l l
+

+ =
Determination of effective column height
in a frame


For unbraced frames: the largest value of:
and
where k
1
and k
2
are the relative spring stiffnesses at the ends of the column,
and l is the clear height of the column between the end restraints
For braced frames:
Failing
column
Non failing
column
End 1
End 2
Non-failing
column

1 2
0
1 2
1 1
1 1
k k
l l
k k
| || |
= + +
| |
+ +
\ .\ .
25 October 2011 55
General background: determination of effective
column length (1) (5.8, 5.8.3.2)
Failing
column
Non failing
column
End 1
End 2
Non failing
column Simplifying assumption:

* The contribution of the adjacent non
failing columns to the spring stiffness is
ignored (if this contributes in a positive
sense to the restraint)

* for beams for u/M the value l/2EI may
be assumed (taking account of loss of
beam stiffness due to cracking)
Assuming that the beams are symmetric with regard to the column and that their
dimensions are the same for the two stories, the following relations are found:

k1 = k2 = [EI/l]column / [EEI/l]beams = [EI/l]column / [22EI/l]beams = 0,25 _

where: _ = [EI/l]column / [EI/l]beams

25 October 2011 56
General background: Determination of effective
column length (2) (5.8, 5.8.3.2)
_

or
0
(fixed end)

0.25

0.5

1.0

2.0

(pinned end)
k
1
= k
2
0 0.0625 0.125 0.25 0.50 1.0
l
0
for braced
column

0.5 l


0.56 l

0.61 l

0.68 l

0.76 l

1.0 l
l
0
for
unbraced
column:
Larger of the
values in the
two rows

1.0 l

1.14 l

1.27 l

1.50 l

1.87 l



1.0 l

1.12 l

1.13 l

1.44 l

1.78 l



The effective column length l
0
can, for this situation
be read from the table as a function of _
) / (
0 0
A I
l
i
l
= =
25 October 2011 57
General background: when is a column slender ?
n C B A / 20
lim
=
) 2 , 0 1 /( 1
ef
A | + =
e 2 1+ = B
A column is qualified as slender, which implies that second order
effects should be taken into account, if > lim. The limit value is
defined as:
where:

m
r C = 7 , 1

ef
= effective creep factor: if unknown it can be
assumed that A = 0,7
e = A
s
f
yd
/(A
c
f
cd
): mech. reinforcement ratio,
if unknown B = 1,1 can be adopted
n = N
Ed
/(A
c
f
cd
);



r
m
= M
01
/M
02
: ratio between end-
moments in column, with
(M
02
(> (M
01
(

25 October 2011 58
Design of column B2
Configuration of variable load on slab


B2
25 October 2011 59
Determination of columns slenderness
First step: determination of rotational spring stiffness at end of column:

Column: EI/l = 0,04310
6
kNm
2

Beam: EI/l = 0,05210
6
kNm
2

K
1
= [EI/l]
col
/[EEI]
beams
= 0,043/(20,052) = 0,41





If the beam would be cracked a value of 1,5 k
1
would be more realistic. This would result
in l
0
= 0,80l = 3,2m.






l l
k
k
k
k
l l 70 , 0 )
02 , 1
41 , 0
1 ( 5 , 0 )
45 , 0
1 )(
45 , 0
1 ( 5 , 0
2
2
2
1
1
0
= + =
+
+
+
+ =
25 October 2011 60
Verification of column slenderness
Actual slenderness of column:


Limit slenderness according to
EC2, Cl. 5.8.3.1:

With the default values A = 0,7 B=1,1 C = 0,7 whereas the value n follows from
n= N
ed
/(A
c
f
cd
) = 438400/(500
2
20) = 0,88, the value of
lim
becomes:





Because the actual slenderness of the column is larger than the limit slenderness second
order effects have to be taken into account.


