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UNIT 1: UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY

Part 3: Psychological Disorders & Treatment, Chapters 14: Psychological Disorders, pp. 593-633 & Chapter 15: Therapy, pp. 637-669 1. Introduction to Psychological Disorders A. Defining Mental Illness *There is no absolute definition of psychological disorders. *There is a continuum between mental health on the one hand and pathology on the other.

*Some proposed definitions include: -APA, 1994: A psychological disorder can be defined as a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress and impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of life, or both. -Your textbook, A psychological disorder is ongoing patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions that are deviant, distressful, and/or dysfunctional. (Comer, 2004) -A psychological abnormality involves the presence of at least two of the following: distress, maladaptiveness, irrationality, unpredictability, unconventional and statistical rarity, observer discomfort. -Sanity and insanity are legal rather than psychological terms. (You wont hear a psychologist use the terms insane or crazy, etc. In most U.S. states the legal definition of insanity relates to the ability of the defendant to distinguish right from wrong. This requires an either/or definition on the part of the court. The use of the term temporary insanity clouds the issue further. See page 601 in text ADHD- Normal High Energy or Genuine Disorder? Researchers estimate that as many as 4 to 5 percent of U.S. adults have ADHD, but perhaps only 20 percent of them are aware of it Once: a childhood disorder that is outgrown Now: researchers believe that between 35 and 60% of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms in adulthood ADHD tends to run in ______________________.

More boys than girls are diagnosed; affects adult men and women _____________.

Adult symptoms:

Impacts:

Gender in Diagnoses: - Broverman et al, 1970:

B. Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior: Prehistory - Evidence of trephination, or trepanning, from the Neolithic period forward The Ancient World - Greece - Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) - Galen (130-200 CE) - China - Chung Ching (approx. 200 CE) The Middle Ages (500-1500 CE) - Europe

- Islamic countries

The Renaissance - Teresa Avila (1515-1582) - Johann Weyer, Germany & Reginald Scot, England
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18 -19 Century Reforms - France - Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)

- England - William Tuke (1732-1822)

- United States - Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)


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20 Century Scientific Advances - Development in technology

- Developments in psychopharmacology

C. Models (or Perspectives) of Psychological Disorders The Medical (Biopsychological) Model

The Psychoanalytic Model (Freud)

The Behavioral Model

The Cognitive Model

The Biopsychosocial Model

- Multiple Causation

Social-Cultural Effects on Psych. Disorders Culture-bound Disorders

D. Classifying Psychological Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 Edition
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- The diagnostic system is based on five axes that are used to make complete diagnosis: - Axis I: - Axis II: - Axis III: - Axis IV: - Axis V:

- Criticisms of classification:

- Beware! The Effects of Labeling: - Some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels. (see pp. 599-600 in text)

- Stereotypes linger in media portrayals of psychological disorders.

2. Anxiety Disorders A. Introduction Diagnosis:

Manifestations of anxiety

B.

Specific Anxiety Disorders Panic disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Phobias Three subcategories: a. b. c.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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