1 , 22
5 , 0
2 , 3 46 , 3 46 , 3
0
=

= =
h
l

n
C B A
=
20
lim

5 , 11
88 , 0
7 , 0 1 , 1 7 , 0 20
lim
=

=
25 October 2011 61
General : Method based on nominal curvature
Mt = N
Ed
(e
0
+ e
i
+ e
2
)



Different first order eccentricities e
01
en e
02

At the end of the column can be replaced by
an equivalent eccentricity e
0
defined as:

e
0
= 0,6e
02
+ 0,4e
01
> 0,4e
02

e
01
and e
02
have the same sign if they lead to tension
at the same side, otherwise different signs.
Moreover e
02
> e
01



25 October 2011 62
General : Method based on the nominal curvature
2
0
l
v e
i
=
Mt = N
Ed
(e
0
+ ei + e
2
)


The eccentricity e
i
by imperfection follows from (5.2(7)):
where l
0
= effective column height around the axis regarded
200
1
100
1
> =
l
v
where l = the height of the column in meters
25 October 2011 63
General: Method based on nominal curvature
1 )
150 200
35 , 0 ( 1 > + + =
ef
ck
f
K

Mt = N
Ed
(e
0
+ e
i
+ e
2
)


The second order eccentricity e
2
follows from:
where
0 , 1 s

=
bal ud
Ed ud
r
N N
N N
K and

2
0
2
2
0, 45
yd
r
l
e K K
d

c
t
=
25 October 2011 64
Calculation of bending moment including
second order effects
The bending moment on the column follows from:



e
0
= M
ed
/N
ed
= 42/4384 = 0,010m = 10mm . However, at least the maximum value of
{l
0
/20, b/20 or 20mm} should be taken. So, e
0
=b/20 = 500/20 = 25mm.

e
i
= u
i
(l
0
/2) where u
i
= u
0
o
h
o
m
u
0
= 1/200 rad, o
h
=2/\l = 1 and

so that e
i
=(1/200)(4000/2) = 10mm


where and

and finaly








) (
2 0
e e e M M
i Ed t
+ + =
1 )
1
1
1 ( 5 , 0 )
1
1 ( 5 , 0 = + = + =
m
m
o

2
0
2
2
0, 45
yd
r
l
e K K
d

c
t
=
eff
ck
f
K

)
150 200
35 , 0 ( 1 + + =
t Ed Eqp eff
M M
, 0 0
) / (

=
bal u
Ed u
r
n n
n n
K

=
25 October 2011 65
Calculation of bending moment including
second order effects
where (estimated value = 0,03)


so K
r
= 0,62 and finaly:







4 , 0 2
2 5 , 1
2 3 , 0
0
0
=

= =


Ed
Eqp
eff
M
M
14 , 1 4 , 0 )
150
9 , 22
200
30
35 , 0 ( 1 )
150 200
35 , 0 ( 1 = + + = + + =
eff
ck
f
K

bal u
Ed u
r
n n
n n
K

= 65 , 1
20
435 03 , 0
1 1 =

+ = + =
cd
yd
u
f
f
n

88 , 0 = =
cd c
Ed
Ed
f A
N
n
4 , 0 ~
bal
n
mm
d
l
K K e
yd
r
14
454 25 , 0
10 17 , 2 3200
62 , 0 15 , 1
45 , 0
3
2
2
2
2
0
2
=

= =

t
c
t

25 October 2011 66
Calculation of bending moment including
second order effects and reinforcement
Determination of reinforcement


kNm e e e N M
Ed tot
215 10 ) 14 10 25 ( 4384 ) (
3
2 1 0
= + + = + + =

58 , 0
30 500
4384000
2
=

=
ck
Ed
bhf
N
06 , 0
30 500
215000
3 2
=

=
cd
Ed
f bh
M
From diagram:


So:

(1,4%)


15 , 0 =
ck
yk s
bhf
f A
2
2
3448
435
30 500 20 , 0
mm A
s
=

=
25 October 2011 67
Design of shear wall

25 October 2011 68
Design of shear wall
The stability of the building is ensured by two shear walls (one at any end of the
building) and one central core


shear wall 1 core shear wall 2
I = 0,133 m
4
I = 0,514 m
4
I = 0,133 m
4


Contribution of shear wall 1: 0,133/(20,133 + 0,514) = 0,17 (17%)
25 October 2011 69
Second order effects to be regarded?
If second order effects are smaller than 10% of the first
order moments they can be neglected.

Moment magnification factor:




]
1 /
1 [
0

+ =
Ed B
Ed Ed
N N
M M
|
2
2
) 12 , 1 ( l
EI
N
B
t
=
l q N
v Ed
=
N
B
is the buckling load of the system sketched, l = height of building, q
v
=
uniformely distributed load in vertical direction, contributing to 2nd order
deformation.
q
v

25 October 2011 70
Second order effects to be regarded?
The moment magnification factor is:

where n = N
B
/N
Ed


Requiring f < 1,1 and substituting the corresponding
values in the equation above gives the condition:

(Eq.1)

Assuming 30% of the variable load as permanent, the
load per story is 3014,2510,65 = 4553 kN. Since the
storey height is 3m, this corresponds with q
v
=1553
kN/m height.
With l = 19m, E = 33.000/1,2 = 27.500 MPA, I = 0,78 m
4






1
=
n
n
f
84 , 0 s
EI
l q
l
vEd
84 , 0 70 , 0
78 , 0 5 , 27
19 1518
10
19
3
s =

25 October 2011 71
Second order effects to be regarded?
However, in the calculation it was assumed that the stabilizing
elements were not cracked. In that case a lower stiffness
should be used.

For the shear wall the following actions apply:
Max M
y
= 66,59 kNm = 0,0666 MNm
Corresp. N = -2392,6 kN = 2,392 MN/m
2










So the shear wall remains indeed uncracked and 2nd order
effects may be ignored.




2
/ 78 , 4
25 , 0 2
2392
m MN
N
=

= o
2
/ 99 , 3
01667 , 0
0666 , 0
m MN
W
M
M
+ = = = o
25 October 2011 72
Alternative check by Eq. 5.18 in EC2
According to Cl. 5.8.3.3 of EC-22nd order effects may be ignored if:




Where
F
V,Ed
total vertical load (both on braced and unbraced elements)
n
s
number of storeys
L total height of building above fixed foundation
E
cd
design E-modulus of the concrete
I
c
moment of intertia of stabilizing elements

The advisory value of the factor k
1
is 0,31. If it can be shown that the
stabilizing elements remain uncracked k
1
may be taken 0,62




2
1 ,
6 , 1 L
I E
n
n
k F
c cd
s
s
Ed V
E
+
s
25 October 2011 73
Alternative check by Eq. 5.18 in EC2
Verification for the building considered:





Condition:




or: 27.318 s 29.084

so the condition is indeed fullfilled








2
1 ,
6 , 1 L
I E
n
n
k F
c cd
s
s
Ed V
E
+
s
2
6
19
78 , 0 10 5 , 27
6 , 1 6
6
62 , 0 4553 6

+
s
25 October 2011 74
Monodirectional slab with embedded lighting
elements


25 October 2011 75
Bearing beams in floor with embedded elements

25 October 2011 76
Design for bending of main bearing
beam in span 1-2
M
ed
= 177,2 kNm
Effective width:
Midspan: b
eff
= 2695 mm








from diagram z = 0,98d = 365mm




b b b b
w i eff eff
s + E =
,
0 ,
1 , 0 2 , 0 l b b
i i eff
+ =
02 , 0
25 372 2695
10 2 , 172
2
6
2
=

=
ck
Ed
f bd
M
2
6
1367
435 365
10 2 , 172
mm
f z
M
A
yd
Ed
sl
=

=
25 October 2011 77
Design for bending of main bearing beam in
span 1-2 (intermediate support)
M
ed
= 266 kNm
Effective width:
Internal support: b
eff
= 926 mm







At intermediate support: !?




b b b b
w i eff eff
s + E =
,
0 ,
1 , 0 2 , 0 l b b
i i eff
+ =
31 , 0
25 372 250
10 266
2
6
2
=


=
ck
Ed
f bd
M
25 October 2011 78
Factors for NA depth (n) and lever arm (=z) for concrete grade s 50 MPa
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
M/bd
2
f
ck

F
a
c
t
o
r

n 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.46
z 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.82
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17
lever arm
NA depth
Simplified factors for flexure (1)
25 October 2011 79
Design for bending of main bearing beam in
span 1-2 (intermediate support)
M
ed
= 266 kNm
Effective width:
Internal support: b
eff
= 926 mm






At intermediate support compression reinforcement required:


e.g. 3C20




b b b b
w i eff eff
s + E =
,
0 ,
1 , 0 2 , 0 l b b
i i eff
+ =
2
2 2
826
) 35 372 ( 435
372 250 25 ) 167 , 0 31 , 0 (
) ' (
) ' (
mm
d d f
bd f K K
A
yd
ck
sc
=


=

=
25 October 2011 80
Design for bending of main bearing beam in
span 1-2 (intermediate support)
M
ed
= 266 kNm
Effective width:
Internal support: b
eff
= 926 mm






Calculation of tensile reinforcement:
For K = 0,167 z = 0,81372=301 mm

e.g. 7C20 = 2198 mm
2










b b b b
w i eff eff
s + E =
,
0 ,
1 , 0 2 , 0 l b b
i i eff
+ =
2
6
2031
435 301
10 266
mm
f z
M
A
yd
Ed
sl
=

=
25 October 2011 81
Design of one-way beams with embedded
elements
Loads:
G
1
= 2,33 kN
G
2
= 3,0
Q = 2,0
Q
ed
= 1,3(2,33+3,0) + 1,52,0=9,93 kN/m
2



25 October 2011 82
Beams with embedded elements: design for
bending at intermediate support
Compression reinforcement required



In any rib 203 mm
2




167 , 0 294 , 0
25 189 240
10 63
2
6
2
> =


=
ck
Ed
f bd
M
k
2
2 2
406
) 35 189 ( 435
189 240 25 ) 167 , 0 294 , 0 (
) ' (
) ' (
mm
d d f
bd f K K
A
yd
ck
sc
=


=

=
25 October 2011 83
Beams with embedded elements: design for
bending at intermediate support
Tensile reinforcement: for K = 0,167 z = 0,8189=151 mm


e.g. C12-100 = 1130 mm
2
or






2
6
959
435 151
10 63
mm
f z
M
A
yd
Ed
sl
=

=
C10-75 = 1040 mm
2

25 October 2011 84
Beams with embedded elements: design
for bending at midspan
From diagram z = 0,95d = 0,95189 = 180 mm


044 , 0
25 189 1000
10 2 , 39
2
6
2
=


= =
ck
Ed
f bd
M
K
2
6
501
435 180
10 2 , 39
mm
f z
M
A
yd
Ed
sl
=

=
251 mm
2
per rib
25 October 2011 85
Deflection control by slenderness limitation
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2
3
0
ck
0
ck
1 2 , 3 5 , 1 11

f f K
d
l
if s
0
(7.16.a)
(

+ =
0
ck
0
ck
'
12
1
'
5 , 1 11

f f K
d
l
if >
0
(7.16.b)
l/d is the limit span/depth
K is the factor to take into account the different structural systems

0
is the reference reinforcement ratio = \f
ck
10
-3
is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment
due to the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the
moment due to design loads (at support for cantilevers)
For span-depth ratios below the following limits no further checks is needed
Deflection control by slenderness
limitation
) (
500
310
,
,
prov s
req s
yk
s
A
A
f
=
o
The expressions given before (Eq. 7.6.a/b) are derived based on many different
assumptions (age of loading, time of removal of formwork, temperature and humidity
effects) and represent a conservative approach.
The coefficient K follows from the static system:




The expressions have been derived for an assumed stress of 310 Mpa under the quasi
permanent load. If another stress level applies, or if more reinforcement than required
is provided, the values obtained by Eq. 7.16a/b can be multiplied with the factor

where o
s
is the stress in the reinforcing steel at mid-span

Rules for large spans
For beams and slabs (no flat slabs) with spans larger than 7m, which
support partitions liable to damage by excessive deflections, the
values l/d given by Eq. (7.16) should be multiplied by 7/l
eff
(l
eff
in
meters).

For flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8,5m, and which
support partitions to be damaged by excessive deflections, the
values l/d given by expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 8,5/ l
eff
.
25 October 2011 88
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Reinforcement percentage (A
s
/bd)
l
i
m
i
t
i
n
g

s
p
a
n
/
d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o
f
ck
=30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Eq. 7.16 as a graphical representation,
assuming K = 1 and o
s
= 310 MPa
25 October 2011 89
Tabulated values for l/d calculated
from Eq. 7.16a/b
The table below gives the values of K (Eq.7.16), corresponding to
the structural system. The table furthermore gives limit l/d values
for a relatively high (=1,5%) and low (=0,5%) longitudinal
reinforcement ratio. These values are calculated for concrete C30
and o
s
= 310 MPa and satisfy the deflection limits given in 7.4.1 (4)
and (5).
Structural system K = 1,5% = 0,5%
Simply supported slab/beam
End span
Interior span
Flat slab
Cantilever
1,0
1,3
1,5
1,2
0,4
l/d=14
l/d=18
l/d=20
l/d=17
l/d= 6
l/d=20
l/d=26
l/d=30
l/d=24
l/d=8
25 October 2011 90
Beams with embedded elements: design
for bending at midspan
From diagram z = 0,95d = 0,95189 = 180 mm


044 , 0
25 189 1000
10 2 , 39
2
6
2
=


= =
ck
Ed
f bd
M
K
2
6
501
435 180
10 2 , 39
mm
f z
M
A
yd
Ed
sl
=

=
251 mm
2
per rib (e.g. 2C14 = 308 mm
2
)
25 October 2011 91
Control of deflection slab with embedded
elements
Reinforcement ratio at midspan = A
sl
/b
e
d = 501/(1000189) = 0,265%
According to Cl. 7.4.2(2) no detailed calculation is necessary if the l/d ratio of
the slab is smaller than the limit value:



So:



(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2
3
0
ck
0
ck
1 2 , 3 5 , 1 11

f f K
d
l
49 ) 1
265 , 0
5 , 0
( 5 2 , 3
256 , 0
5 , 0
25 5 , 1 11 [ 3 , 1
2 / 3
= + + =
d
l
25 October 2011 92
Control of deflection slab with embedded elements
Moreover correction for real steel stress versus 310 N/mm
2
as default value:

Quasi permanent load: Q
qp
=2,33 + 3,0 + 0,32,0 = 5,93
Ultimate design load: Q
ed
= 9,93

Steel stress under quasi permanent load o
2
= (5,93/9,93)435 = 260 Mpa

Corrected value of l/d is:

Actual value is l/d = 7,125/189 = 38 so OK



4 , 58 49
260
310
) (
310
,
= = =
d
l
d
l
qp s
o
25 October 2011 93
Theory of crack width control
o
sr
o
se
steel stress
concrete stress

ctm
f

t

t
w
The crack width is the difference
between the steel deformation
and the concrete deformation
over the length 2l
t
, where l
t
is
the transmission length,
necessary to build-up the
concrete stength from 0 to the
tensile strength f
ctm
. Then the
maximum distance between two
cracks is 2l
t
(otherwise a new
crack could occur in-between).
It can be found that the
transmission length is equal to:
t
u
=
bm
ctm
t
f
l
4
1
25 October 2011 94
EC-formulas for crack width control
For the calculation of the maximum (or characteristic) crack width,
the difference between steel and concrete deformation has to be
calculated for the largest crack distance, which is s
r,max
= 2l
t
. So


( )
cm sm
k
w
r
s
max
,
c c =
where
s
r,max
is the maximum crack distance
and
(c
sm
- c
cm
) is the difference in deformation between
steel and concrete over the maximum crack distance.
Accurate formulations for s
r,max
and (c
sm
-c
cm
) will be given


osr
ose
steel stress
concrete stress
ctm f
t t
w
Eq. (7.8)
25 October 2011 95
EC-2 formulas for crack width control
where: o
s
is the stress in the steel assuming a cracked section
o
e
is the ratio E
s
/E
cm


p,eff
= (A
s
+ A
p
)/A
c,eff
(effective reinforcement ratio
including eventual prestressing steel A
p

is bond factor for prestressing strands or wires
k
t
is a factor depending on the duration of loading
(0,6 for short and 0,4 for long term loading)





(Eq. 7.9)
s
s
s
eff p e
eff p
eff ct
t s
cm sm
E E
f
k
o
o

o
c c 6 , 0
) 1 (
,
,
,
>
+
=
25 October 2011 96
EC-2 formulae for crack width control
For the crack spacing s
r,max
a modified expression has been
derived, including the concrete cover. This is inspired by the
experimental observation that the crack at the outer concrete
surface is wider than at the reinforcing steel. Moreover, cracks are
always measured at the outside of the structure (!)
25 October 2011 97
EC-3 formulas for crack width control
Maximum final crack spacing s
r,max



eff p
r k k c s
,
2 1 max , 425 . 0 4 . 3

|
+ = (Eq. 7.11)
where c is the concrete cover
u is the bar diameter
k
1
bond factor (0,8 for high bond bars, 1,6 for bars
with an effectively plain surface (e.g.
prestressing tendons)
k
2
strain distribution coefficient (1,0 for tension
and 0,5 for bending: intermediate values van be
used)
25 October 2011 98
EC-2 formulas for crack width control
In order to be able to apply
the crack width formulae,
basically valid for a concrete
tensile bar, to a structure
loaded in bending, a
definition of the effective
tensile bar height is
necessary. The effective
height h
c,ef
is the minimum
of:

2,5 (h-d)
(h-x)/3
h/2
d h
gravity line
of steel
2
.
5

(
h
-
d
)

<
h
-
x
e
3
eff. cross-
section
beam
slab
element loaded
in tension
c
t
smallest value of
2.5
.
(c + /2) of t/2 |
c
|
smallest value of
2.5
.
(c + /2)
of
(h - x )/3
|
e
a
b
c
25 October 2011 99
EC-2 requirements for crack width control
(recommended values)
Exposure class RC or unbonded
PSC members
Prestressed
members with
bonded tendons
Quasi-permanent
load
Frequent load
X0,XC1 0.3 0.2
XC2,XC3,XC4 0.3
XD1,XD2,XS1,XS2,
XS3
Decompression
25 October 2011 100
Crack width control at intermediate
support of slabs with embedded elements
Assumption: concentric tension of upper slab of 50 mm.
Steel stress o
s,qp
under quasi permanent load:



Reinforcement ratio:
s,eff
= A
sl
/bd = 959/(100050) = 1,92%

Crack distance:



MPa f
A
A
Q
Q
yd
prov s
req s
Ed
qp
qp s
220 435 85 , 0 597 , 0
,
,
,
= = = o
mm k k k c k
eff s
s
277
0192 , 0
12
425 , 0 0 , 1 8 , 0 19 4 , 3
,
4 2 1 3 max ,
= + = + =

|
o
25 October 2011 101
Crack width control at intermediate
support of slabs with embedded elements

Average strain:





Characteristic crack width:
so, OK








s
s
s
eff p e
eff p
eff ct
t s
cm sm
E E
f
k
o
o

o
c c 6 , 0
) 1 (
,
,
,
>
+
=
3
10 79 , 0
000 . 200
) 0192 , 0 7 1 (
0192 , 0
6 , 2
4 , 0 220

=
+
=
cm sm
c c
mm mm s w
cm sm r k
30 , 0 18 , 0 10 79 , 0 227 } {
3
max ,
s = = =

c c
25 October 2011 102
Crack width at mid-span beams with
embedded elements
Cross-section of
tensile bar


Height of tensile bar: smallest value of 2,5(h-d), (h-x)/3 or h/2.
Critical value 2,5(h-d) = 2,529 = 72 mm.

s,eff
= A
sl
/bh
eff
= 308/(12072) = 3,56%


MPa f
A
A
Q
Q
yd
prov s
req s
Ed
qp
qp s
210 435 81 , 0 597 , 0
,
,
,
= = = o
25 October 2011 103
Crack width at mid-span beams with
embedded elements
Cross-section of
tensile bar


mm k k k c k
eff s
s
156
0356 , 0
12
425 , 0 5 , 0 8 , 0 29 4 , 3
,
4 2 1 3 max ,
= + = + =

|
o
3
,
,
,
10 87 , 0
000 . 200
) 0356 , 0 7 1 (
0356 , 0
6 , 2
4 , 0 210
) 1 (

=
+
=
+
=
s
eff p e
eff p
eff ct
t s
cm sm
E
f
k o

o
c c
mm s w
cm sm r k
14 , 0 10 87 , 0 156 ) (
3
max ,
= = =

c c
OK
25 October 2011 104
Different cultures: different floors